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5. 다음 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?5) 6. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 문장 (A)~(D) 중 어법상 틀린

문장 세 개를 찾고 틀린 부분을 바르게 고쳐 쓰시오.6)
When we see something, we naturally and automati-
cally break it up into shapes, colors, and concepts that (A) When we see something, we naturally and auto-
we have learned through education. We recode what we matically break it up into shapes, colors, and concepts
see through the lens of everything we know. We re- what we have learned through education. We recode
construct memories rather than retrieving the video what we see through the lens of everything we know.
from memory. This is a useful trait. It’s a more efficient (B) We reconstruct memories rather than retrieving the
way to store information ― a bit like an optimal image video from memory. This is a useful trait. It’s a more ef-
compression algorithm such as JPG, rather than storing ficient way to store information ― a bit like an optimal
a raw bitmap image file. People who lack this ability and image compression algorithm such as JPG, rather than
remember everything in perfect detail struggle to gen- storing a raw bitmap image file. People who lack this
eralize, learn, and make connections between what they ability and remember everything in perfect detail strug-
have learned. But representing the world as abstract gle to generalize, learn, and make connections between
ideas and features comes at a cost of seeing the world as what they have learned. But (C) representing the world
it is. Instead, we see the world through our assumptions, as abstract ideas and features come at a cost of seeing
motivations, and past experiences. The discovery that the world as it is. Instead, we see the world through our
our memories are reconstructed through abstract repre- assumptions, motivations, and past experiences. (D) The
sentations rather than played back like a movie com- discovery that our memories are reconstructed through
pletely undermined the legal primacy of eyewitness abstract representations rather than played back like a
testimony. Seeing is not believing. movie completely undermining the legal primacy of eye-
witness testimony. Seeing is not believing.
① Memory and Perception Are reconstructed, Distorting
Our Reality 1) 기호 ( ) ____________ ⟶ ____________
② Memory Stores Experiences as Exact, Unaltered 2) 기호 ( ) ____________ ⟶ ____________
Images of Reality 3) 기호 ( ) ____________ ⟶ ____________
③ Our Senses Objectively Interpret Everything Without
Any Personal Influence
④ Reality Is Precisely Documented and Reflected through
Human Cognition
⑤ Perception Always Provides an Unbiased View of the
Real World

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7. (A)-(E)에 들어갈 단어를 <보기>에서 골라 문맥과 8. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한
어법에 맞게 고쳐 쓰시오.7) 것은?8)
When we see something, we naturally and automati- When we see something, we naturally and automati-
cally break it up into shapes, colors, and concepts that cally break it up into shapes, colors, and concepts that
we have learned through (A) _________. We recode we have learned through education.
what we see through the lens of everything we know.
We reconstruct memories rather than retrieving the (A) It’s a more efficient way to store information ― a bit
video from memory. This is a useful trait. It’s a more ef- like an optimal image compression algorithm such as
ficient way to store information ― a bit like an optimal JPG, rather than storing a raw bitmap image file.
image compression algorithm such as JPG, rather than People who lack this ability and remember everything
storing a raw bitmap image file. People who lack this in perfect detail struggle to generalize, learn, and
ability and remember everything in perfect detail strug- make connections between what they have learned.
gle to generalize, learn, and make (B) _________ be- (B) But representing the world as abstract ideas and fea-
tween what they have learned. But representing the tures comes at a cost of seeing the world as it is.
world as abstract ideas and features comes at a cost of Instead, we see the world through our assumptions,
seeing the world as it is. Instead, we see the world motivations, and past experiences. The discovery that
through our (C) _________, motivations, and past our memories are reconstructed through abstract
experiences. The discovery that our memories are re- representations rather than played back like a movie
constructed through abstract representations rather completely undermined the legal primacy of eyewit-
than played back like a movie completely undermined ness testimony.
the legal primacy of eyewitness (D) _________. (C) We recode what we see through the lens of everything
Seeing is not (E) _________. we know. We reconstruct memories rather than re-
trieving the video from memory. This is a useful trait.
<보기>
testimony / assume / education Seeing is not believing.
believe / connect
① (A) - (C) - (B) ② (B) - (A) - (C)
(A) _________ (B) _________ (C) ________ ③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)
(D)_________ (E) _________

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9. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?9) 11. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임

이 적절하지 않은 것은?11)
In his Cornell laboratory, David Dunning conducted
experimental tests of eyewitness testimony and found In his Cornell laboratory, David Dunning conducted
evidence that a careful deliberation of facial features and experimental tests of eyewitness testimony and found
a detailed discussion of selection procedures can ac- evidence that a careful deliberation of facial features and
tually be a sign of an inaccurate identification. It’s when a detailed discussion of selection procedures can ac-
people find themselves unable to explain why they rec- tually be a sign of an ① inaccurate identification. It’s
ognize the person, saying things like “his face just pop- when people find themselves unable to explain why they
ped out at me,” that they tend to be accurate more often. ② recognize the person, saying things like “his face just
Sometimes our first, immediate, automatic reaction to a popped out at me,” that they tend to be accurate more
situation is the truest interpretation of what our mind is often. Sometimes our first, ③ immediate, automatic re-
telling us. That very first impression can also be more action to a situation is the truest interpretation of what
accurate about the world than the deliberative, reasoned our mind is telling us. That very first impression can al-
self-narrative can be. In his book Blink, Malcolm so be more ④ accurate about the world than the deliber-
Gladwell describes a variety of studies in psychology and ative, reasoned self-narrative can be. In his book Blink,
behavioral economics that demonstrate the superior Malcolm Gladwell describes a variety of studies in psy-
performance of relatively unconscious first guesses com- chology and behavioral economics that demonstrate the
pared to logical step-by-step justifications for a decision. ⑤ inferior performance of relatively unconscious first
guesses compared to logical step-by-step justifications
① Flaws in Quick Automatic Reactions for a decision.
② Identifying and Analyzing Intuitive Feelings
③ Blink Moments: Mistakes in Quick Judgments
④ Analyzing Facial Features in Eyewitness Reports
⑤ The Power of Instant Judgments in Decision-Making

│22번│

10. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?10)

In his Cornell laboratory, David Dunning conducted

experimental tests of eyewitness testimony and found
evidence ① that a careful deliberation of facial features
and a detailed discussion of selection procedures can ac-
tually be a sign of an inaccurate identification. It’s when
people find themselves unable to explain why they rec-
ognize the person, saying things like “his face just pop-
ped out at me,” ② which they tend to be accurate more
often. Sometimes our first, immediate, automatic re-
action to a situation is the truest interpretation of
③ what our mind is telling us. That very first impression
can also be more accurate about the world than the de-
liberative, reasoned self-narrative can ④ be. In his book
Blink, Malcolm Gladwell describes a variety of studies in
psychology and behavioral economics that demonstrate
the superior performance of relatively unconscious first
guesses ⑤ compared to logical step-by-step justifications
for a decision.

네이버 카페[강한 영어학원 만들기] 지광모 선생

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12. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절 13. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?13)

한 것은?12)
Many forms of research lead naturally to quantitative
In his Cornell laboratory, David Dunning conducted data. A study of happiness might measure the number of
experimental tests of eyewitness testimony and found times someone smiles during an interaction, and a study
evidence that a careful deliberation of facial features and of memory might measure the number of items an in-
a detailed discussion of selection procedures can ac- dividual can recall after one, five, and ten minutes.
tually be a sign of an inaccurate identification. Asking people how many times in a year they are sad will
also yield quantitative data, but it might not be reliable.
(A) In his book Blink, Malcolm Gladwell describes a vari- Respondents’ recollections may be inaccurate, and their
ety of studies in psychology and behavioral economics definitions of ‘sad’ could vary widely. But asking “How
that demonstrate the superior performance of rela- many times in the past year were you sad enough to call
tively unconscious first guesses compared to logical in sick to work?” prompts a concrete answer. Similarly,
step-by-step justifications for a decision. instead of asking people to rate how bad a procrastinator
(B) That very first impression can also be more accurate they are, ask, “How many of your utility bills are you cur-
about the world than the deliberative, reasoned rently late in paying, even though you can afford to pay
self-narrative can be. them?” Questions that seek concrete responses help make
(C) It’s when people find themselves unable to explain abstract concepts clearer and ensure consistency from
why they recognize the person, saying things like “his one study to the next.
face just popped out at me,” that they tend to be accu-
rate more often. Sometimes our first, immediate, au- ① Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace
tomatic reaction to a situation is the truest inter- ② How to Obtain Reliable Quantitative Questions
③ Abstract Concepts Are Key in Scientific Research
pretation of what our mind is telling us.
④ Exploring the Benefits of Subjective Data in Surveys
⑤ Advances in Memory Research and Cognitive Science
① (A) - (C) - (B) ② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)
│23번│

14. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?14)

Many forms of research lead naturally to quantitative

data. A study of happiness might measure the number of
times someone ① smiles during an interaction, and a
study of memory might measure the number of items an
individual can recall after one, five, and ten minutes.
② Asking people how many times in a year they are sad
will also yield quantitative data, but it might not be
reliable. Respondents’ recollections may be inaccurate,
and their definitions of ‘sad’ could vary widely. But ask-
ing “How many times in the past year were you sad
enough to call in sick to work?” ③ prompt a concrete
answer. Similarly, instead of asking people to rate how
bad a procrastinator they are, ask, “How many of your
utility bills are you currently late in paying, even though
you can afford to pay ④ them?” Questions ⑤ that seek
concrete responses help make abstract concepts clearer
and ensure consistency from one study to the next.

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15. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임 17. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?17)

이 적절하지 않은 것은?15)
The evolution of AI is often associated with the con-
Many forms of research lead naturally to quantitative cept of singularity. Singularity refers to the point at
data. A study of happiness might measure the number of which AI exceeds human intelligence. After that point, it
times someone smiles during an interaction, and a study is predicted that AI will repeatedly improve itself and
of memory might measure the number of items an in- evolve at an accelerated pace. When AI becomes
dividual can recall after one, five, and ten minutes. self-aware and pursues its own goals, it will be a con-
Asking people how many times in a year they are sad will scious being, not just a machine. AI and human con-
also yield quantitative data, but it might not be ① reliable. sciousness will then begin to evolve together. Our con-
Respondents’ recollections may be inaccurate, and their sciousness will evolve to new dimensions through our
definitions of ‘sad’ could ② vary widely. But asking “How interactions with AI, which will provide us with in-
many times in the past year were you sad enough to call tellectual stimulation and inspire new insights and
in sick to work?” ③ prompts a concrete answer. Similarly, creativity. Conversely, our consciousness also has a sig-
instead of asking people to rate how bad a procrastinator nificant impact on the evolution of AI. The direction of
they are, ask, “How many of your utility bills are you cur- AI’s evolution will depend greatly on what values and
rently ④ early in paying, even though you can afford to ethics we incorporate into AI. We need to see our rela-
pay them?” Questions that seek ⑤ concrete responses tionship with AI as a mutual coexistence of conscious
help make abstract concepts clearer and ensure con- beings, recognizing its rights and supporting the evolu-
sistency from one study to the next. tion of its consciousness.

① 인간의 의식을 뛰어넘을 수 있는 것은 없다.

② 기계의 발전은 경제적 불평등을 심화시킬 것이다.
│23번│ ③ AI는 인간과 함께 진화하며 미래를 만들어갈 것이다.
16. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 ④ 인간의 육체와 지적 능력은 끊임없이 향상되고 있다.
가장 적절한 곳은?16) ⑤ AI는 의식을 가지지 못한 단순한 기계로 남을 것이다.

Asking people how many times in a year they are sad │24번│
will also yield quantitative data, but it might not be 18. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?18)
reliable.
The evolution of AI is often associated with the concept
of singularity. Singularity refers to the point at which AI ex-
Many forms of research lead naturally to quantitative ceeds human intelligence. After that point, it is pre-
data. ( ① ) A study of happiness might measure the num- dicted that AI will repeatedly improve ① itself and
ber of times someone smiles during an interaction, and a evolve at an accelerated pace. When AI becomes
study of memory might measure the number of items an self-aware and pursues its own goals, it will be a con-
individual can recall after one, five, and ten minutes. scious being, not just a machine. AI and human con-
( ② ) Respondents’ recollections may be inaccurate, and sciousness will then begin to evolve together. Our con-
their definitions of ‘sad’ could vary widely. ( ③ ) But ask- sciousness will evolve to new dimensions through our
ing “How many times in the past year were you sad interactions with AI, ② they will provide us with in-
enough to call in sick to work?” prompts a concrete tellectual stimulation and inspire new insights and
answer. ( ④ ) Similarly, instead of asking people to rate creativity. Conversely, our consciousness also has a sig-
how bad a procrastinator they are, ask, “How many of nificant impact on the evolution of AI. The direction of
your utility bills are you currently late in paying, even AI’s evolution will depend greatly on ③ what values and
though you can afford to pay them?” ( ⑤ ) Questions that ethics we incorporate into AI. We need ④ to see our re-
seek concrete responses help make abstract concepts lationship with AI as a mutual coexistence of conscious
clearer and ensure consistency from one study to the beings, recognizing its rights and ⑤ supporting the evo-
next. lution of its consciousness.

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19. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임 21. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?21)

이 적절하지 않은 것은?19)
Digital technologies are essentially related to meta-
The evolution of AI is often associated with the con- phors, but digital metaphors are different from linguis-
cept of singularity. Singularity refers to the point at tic ones in important ways. Linguistic metaphors are
which AI exceeds human intelligence. After that point, it passive, in the sense that the audience needs to choose
is predicted that AI will repeatedly ① improve itself and to actively enter the world proposed by metaphor. In the
evolve at an ② accelerated pace. When AI becomes Shakespearean metaphor “time is a beggar,” the audi-
self-aware and pursues its own goals, it will be a con- ence is unlikely to understand the metaphor without
scious being, not just a machine. AI and human con- cognitive effort and without further engaging
sciousness will then ③ begin to evolve together. Our Shakespeare’s prose. Technological metaphors, on the
consciousness will evolve to new dimensions through other hand, are active (and often imposing) in the sense
our interactions with AI, which will provide us with in- that they are realized in digital artifacts that are actively
tellectual stimulation and inspire new insights and doing things, forcefully changing a user’s meaning
creativity. Conversely, our consciousness also has a horizon. Technological creators cannot generally afford
④ significant impact on the evolution of AI. The direc- to require their potential audience to wonder how the
tion of AI’s evolution will depend greatly on what values metaphor works; normally the selling point is that the
and ethics we ⑤ separate into AI. We need to see our re- usefulness of the technology is obvious at first glance.
lationship with AI as a mutual coexistence of conscious Shakespeare, on the other hand, is beloved in part be-
beings, recognizing its rights and supporting the evolu- cause the meaning of his works is not immediately ob-
tion of its consciousness. vious and requires some thought on the part of the
audience.

│24번│
① Shakespeare : The Most Established Writer
20. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 ② How to Apply Linguistic Metaphors in Prose
가장 적절한 곳은?20) ③ Importance of Understanding Digital Artifacts
Our consciousness will evolve to new dimensions ④ Digital and Linguistic Metaphors Have in Common
through our interactions with AI, which will provide us ⑤ Distinction Between Digital and Linguistic Metaphors
with intellectual stimulation and inspire new insights
and creativity.

The evolution of AI is often associated with the concept

of singularity. ( ① ) Singularity refers to the point at
which AI exceeds human intelligence. ( ② ) After that
point, it is predicted that AI will repeatedly improve it-
self and evolve at an accelerated pace. ( ③ ) When AI be-
comes self-aware and pursues its own goals, it will be a
conscious being, not just a machine. AI and human con-
sciousness will then begin to evolve together. ( ④) Conversely,
our consciousness also has a significant impact on the
evolution of AI. The direction of AI’s evolution will de-
pend greatly on what values and ethics we incorporate
into AI. ( ⑤ ) We need to see our relationship with AI as
a mutual coexistence of conscious beings, recognizing its
rights and supporting the evolution of its consciousness.

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22. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것 24. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절

은?22) 한 것은?24)
Digital technologies are essentially related to meta- Digital technologies are essentially related to meta-
phors, but digital metaphors are different from linguis- phors, but digital metaphors are different from linguis-
tic ① ones in important ways. Linguistic metaphors are tic ones in important ways. Linguistic metaphors are
passive, in the sense that the audience needs to choose passive, in the sense that the audience needs to choose
to actively enter the world ② proposed by metaphor. In to actively enter the world proposed by metaphor.
the Shakespearean metaphor “time is a beggar,” the au-
dience is unlikely to understand the metaphor without (A) In the Shakespearean metaphor “time is a beggar,”
cognitive effort and without further ③ engaging the audience is unlikely to understand the metaphor
Shakespeare’s prose. Technological metaphors, on the without cognitive effort and without further engaging
other hand, are active (and often imposing) in the sense Shakespeare’s prose.
that they ④ realized in digital artifacts that are actively (B) Shakespeare, on the other hand, is beloved in part be-
doing things, forcefully changing a user’s meaning cause the meaning of his works is not immediately
horizon. Technological creators cannot generally afford obvious and requires some thought on the part of the
to require their potential audience to wonder how the audience.
metaphor works; normally the selling point is ⑤ that the (C) Technological metaphors, on the other hand, are ac-
usefulness of the technology is obvious at first glance. tive (and often imposing) in the sense that they are re-
Shakespeare, on the other hand, is beloved in part be- alized in digital artifacts that are actively doing things,
cause the meaning of his works is not immediately ob- forcefully changing a user’s meaning horizon.
vious and requires some thought on the part of the Technological creators cannot generally afford to re-
audience. quire their potential audience to wonder how the met-
aphor works; normally the selling point is that the
│29번│ usefulness of the technology is obvious at first glance.
23. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임
이 적절하지 않은 것은?23) ① (A) - (C) - (B) ② (B) - (A) - (C)
Digital technologies are essentially related to meta- ③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)
phors, but digital metaphors are different from linguis-
tic ones in important ways. Linguistic metaphors are
① passive, in the sense that the audience needs to
choose to actively enter the world proposed by
metaphor. In the Shakespearean metaphor “time is a
beggar,” the audience is unlikely to understand the meta-
phor without cognitive effort and without further ② engag-
ing Shakespeare’s prose. Technological metaphors, on
the other hand, are active (and often imposing) in the
sense that they are realized in digital artifacts that are
③ defensively doing things, forcefully changing a user’s
meaning horizon. Technological creators cannot gen-
erally afford to require their potential audience to won-
der how the metaphor works; normally the selling point
is that the usefulness of the technology is ④ obvious at
first glance. Shakespeare, on the other hand, is beloved
in part because the meaning of his works is not immedi-
ately obvious and ⑤ requires some thought on the part
of the audience.

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25. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?25) 26. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것

은?26)
Herbert Simon won his Nobel Prize for recognizing our
limitations in information, time, and cognitive capacity. Herbert Simon won his Nobel Prize for recognizing our
As we lack the resources to compute answers in- limitations in information, time, and cognitive capacity.
dependently, we distribute the computation across the As we lack the resources to compute answers in-
population and solve the answer slowly, generation by dependently, we distribute the computation across the
generation. Then all we have to do is socially learn the population and ① solve the answer slowly, generation
right answers. You don’t need to understand how your by generation. Then all we have to do is socially ② learn
computer or toilet works; you just need to be able to use the right answers. You don’t need to understand how
the interface and flush. All that needs to be transmitted your computer or toilet works; you just need to be able
is which button to push ― essentially how to interact to use the interface and ③ flushing. All that needs to be
with technologies rather than how they work. And so in- transmitted is which button to push ― essentially how
stead of holding more information than we have mental to interact with technologies rather than how they work.
capacity for and indeed need to know, we could dedicate And so instead of holding more information than we
our large brains to a small piece of a giant calculation. have mental capacity for and indeed need to know, we
We understand things well enough to benefit from could dedicate our large brains to a small piece of a giant
them, but all the while we are making small calculations calculation. We understand things well enough to bene-
that contribute to a larger whole. We are just doing our fit from ➃ them, but all the while we are making small
part in a larger computation for our societies’ collective calculations ⑤ that contribute to a larger whole. We are
brains. just doing our part in a larger computation for our soci-
eties’ collective brains.
① Learning without Understanding
② A New Secret of Nobel Prize Winner
③ Why Do We Have to Learn Principles First? │30번│
④ What individuals do adds up to a larger whole 27. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임
⑤ Limitation of Cognitive Thinking in Computation 이 적절하지 않은 것은?27)
Herbert Simon won his Nobel Prize for recognizing our
limitations in information, time, and cognitive capacity.
As we ① lack the resources to compute answers
independently, we distribute the computation across the
population and solve the answer slowly, generation by
generation. Then all we have to do is ③ socially learn the
right answers. You don’t need to understand how your
computer or toilet works; you just need to be able to use
the interface and flush. All that needs to be transmitted is
which button to push ― essentially how to ③ interact
with technologies rather than how they work. And so
instead of holding ④ less information than we have
mental capacity for and indeed need to know, we could
dedicate our large brains to a small piece of a giant
calculation. We understand things well enough to benefit
from them, but all the while we are making small
calculations that ⑤ contribute to a larger whole. We are
just doing our part in a larger computation for our
societies’ collective brains.

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28. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절 29. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?29)

한 것은?28)
The best defence most species of octopus have is to stay
Herbert Simon won his Nobel Prize for recognizing our hidden as much as possible and do their own hunting at
limitations in information, time, and cognitive capacity. night. So to find one in full view in the shallows in day-
As we lack the resources to compute answers in- light was a surprise for two Australian underwater
dependently, we distribute the computation across the photographers. Actually, what they saw at first was a
population and solve the answer slowly, generation by flounder. It was only when they looked again that they
generation. saw a medium-sized octopus, with all eight of its arms
folded and its two eyes staring upwards to create the
(A) We understand things well enough to benefit from illusion. An octopus has a big brain, excellent eyesight
them, but all the while we are making small calcu- and the ability to change colour and pattern, and this
lations that contribute to a larger whole. We are just one was using these assets to turn itself into a com-
doing our part in a larger computation for our soci- pletely different creature. Many more of this species
eties’ collective brains. have been found since then, and there are now photo-
(B) And so instead of holding more information than we graphs of octopuses that could be said to be trans-
have mental capacity for and indeed need to know, we forming into sea snakes. And while they mimic, they
could dedicate our large brains to a small piece of a hunt ― producing the spectacle of, say, a flounder sud-
giant calculation. denly developing an octopodian arm, sticking it down a
(C) Then all we have to do is socially learn the right hole and grabbing whatever’s hiding there.
answers. You don’t need to understand how your
computer or toilet works; you just need to be able to ① Octopuses:Masters of Disguise for Survival
use the interface and flush. All that needs to be trans- ② Flounders: The True Mimics of the Ocean Depths
mitted is which button to push ― essentially how to ④ Octopuses Rely on Strength instead of Camouflage
interact with technologies rather than how they work. ⑤ Sea Snakes and Octopuses Share the Same Abilities
③ Octopuses Hunt Only during the Day in Clear Waters
① (A) - (C) - (B) ② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

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│31번│ │31번│

30. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것 32. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에

은?30) 가장 적절한 곳은?32)
The best defence most species of octopus have is to stay An octopus has a big brain, excellent eyesight and the
hidden as much as possible and ① do their own hunting ability to change colour and pattern, and this one was
at night. So to find one in full view in the shallows in using these assets to turn itself into a completely differ-
daylight was a surprise for two Australian underwater ent creature.
photographers. Actually, what they saw at first was a
flounder. It was only when they looked again ② what The best defence most species of octopus have is to stay
they saw a medium-sized octopus, with all eight of its hidden as much as possible and do their own hunting at
arms folded and its two eyes staring upwards to create night. ( ① ) So to find one in full view in the shallows in
the illusion. An octopus has a big brain, excellent eye- daylight was a surprise for two Australian underwater
sight and the ability to change colour and pattern, and photographers. Actually, what they saw at first was a
this one was using these assets to turn ③ itself into a flounder. ( ② ) It was only when they looked again that
completely different creature. Many more of this species they saw a medium-sized octopus, with all eight of its
have been ④ found since then, and there are now photo- arms folded and its two eyes staring upwards to create
graphs of octopuses that could be said to be trans- the illusion. ( ③ ) An octopus has a big brain, excellent
forming into sea snakes. And ⑤ while they mimic, they eyesight and the ability to change colour and pattern,
hunt ― producing the spectacle of, say, a flounder sud- and this one was using these assets to turn itself into a
denly developing an octopodian arm, sticking it down a completely different creature. ( ④ ) Many more of this
hole and grabbing whatever’s hiding there. species have been found since then, and there are now
photographs of octopuses that could be said to be trans-
forming into sea snakes. ( ⑤ )And while they mimic,
they hunt ― producing the spectacle of, say, a flounder
suddenly developing an octopodian arm, sticking it
│31번│
down a hole and grabbing whatever’s hiding there.
31. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임
이 적절하지 않은 것은?31)
The best defence most species of octopus have is to stay
hidden as much as possible and do their own hunting at
night. So to find one in full view in the shallows in day-
light was a ➀ surprise for two Australian underwater
photographers. Actually, what they saw at first was a
flounder. It was only when they looked again that they
saw a medium-sized octopus, with all eight of its arms
folded and its two eyes staring upwards to ➁ remove
the illusion. An octopus has a big brain, excellent eye-
sight and the ability to change colour and pattern, and
this one was using these ③ assets to turn itself into a
completely different creature. Many more of this species
have been found since then, and there are now photo-
graphs of octopuses that could be said to be ④
transforming into sea snakes. And while they mimic,
they hunt ― ➄ producing the spectacle of, say, a flound-
er suddenly developing an octopodian arm, sticking it
down a hole and grabbing whatever’s hiding there.

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33. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?33) 34. (A)-(D)에 들어갈 단어를 <보기>에서 골라 문맥

과 어법에 맞게 고쳐 쓰시오.34)
How much we suffer relates to how we frame the pain
in our mind. When 1500m runners push themselves in- How much we suffer relates to how we (A) the
to extreme pain to win a race ― their muscles screaming pain in our mind. When 1500m runners push them-
and their lungs exploding with oxygen deficit, they don’t selves into extreme pain to win a race ― their muscles
psychologically suffer much. In fact, ultra-marathon screaming and their lungs exploding with oxygen defi-
runners―those people who are crazy enough to push cit, they don’t (B) suffer much. In fact, ul-
themselves beyond the normal boundaries of human en- tra-marathon runners―those people who are crazy
durance, covering distances of 50-100km or more over enough to push themselves beyond the normal bounda-
many hours, talk about making friends with their pain. ries of human endurance, (C) distances of
When a patient has paid for some form of passive back 50-100km or more over many hours, talk about making
pain therapy and the practitioner pushes deeply into a friends with their pain. When a patient has paid for
painful part of a patient’s back to mobilise it, the patient some form of passive back pain therapy and the practi-
calls that good pain if he or she believes this type of deep tioner pushes deeply into a painful part of a patient’s
pressure treatment will be of value, even though the back to mobilise it, the patient calls that good pain if he
practitioner is pushing right into the patient’s sore or she believes this type of deep pressure treatment will
tissues. be of (D) , even though the practitioner is
pushing right into the patient’s sore tissues.
① Pain: Physical Experience without Mental Influence
② Pain Perception Depends on How We Mentally Fame It <보기>
③ Athletes Feel No Pain during Extreme Physical Efforts psychological / value / frame / cover
④ Therapies That Cause Pain Are Harmful and Ineffective
⑤ Pain Tolerance Is Unrelated to Mindset or Mental Framing
(A) (B) _________
(C) (D)

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35. 다음 (A), (B), (C)의 각 괄호 안에서 문맥상 맞는 36. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절
표현으로 가장 적절한 것은?35) 한 것은?36)
How much we suffer relates to how we define the pain How much we suffer relates to how we frame the pain
in our mind. When 1500m runners push themselves in- in our mind.
to extreme pain to win a race ― their muscles scream-
ing and their lungs exploding with oxygen short- (A) When a patient has paid for some form of passive
age, they don’t psychologically (A) [suffer / soothe] back pain therapy and the practitioner pushes deeply
much. In fact, ultra-marathon runners―those people into a painful part of a patient’s back to mobilise it,
who are crazy enough to push themselves beyond the nor- the patient calls that good pain if he or she believes
mal limits of human (B) [intolerance / endurance], cov- this type of deep pressure treatment will be of value,
ering distances of 50-100km or more over many hours, even though the practitioner is pushing right into the
talk about making friends with their distress. When a patient’s sore tissues.
patient has paid for some form of passive back pain (B) In fact, ultra-marathon runners―those people who
therapy and the practitioner pushes deeply into a painful are crazy enough to push themselves beyond the nor-
part of a patient’s back to (C) [paralyze / mobilise] it, the mal boundaries of human endurance, covering dis-
patient calls that good pain if he or she believes this type tances of 50-100km or more over many hours, talk
of deep pressure treatment will be of value, even though about making friends with their pain.
the practitioner is pushing right into the patient’s sore (C) When 1500m runners push themselves into extreme
tissues. pain to win a race ― their muscles screaming and
their lungs exploding with oxygen deficit, they don't
psychologically suffer much.
(A) (B) (C)
① suffer endurance paralyze ① (A) - (C) - (B) ② (B) - (A) - (C)
② suffer endurance mobilise ③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)
③ suffer intolerance paralyze
④ soothe endurance mobilise
⑤ soothe intolerance mobilise

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│33번│ │33번│

37. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?37) 38. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절

한 것은?38)
When I worked for a large electronics company that
manufactured laser and ink-jet printers, I soon dis- When I worked for a large electronics company that
covered why there are often three versions of many con- manufactured laser and ink-jet printers, I soon dis-
sumer goods. If the manufacturer makes only one ver- covered why there are often three versions of many con-
sion of its product, people who bought it might have sumer goods.
been willing to spend more money, so the company is
losing some income. If the company offers two versions, (A) But if the company introduces a third model with
one with more features and more expensive than the even more features and more expensive than the oth-
other, people will compare the two models and still buy er two, sales of the second model go up; many people
the less expensive one. But if the company introduces a like the features of the most expensive model, but not
third model with even more features and more ex- the price.
pensive than the other two, sales of the second model go (B) If the manufacturer makes only one version of its
up; many people like the features of the most expensive product, people who bought it might have been will-
model, but not the price. The middle item has more fea- ing to spend more money, so the company is losing
tures than the least expensive one, and it is less ex- some income. If the company offers two versions, one
pensive than the fanciest model. They buy the middle with more features and more expensive than the oth-
item, unaware that they have been manipulated by the er, people will compare the two models and still buy
presence of the higher-priced item. the less expensive one.
(C) The middle item has more features than the least ex-
① Pricing Strategies That Exploit Consumer Psychology pensive one, and it is less expensive than the fanciest
② A Comparison of Low-Cost and High-Cost Products model. They buy the middle item, unaware that they
③ Marketing Strategies for Improving Product Quality have been manipulated by the presence of the high-
④ The Product Development Process Based on Price er-priced item.
⑤ An Analysis of Features Preferred by Consumers
① (A) - (C) - (B) ② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

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│33번│ │34번│

39. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임 41. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?41)

이 적절하지 않은 것은?39)
On-screen, climate disaster is everywhere you look, but
When I worked for a large electronics company that the scope of the world’s climate transformation may just
manufactured laser and ink-jet printers, I soon dis- as quickly eliminate the climate-fiction genre ― indeed
covered why there are often three versions of many eliminate any effort to tell the story of warming, which
consumer goods. If the manufacturer makes only one could grow too large and too obvious even for
version of its product, people who bought it might Hollywood. You can tell stories ‘about’ climate change
have been willing to spend more money, so the com- while it still seems a marginal feature of human life. But
pany is ① losing some income. If the company offers when the temperature rises by three or four more de-
two versions, one with more features and ② more ex- grees, hardly anyone will be able to feel isolated from its
pensive than the other, people will compare the two impacts. And so as climate change expands across the
models and still buy the less expensive one. But if the horizon, it may cease to be a story. Why watch or read
company introduces a third model with even more climate fiction about the world you can see plainly out
features and more ③ expensive than the other two, your own window? At the moment, stories illustrating
sales of the second model go up; many people like the global warming can still offer an escapist pleasure, even
features of the most expensive model, but not the if that pleasure often comes in the form of horror. But
price. The middle item has more features than the when we can no longer pretend that climate suffering is
least expensive one, and it is ④ less expensive distant — in time or in place ― we will stop pretending
than the fanciest model. They buy the middle item, about it and start pretending within it.
⑤ aware that they have been manipulated by the
presence of the higher-priced item. ① the impact of climate change on human life
② various methods for reducing greenhouse gases
③ climate change and its impact on the climate fiction
④ the positive effects of climate change on the film industry
│33번│ ⑤ the relationship between Hollywood and climate change
40. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것
은?40)
W hen I worked for a large electronics company
① that manufactured laser and ink-jet printers, I soon
discovered why there are often three versions of many
consumer goods. If the manufacturer makes only one
version of its product, people who bought it might
have been willing to spend more money, so the com-
pany is ② losing some income. If the company offers
two versions, one with more features and more ex-
pensive than the other, people will compare the two
models and still ③ buy the less expensive one. But if
the company introduces a third model with even more
features and more expensive than the other two, sales
of the second model ④ goes up; many people like the
features of the most expensive model, but not the
price. The middle item has more features than the
least expensive one, and it is less expensive than the
fanciest model. They buy the middle item, ⑤ unaware
that they have been manipulated by the presence of
the higher-priced item.

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│34번│ │34번│

42. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 44. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임

가장 적절한 곳은?42) 이 적절하지 않은 것은?44)
And so as climate change expands across the horizon, it On-screen, climate disaster is everywhere you look, but
may cease to be a story. the scope of the world’s climate transformation may just
as quickly ① eliminate the climate-fiction genre ― in-
On-screen, climate disaster is everywhere you look, but deed eliminate any effort to tell the story of warming,
the scope of the world’s climate transformation may just which could grow too large and too obvious even for
as quickly eliminate the climate-fiction genre ― indeed Hollywood. You can tell stories ‘about’ climate change
eliminate any effort to tell the story of warming, which while it still seems a marginal feature of human life. But
could grow too large and too obvious even for when the temperature ② rises by three or four more de-
Hollywood. ( ① ) You can tell stories ‘about’ climate grees, hardly anyone will be able to feel isolated from its
change while it still seems a marginal feature of human impacts. And so as climate change ③ expands across the
life. ( ② ) But when the temperature rises by three or horizon, it may cease to be a story. Why watch or read
four more degrees, hardly anyone will be able to feel iso- climate fiction about the world you can see plainly out
lated from its impacts. ( ③ ) Why watch or read climate your own window? At the moment, stories illustrating
fiction about the world you can see plainly out your own global warming can still offer an escapist pleasure, even
window? ( ④ ) At the moment, stories illustrating global if that ④ fear often comes in the form of horror. But
warming can still offer an escapist pleasure, even if that when we can no longer pretend that climate suffering is
pleasure often comes in the form of horror. ( ⑤ ) But distant — in time or in place ― we will ⑤ stop pretend-
when we can no longer pretend that climate suffering is ing about it and start pretending within it.
distant — in time or in place ― we will stop pretending
about it and start pretending within it.
│35번│

45. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?45)

│34번│
Today, the water crisis is political ― which is to say,
43. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분, 중 어법상 틀린 것
not inevitable or beyond our capacity to fix ― and,
은?43)
therefore, functionally elective. That is one reason it is
On-screen, climate disaster is everywhere you look, nevertheless distressing: an abundant resource made
but the scope of the world’s climate transformation scarce through governmental neglect and indifference,
may just as quickly eliminate the climate-fiction genre bad infrastructure and contamination, and careless
― indeed eliminate any effort to tell the story of warm- urbanization. There is no need for a water crisis, in oth-
ing, ① which could grow too large and too obvious er words, but we have one anyway, and aren’t doing
even for Hollywood. You can tell stories ‘about’ climate much to address it. Some cities lose more water to leaks
change while it still seems a marginal feature of human than they deliver to homes: even in the United States,
life. But when the temperature ② rises by three or four leaks and theft account for an estimated loss of 16 per-
more degrees, hardly anyone will be able to feel iso- cent of freshwater; in Brazil, the estimate is 40 percent.
lated from its impacts. And so as climate change ex- Seen in both cases, as everywhere, the selective scarcity
pands across the horizon, it may cease ③ to be a story. clearly highlights have-and-have-not inequities, leaving
Why watch or read climate fiction about the world you 2.1 billion people without safe drinking water and 4.5
can see plainly out your own window? At the moment, billion without proper sanitation worldwide.
stories ④ illustrated global warming can still offer an
escapist pleasure, even if that pleasure often comes in ① Lack of Resources Leads to Disparity between Nations
the form of horror. But when we can no longer pretend ② The Process of Turning Water into Common Property
that climate suffering is distant — in time or in place ― ③ Water Shortage due to Political and Systemic Failures
we will stop ⑤ pretending about it and start pretending ④ Infrastructure: Requirements of Urbanization
within it. ⑤ How Sanitation Influences Pollution of Water

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│35번│ │35번│

46. (A)~(E)에 들어갈 단어를 <보기>에서 골라 문맥 48. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절
과 어법에 맞게 고쳐 쓰시오.46) 한 것은?48)
Today, the water crisis is political ― which is to say, Today, the water crisis is political ― which is to say,
not inevitable or beyond our capacity to fix ― and, not inevitable or beyond our capacity to fix ― and,
therefore, functionally elective. That is one reason it is therefore, functionally elective.
nevertheless (A) increasing: an abundant resource made
scarce through governmental neglect and indifference, (A) There is no need for a water crisis, in other words, but
bad infrastructure and contamination, and careless we have one anyway, and aren’t doing much to ad-
urbanization. There is no need for a water crisis, in oth- dress it. Some cities lose more water to leaks than
er words, but we have one anyway, and aren’t doing they deliver to homes: even in the United States,
much (B) increasing it. Some cities lose more water to leaks and theft account for an estimated loss of 16
leaks than they deliver to homes: even in the United percent of freshwater; in Brazil, the estimate is 40
States, leaks and theft account for an (C) increasing loss percent.
of 16 percent of freshwater; in Brazil, the estimate is 40 (B) Seen in both cases, as everywhere, the selective scar-
percent. (D) increasing in both cases, as everywhere, the city clearly highlights have-and-have-not inequities,
selective scarcity clearly highlights have-and-have-not leaving 2.1 billion people without safe drinking water
inequities, (E) increasing 2.1 billion people without safe and 4.5 billion without proper sanitation worldwide.
drinking water and 4.5 billion without proper sanitation (C) That is one reason it is nevertheless distressing: an
worldwide. abundant resource made scarce through gov-
ernmental neglect and indifference, bad infra-
<보기> structure and contamination, and careless
distress / address / estimate / see / leave urbanization.

(A) _________ (B) _________ (C) ________ ① (A) - (C) - (B) ② (B) - (A) - (C)
(D) _________ (E) _________ ③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)
│35번│

47. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임

이 적절하지 않은 것은?47)
Today, the water crisis is political ― which is to say,
not ① inevitable or beyond our capacity to fix ― and,
therefore, functionally elective. That is one reason it is
nevertheless distressing: an ② abundant resource made
scarce through governmental neglect and indifference,
bad infrastructure and contamination, and careless
urbanization. There is no need for a water crisis, in oth-
er words, but we have one anyway, and aren’t doing
much to ③ address it. Some cities lose more water to
leaks than they deliver to homes: even in the United
States, leaks and theft account for an estimated ④ loss
of 16 percent of freshwater; in Brazil, the estimate is 40
percent. Seen in both cases, as everywhere, the ⑤ un-
selective scarcity clearly highlights have-and-have-not
inequities, leaving 2.1 billion people without safe drink-
ing water and 4.5 billion without proper sanitation
worldwide.

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│36번│ │36번│

49. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?49) 50. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 문장 (A)~(D) 중, 어법상 틀

린 문장 세 개를 찾고 틀린 부분을 바르게 고쳐
As individuals, our ability to thrive depended on how
쓰시오.50)
well we navigated relationships in a group. If the group
valued us, we could count on support, resources, and As individuals, (A) our ability to thrive depended on
probably a mate. If it didn’t, we might get none of these how well did we navigate relationships in a group. If the
merits. It was a matter of survival, physically and group valued us, we could count on support, resources,
genetically. Over millions of years, the pressure selected and probably a mate. If it didn’t, we might get none of
for people who are sensitive to and skilled at maximizing these merits. It was a matter of survival, physically and
their standing. The result was the development of a ten- genetically. Over millions of years, (B) the pressure se-
dency to unconsciously monitor how other people in our lected for people who are sensitive to and skilled at max-
community perceive us. We process that information in imizing their standing. The result was the development
the form of self-esteem and such related emotions as of a tendency to unconsciously monitor how other peo-
pride, shame, or insecurity. These emotions compel us ple in our community perceive us. We process that in-
to do more of what makes our community value us and formation in the form of self-esteem and such related
less of what doesn’t. And, crucially, they are meant to emotions as pride, shame, or insecurity. (C) These emo-
make that motivation feel like it is coming from within. tions compel us doing more of what makes our com-
If we realized, on a conscious level, that we were re- munity value us and less of what doesn’t. And, crucially,
sponding to social pressure, our performance might they are meant to make that motivation feel like it is
come off as grudging or cynical, making it less coming from within. (D) If we realized, on a conscious
persuasive. level, that we were responding to social pressure, our
performance might come off as grudging or cynical,
① Conscious Monitoring: A Short Cut for Success made it less persuasive.
② The Role of Psychologists in Evolutionary Research
③ Emotion is the Last Thing You Need for Your Status 1) 기호 ( ) ____________ ⟶ ____________
④ What Makes Humans Genetically Unique and Skilled 2) 기호 ( ) ____________ ⟶ ____________
⑤ Importance of Perception and Reaction of Relationships 3) 기호 ( ) ____________ ⟶ ____________

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│36번│ │37번│

51. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임 53. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?53)

이 적절하지 않은 것은?51)
Conventional medicine has long believed that depres-
As individuals, our ability to thrive depended on how sion is caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters in
well we navigated relationships in a group. If the group the brain. However, there is a major problem with this
① valued us, we could count on support, resources, and explanation. This is because the imbalance of substances
probably a mate. If it didn’t, we might get none of these in the brain is a consequence of depression, not its
merits. It was a matter of survival, physically and cause. In other words, depression causes a decrease in
genetically. Over millions of years, the pressure selected brain substances such as serotonin and noradrenaline,
for people who are sensitive to and skilled at ② max- not a decrease in brain substances causes depression. In
imizing their standing. The result was the development this revised cause-and-effect, the key is to reframe de-
of a tendency to ③ unconsciously monitor how other pression as a problem of consciousness. Our conscious-
people in our community perceive us. We process that ness is a more fundamental entity that goes beyond the
information in the form of self-esteem and such related functioning of the brain. The brain is no more than an
emotions as pride, shame, or insecurity. These emotions organ of consciousness. If it is not consciousness itself,
④ compel us to do more of what makes our community then the root cause of depression is also a distortion of
value us and less of what doesn’t. And, crucially, they are our state of consciousness: a consciousness that has lost
meant to make that motivation feel like it is coming its sense of self and the meaning of life. Such a disease of
from within. If we realized, on a ⑤ subconscious level, consciousness may manifest itself in the form of
that we were responding to social pressure, our per- depression.
formance might come off as grudging or cynical, making
it less persuasive. ① A New Approach to Treating Depression
② The Role of Neurotransmitters in Mental Health
│36번│
③ Understanding the Brain’s Role in Consciousness
52. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 ④ Reframing Depression as a Disease of Consciousness
가장 적절한 곳은?52) ⑤ Why Imbalances in Serotonin Lead to Mental Disorders
We process that information in the form of self-esteem
and such related emotions as pride, shame, or
insecurity.

As individuals, our ability to thrive depended on how

well we navigated relationships in a group. If the group
valued us, we could count on support, resources, and
probably a mate. If it didn’t, we might get none of these
merits. It was a matter of survival, physically and
genetically. ( ① ) Over millions of years, the pressure se-
lected for people who are sensitive to and skilled at max-
imizing their standing. ( ② ) The result was the develop-
ment of a tendency to unconsciously monitor how other
people in our community perceive us. ( ③ ) These emo-
tions compel us to do more of what makes our commun-
ity value us and less of what doesn’t. ( ④ ) And, cru-
cially, they are meant to make that motivation feel like it
is coming from within. ( ⑤ ) If we realized, on a con-
scious level, that we were responding to social pressure,
our performance might come off as grudging or cynical,
making it less persuasive.

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│37번│ │37번│

54. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것 56. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에

은?54) 가장 적절한 곳은?56)
Conventional medicine has long believed that depres- The brain is no more than an organ of consciousness.
sion is caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters in
the brain. However, there is a major problem with this Conventional medicine has long believed that depres-
explanation. This is because the imbalance of substances sion is caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters in
in the brain is a consequence of depression, not its the brain. ( ① ) However, there is a major problem with
cause. In other words, depression causes a decrease in this explanation. This is because the imbalance of sub-
brain substances such as serotonin and noradrenaline, stances in the brain is a consequence of depression, not
not a decrease in brain substances ① causes depression. its cause. ( ② ) In other words, depression causes a de-
In this revised cause-and-effect, the key is ② reframing crease in brain substances such as serotonin and nora-
depression as a problem of consciousness. Our con- drenaline, not a decrease in brain substances causes
sciousness is a more fundamental entity ③ that goes be- depression. ( ③ ) In this revised cause-and-effect, the key
yond the functioning of the brain. The brain is no more is to reframe depression as a problem of consciousness.
than an organ of consciousness. If it is not conscious- Our consciousness is a more fundamental entity that goes
ness itself, then the root cause of depression is also a dis- beyond the functioning of the brain. ( ④ ) If it is not con-
tortion of our state of consciousness: a consciousness sciousness itself, then the root cause of depression is also
that ④ has lost its sense of self and the meaning of life. a distortion of our state of consciousness: a consciousness
Such a disease of consciousness may manifest ⑤ it in that has lost its sense of self and the meaning of life. ( ⑤ )
the form of depression. Such a disease of consciousness may manifest itself in the
form of depression.

│37번│

55. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임

이 적절하지 않은 것은?55)
Conventional medicine has long believed that de-
pression is ① caused by an imbalance of neuro-
transmitters in the brain. However, there is a major
problem with this explanation. This is because the
② imbalance of substances in the brain is a con-
sequence of depression, not its cause. In other words,
depression causes a decrease in brain substances such as
serotonin and noradrenaline, not a ③ decrease in brain
substances causes depression. In this revised
cause-and-effect, the key is to reframe depression as a prob-
lem of consciousness. Our consciousness is a more under-
lying entity that goes beyond the functioning of the
brain. The brain is no more than an organ of
consciousness. If it is not consciousness itself, then the
root cause of depression is also a distortion of our state
of consciousness: a consciousness that has ④ gained its
sense of self and the meaning of life. Such a disease of
consciousness may ⑤ manifest itself in the form of
depression.

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│37번│ │38번│

57. 다음 글을 아래와 같이 요약하고자 할 때, 빈칸에 58. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?58)

들어갈 적절한 단어를 본문에서 찾아 한 단어로
The common accounts of human nature that float
각각 쓰시오.57)
around in society are generally a mixture of assump-
Conventional medicine has long believed that depres- tions, tales and sometimes plain silliness. However, psy-
sion is caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters in chology is different. It is the branch of science that is de-
the brain. However, there is a major problem with this voted to understanding people: how and why we act as
explanation. This is because the imbalance of substances we do; why we see things as we do; and how we interact
in the brain is a consequence of depression, not its with one another. The key word here is ‘science.’
cause. In other words, depression causes a decrease in Psychologists don’t depend on opinions and hearsay, or
brain substances such as serotonin and noradrenaline, the generally accepted views of society at the time, or
not a decrease in brain substances causes depression. In even the considered opinions of deep thinkers. Instead,
this revised cause-and-effect, the key is to reframe de- they look for evidence, to make sure that psychological
pression as a problem of consciousness. Our conscious- ideas are firmly based, and not just derived from gen-
ness is a more fundamental entity that goes beyond the erally held beliefs or assumptions. In addition to this
functioning of the brain. The brain is no more than an evidence-based approach, psychology deals with funda-
organ of consciousness. If it is not consciousness itself, mental processes and principles that generate our rich
then the root cause of depression is also a distortion of cultural and social diversity, as well as those shared by
our state of consciousness: a consciousness that has lost all human beings. These are what modern psychology is
its sense of self and the meaning of life. Such a disease of all about.
consciousness may manifest itself in the form of
depression. ① The Limitations of Popular Opinions
⇩ ② Human Nature and Its Misconceptions
Depression is not (A) by a chemical imbalance in ③ The Complexity of Human Interactions
the brain but by a (B) in consciousness, where a ④ How Psychologists Study Human Interactions
loss of (C) and life meaning leads to the condition. ⑤ Psychology: A Scientific Approach to Human Nature

│38번│
(A) ____________
59. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것
(B) ____________
은?59)
(C) ____________
The common accounts of human nature that ① float
around in society are generally a mixture of assumptions,
tales and sometimes plain silliness. However, psychology
is different. It is the branch of science that is devoted to
② understand people: how and why we act as we do; why
we see things as we do; and how we interact with one
another. The key word here is ‘science.’ Psychologists
don’t depend on opinions and hearsay, or the generally
accepted views of society at the time, or even the ③ con-
sidered opinions of deep thinkers. Instead, they look for
evidence, to make sure that psychological ideas are firm-
ly based, and not just ④ derived from generally held be-
liefs or assumptions. In addition to this evidence-based
approach, psychology deals with fundamental processes
and principles that generate our rich cultural and social
diversity, as well as ⑤ those shared by all human beings.
These are what modern psychology is all about.

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│38번│ │38번│

60. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임 61. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절

이 적절하지 않은 것은?60) 한 것은?61)
The common accounts of human nature that float The common accounts of human nature that float
around in society are generally a ① mixture of assump- around in society are generally a mixture of assump-
tions, tales and sometimes plain silliness. However, psy- tions, tales and sometimes plain silliness.
chology is ② indifferent. It is the branch of science that is
devoted to understanding people: how and why we act as (A) However, psychology is different. It is the branch of
we do; why we see things as we do; and how we interact science that is devoted to understanding people: how
with one another. The key word here is ‘science.’ and why we act as we do; why we see things as we do;
Psychologists don’t depend on opinions and hearsay, or and how we interact with one another.
the generally ③ accepted views of society at the time, or (B) In addition to this evidence-based approach, psychol-
even the considered opinions of deep thinkers. Instead, ogy deals with fundamental processes and principles
they ④ look for evidence, to make sure that psycho- that generate our rich cultural and social diversity, as
logical ideas are firmly based, and not just derived from well as those shared by all human beings. These are
generally held beliefs or assumptions. In addition to this what modern psychology is all about.
evidence-based approach, psychology deals with funda- (C) The key word here is ‘science.’ Psychologists don’t de-
mental processes and principles that ⑤ generate our rich pend on opinions and hearsay, or the generally ac-
cultural and social diversity, as well as those shared by all cepted views of society at the time, or even the consid-
human beings. These are what modern psychology is all ered opinions of deep thinkers. Instead, they look for
about. evidence, to make sure that psychological ideas are
firmly based, and not just derived from generally held
beliefs or assumptions.

① (A) - (C) - (B) ② (B) - (A) - (C)

③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

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│39번│ │39번│

62. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?62) 63. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것

은?63)
Life is what physicists might call a ‘high-dimensional
system,’ which is their fancy way of saying that there’s a Life is ① what physicists might call a ‘high-dimen-
lot going on. In just a single cell, the number of possible sional system,’ which is their fancy way of saying that
interactions between different molecules is enormous. there’s a lot going on. In just a single cell, the num-
Such a system can only hope to be stable if only a small- ber of possible interactions between different mole-
er number of collective ways of being may emerge. For cules ② are enormous. Such a system can only hope
example, it is only a limited number of tissues and body to be stable if only a smaller number of collective
shapes that may result from the development of a hu- ways of being may emerge. For example, it is only a
man embryo. In 1942, the biologist Conrad Waddington limited number of tissues and body shapes ③ that may
called this drastic narrowing of outcomes canalization. result from the development of a human embryo. In
The organism may switch between a small number of 1942, the biologist Conrad Waddington ④ called this
well-defined possible states, but can’t exist in random drastic narrowing of outcomes canalization. The organ-
states in between them, rather as a ball in a rough land- ism may switch between a small number of well-defined
scape must roll to the bottom of one valley or another. possible states, but can’t exist in random states in between
We’ll see that this is true also of health and disease: ⑤ them, rather as a ball in a rough landscape must roll to
there are many causes of illness, but their manifes- the bottom of one valley or another. We’ll see that this is
tations at the physiological and symptomatic levels are true also of health and disease: there are many causes of
often strikingly similar. illness, but their manifestations at the physiological and
symptomatic levels are often strikingly similar.
① Genetic Factors That Affect Disease
② Stability: How It Depends on Diversity
③ Features of the High-Dimensional System
④ What Makes Human Embryo Formation Special
⑤ Life: Enormous Interactions and Limited Outcomes │39번│

64. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임

이 적절하지 않은 것은?64)
Life is what physicists might call a ‘high-dimensional
system,’ which is their fancy way of saying that there’s a
lot going on. In just a single cell, the number of possible in-
teractions between different molecules is ① enormous. Such a
system can only hope to be ② unstable if only a smaller num-
ber of collective ways of being may emerge. For example,
it is only a ③ limited number of tissues and body shapes
that may result from the development of a human
embryo. In 1942, the biologist Conrad Waddington
called this drastic narrowing of outcomes canalization. The
organism may switch between a ④ small number of well-de-
fined possible states, but can’t exist in random states in be-
tween them, rather as a ball in a rough landscape must roll
to the bottom of one valley or another. We’ll see that this
is true also of health and disease: there are many causes
of illness, but their manifestations at the physiological
and symptomatic levels are often strikingly ⑤ similar.

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│39번│ │40번│

65. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절 66. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?66)

한 것은?65)
Punishing a child may not be effective due to what Álvaro
Life is what physicists might call a ‘high-dimensional Bilbao, a neuropsychologist, calls ‘trick-punishments.’ A
system,’ which is their fancy way of saying that there’s a trick-punishment is a scolding, a moment of anger or a
lot going on. In just a single cell, the number of possible punishment in the most classic sense of the word.
interactions between different molecules is enormous.
Instead of discouraging the child from doing something,
it encourages them to do it. For example, Hugh learns
(A) In 1942, the biologist Conrad Waddington called this that when he hits his little brother, his mother scolds
drastic narrowing of outcomes canalization. The or- him. For a child who feels lonely, being scolded is much
ganism may switch between a small number of
better than feeling invisible, so he will continue to hit his
well-defined possible states, but can’t exist in random
brother. In this case, his mother would be better adopt-
states in between them, rather as a ball in a rough
ing a different strategy. For instance, she could con-
landscape must roll to the bottom of one valley or
gratulate Hugh when he has not hit his brother for a cer-
another.
(B) We’ll see that this is true also of health and disease: tain length of time. The mother clearly cannot allow the
there are many causes of illness, but their manifes- child to hit his little brother, but instead of constantly
tations at the physiological and symptomatic levels pointing out the negatives, she can choose to reward the
are often strikingly similar. positives. In this way, any parent can avoid
(C) Such a system can only hope to be stable if only a trick-punishments.
smaller number of collective ways of being may
emerge. For example, it is only a limited number of ① why kids who feel lonely hit their younger sibling
tissues and body shapes that may result from the de- ② advantages and disadvantages of a trick-punishment
velopment of a human embryo. ③ the importance of correcting misbehavior in children
④ effect of positive reinforcement on behavioral correction
① (A) - (C) - (B) ② (B) - (A) - (C) ⑤ consistency of discipline for managing negative behavior
③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)
│40번│

67. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?67)

Punishing a child may not be effective due to ① what Álvaro

Bilbao, a neuropsychologist, calls ‘trick-punishments.’ A
trick-punishment is a scolding, a moment of anger or a punish-
ment in the most classic sense of the word. Instead of dis-
couraging the child from doing something, it encourages
them ② to do it. For example, Hugh learns that when he
hits his little brother, his mother scolds him. For a child
who ③ feels lonely, being scolded is much better than feel-
ing invisible, so he will continue to hit his brother. In
this case, his mother would be better ④ adopting a
different strategy. For instance, she could congratulate
Hugh when he has not hit his brother for a certain length
of time. The mother clearly cannot allow the child to hit his
little brother, but instead of constantly pointing out the
negatives, she can choose ⑤ rewarding the positives. In
this way, any parent can avoid trick-punishments.

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│40번│ │41-42번│

68. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임 70. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?70)

이 적절하지 않은 것은?68)
From an early age, we assign purpose to objects and
Punishing a child may not be effective due to what Álvaro events, preferring this reasoning to random chance.
Bilbao, a neuropsychologist, calls ‘trick-punishments.’ A Children assume, for instance, that pointy rocks are that
trick-punishment is a scolding, a moment of anger or a way because they don’t want you to sit on them. When
punishment in the most classic sense of the word. we encounter something, we first need to determine
Instead of ① discouraging the child from doing some- what sort of thing it is. Inanimate objects and plants
thing, it encourages them to do it. For example, Hugh generally do not move and can be evaluated from phys-
learns that when he hits his little brother, his mother ics alone. However, by attributing intention to animals
and even objects, we are able to make fast decisions
scolds him. For a child who feels ② secure, scolding
about the likely behaviour of that being. This was essen-
is much better than feeling invisible, so he will con-
tial in our hunter-gatherer days to avoid being eaten by
tinue to hit his brother. In this case, his mother would
predators.
be better ③ adopting a different strategy. For instance,
The anthropologist Stewart Guthrie made the point
she could ④ congratulate Hugh when he has not hit his that survival in our evolutionary past meant that we in-
brother for a certain length of time. The mother clearly terpret ambiguous objects as agents with human mental
cannot allow the child to hit his little brother, but in- characteristics, as those are the mental processes which
stead of constantly pointing out the negatives, she can we understand. Ambiguous events are caused by such
choose to reward the positives. In this way, any parent agents. This results in a perceptual system strongly
can ⑤ avoid trick-punishments. biased towards anthropomorphism. Therefore, we tend
to assume intention even where there is none. This
would have arisen as a survival mechanism. If a lion is
│40번│ about to attack you, you need to react quickly, given its
69. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 probable intention to kill you. By the time you have real-
가장 적절한 곳은?69) ized that the design of its teeth and claws could kill you,
In this case, his mother would be better adopting a dif- you are dead. So, assuming intent, without detailed de-
ferent strategy. sign analysis or understanding of the physics, has saved
your life.

Punishing a child may not be effective due to what Álvaro

① Survival Mechanism Behind Intent Recognition
Bilbao, a neuropsychologist, calls ‘trick-punishments.’ A ② Animal Perception Systems for Avoiding Predators
trick-punishment is a scolding, a moment of anger or ③ Obstacles to Understanding the Behavior of Beings
a punishment in the most classic sense of the word. ④ Human Instinct Relies on Detailed Analysis to Survive
Instead of discouraging the child from doing some- ⑤ How Children Interpret the Purposes of Random Objects
thing, it encourages them to do it. ( ① ) For example,
Hugh learns that when he hits his little brother, his
mother scolds him. ( ② ) For a child who feels lonely,
being scolded is much better than feeling invisible, so
he will continue to hit his brother. ( ③ ) For instance,
she could congratulate Hugh when he has not hit his
brother for a certain length of time. ( ④ ) The mother
clearly cannot allow the child to hit his little brother,
but instead of constantly pointing out the negatives,
she can choose to reward the positives. ( ⑤ ) In this
way, any parent can avoid trick-punishments.

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│41-42번│ │41-42번│

71. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 틀린 것은?71) 72. 주어진 글 사이에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절

한 것은?72)
From an early age, we assign purpose to objects and
events, preferring this reasoning to random chance. From an early age, we assign purpose to objects and
Children assume, for instance, that pointy rocks are that events, preferring this reasoning to random chance.
way because they don’t want you to sit on ① them. Children assume, for instance, that pointy rocks are that
When we encounter something, we first need to de- way because they don’t want you to sit on them. When
termine what sort of thing it is. Inanimate objects and we encounter something, we first need to determine
plants generally do not move and can be evaluated from what sort of thing it is. Inanimate objects and plants
physics alone. However, by attributing intention to ani- generally do not move and can be evaluated from phys-
mals and even objects, we are able to make fast deci- ics alone.
sions about the likely behaviour of that being. This was
essential in our hunter-gatherer days to avoid ② being (A) This results in a perceptual system strongly biased to-
eaten by predators. wards anthropomorphism. Therefore, we tend to as-
The anthropologist Stewart Guthrie made the point sume intention even where there is none. This would
that survival in our evolutionary past meant ③ that we have arisen as a survival mechanism. If a lion is about
interpret ambiguous objects as agents with human men- to attack you, you need to react quickly, given its
tal characteristics, as those are the mental processes probable intention to kill you.
which we understand. Ambiguous events are caused by (B) However, by attributing intention to animals and
such agents. This results in a perceptual system ④ strongly even objects, we are able to make fast decisions about
biased towards anthropomorphism. Therefore, we tend the likely behaviour of that being. This was essential
to assume intention even where there is none. This in our hunter-gatherer days to avoid being eaten by
would have arisen as a survival mechanism. If a lion is predators. The anthropologist Stewart Guthrie made
about to attack you, you need to react quickly, given its the point that survival in our evolutionary past meant
probable intention to kill you. By the time you have real- that we interpret ambiguous objects as agents with
ized that the design of its teeth and claws could kill you, human mental characteristics, as those are the mental
you are dead. So, assuming intent, without detailed de- processes which we understand. Ambiguous events
sign analysis or understanding of the physics, ⑤ having are caused by such agents.
saved your life. (C) From an early age, we assign purpose to objects and
events, preferring this reasoning to random chance.
Children assume, for instance, that pointy rocks are
that way because they don’t want you to sit on them.
When we encounter something, we first need to de-
termine what sort of thing it is. Inanimate objects and
plants generally do not move and can be evaluated
from physics alone.

By the time you have realized that the design of its

teeth and claws could kill you, you are dead. So, assum-
ing intent, without detailed design analysis or under-
standing of the physics, has saved your life.

① (A) - (C) - (B) ② (B) - (A) - (C)

③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

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│41-42번│

73. (A)-(E)에 들어갈 단어를 <보기>에서 골라 문맥

과 어법에 맞게 고쳐 쓰시오.73)
From an early age, we assign purpose to objects and
events, preferring this reasoning to random chance.
Children assume, for instance, that pointy rocks are that
way because they don’t want you to sit on them. When
we encounter something, we first need to determine
what sort of thing it is. Inanimate objects and plants
generally do not move and can be (A) from
physics alone. However, by attributing intention to ani-
mals and even objects, we are able to make fast (B)
about the likely behaviour of that being. This was essen-
tial in our hunter-gatherer days to avoid being eaten by
predators.
The anthropologist Stewart Guthrie made the point
that survival in our evolutionary past meant that we in-
terpret ambiguous objects as agents with human mental
characteristics, as those are the mental processes which
we understand. Ambiguous events are caused by such
agents. This results in a perceptual system strongly
(C) towards anthropomorphism. Therefore,
we tend to assume intention even where there is none.
This would have arisen as a survival mechanism. If a li-
on is about to attack you, you need to react quickly, giv-
en its (D) intention to kill you. By the time
you have realized that the design of its teeth and claws
could kill you, you are dead. So, assuming intent, with-
out detailed design analysis or understanding of the
physics, has (E) your life.

<보기>
decide / bias / save / probable / evaluate

(A) _________ (B) _________ (C) ________

(D)_________ (E) _________

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│20번│ │21번│

74. 밑줄 친 우리말과 일치하도록 <보기>의 단어들을 75. 밑줄 친 우리말과 일치하도록 <보기>의 단어들을
<조건>에 맞게 배열하시오.74) <조건>에 맞게 배열하시오.75)
For many of us, making time for exercise is a continu- When we see something, we naturally and automati-
ing challenge. Between work commitments and family cally break it up into shapes, colors, and concepts that
obligations, it often feels like there’s no room in our we have learned through education. We recode what we
packed schedules for a dedicated workout. But what if see through the lens of everything we know. (우리는 기
the workout came to you, right in the midst of your daily 억에서 영상을 생각해 내기보다 기억을 재구성한다).
routine? That’s where the beauty of integrating mini-ex- This is a useful trait. It’s a more efficient way to store in-
ercises into household chores comes into play. Let’s be formation ― a bit like an optimal image compression al-
realistic; chores are inevitable Whether it’s washing gorithm such as JPG, rather than storing a raw bitmap
dishes or taking out the trash, these tasks are an essen- image file. People who lack this ability and remember
tial part of daily life. (하지만 집안일을 순전히 의무적인 everything in perfect detail struggle to generalize, learn,
행위로 간주하기보다는, 이런 순간들을 신체 활동을 위한 and make connections between what they have learned.
기회로 잘 이용하는 것이 어떨까)? For instance, practice But representing the world as abstract ideas and fea-
squats or engage in some wall push-ups as you wait for tures comes at a cost of seeing the world as it is. Instead,
your morning kettle to boil. Incorporating quick ex- we see the world through our assumptions, motivations,
ercises into your daily chores can improve your health. and past experiences. The discovery that our memories
are reconstructed through abstract representations
<조건> rather than played back like a movie completely under-
1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것 mined the legal primacy of eyewitness testimony. Seeing
2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여, 총 19단어로 영작 is not believing.

<보기> <조건>
but rather than / as purely / why not / moments 1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것
as / opportunities / for physical activity / obligatory 2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여, 총 10단어로 영작
seize these / activities / viewing chores
<보기>
___________________________________ memories / reconstructing / we / rather / retrieve
___________________________________ from / videos / the / than / memorize
___________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

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│22번│ │23번│

76. 밑줄 친 우리말과 일치하도록 <보기>의 단어들을 77. 밑줄 친 우리말과 일치하도록 <보기>의 단어들을
<조건>에 맞게 배열하시오.76) <조건>에 맞게 배열하시오.77)
In his Cornell laboratory, David Dunning conducted Many forms of research lead naturally to quantitative
experimental tests of eyewitness testimony and found data. A study of happiness might measure the number of
evidence that a careful deliberation of facial features and times someone smiles during an interaction, and a study
a detailed discussion of selection procedures can ac- of memory might measure the number of items an in-
tually be a sign of an inaccurate identification. It’s when dividual can recall after one, five, and ten minutes. (사람
people find themselves unable to explain why they rec- 들에게 자신이 일년에 몇 번 슬픈지 물어보는 것 또한 양
ognize the person, saying things like “his face just pop- 적 데이터를 산출할 수 있지만), but it might not be
ped out at me,” that they tend to be accurate more often. reliable. Respondents’ recollections may be inaccurate,
Sometimes our first, immediate, automatic reaction to a and their definitions of ‘sad’ could vary widely. But asking
situation is the truest interpretation of what our mind is “How many times in the past year were you sad enough to
telling us. That very first impression (또한 신중하고 논 call in sick to work?” prompts a concrete answer.
리적인 자기 서사보다 세상에 대해 더 정확할 수 있다). In Similarly, instead of asking people to rate how bad a pro-
his book Blink, Malcolm Gladwell describes a variety of crastinator they are, ask, “How many of your utility bills
studies in psychology and behavioral economics that are you currently late in paying, even though you can af-
demonstrate the superior performance of relatively un- ford to pay them?” Questions that seek concrete re-
conscious first guesses compared to logical step-by-step sponses help make abstract concepts clearer and ensure
justifications for a decision. consistency from one study to the next.

<조건> <조건>
1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것 1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것
2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여, 총 15단어로 영작 2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여, 총 16단어로 영작

<보기> <보기>
accurate / than / can / be / self-narrative asking / data / also / will / a / are
deliberative / about the world / the / more year / in / yield / quantitative / how
the / can / reasoned / be people / many / they / sad / times

___________________________________ ___________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________

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│24번│ │29번│

78. 밑줄 친 우리말과 일치하도록 <보기>의 단어들을 79. 밑줄 친 우리말과 일치하도록 <보기>의 단어들을
<조건>에 맞게 배열하시오.78) <조건>에 맞게 배열하시오.79)
The evolution of AI is often associated with the con- Digital technologies are essentially related to
cept of singularity. Singularity refers to the point at metaphors, but digital metaphors are different from
which AI exceeds human intelligence. After that point, it linguistic ones in important ways. Linguistic metaphors
is predicted that AI will repeatedly improve itself and are passive, in the sense that the audience needs to
evolve at an accelerated pace. (AI가 스스로를 인식하게 choose to actively enter the world proposed by
되고 자기 자신의 목표를 추구할 때, 그것은 단지 기계가 metaphor. In the Shakespearean metaphor “time is a
아니라 의식이 있는 존재가 될 것이다). AI and human beggar,” the audience is unlikely to understand the
consciousness will then begin to evolve together. Our metaphor without cognitive effort and without further
consciousness will evolve to new dimensions through engaging Shakespeare’s prose. Technological
our interactions with AI, which will provide us with in- metaphors, on the other hand, are active (and often
tellectual stimulation and inspire new insights and imposing) in the sense that they are realized in digital
creativity. Conversely, our consciousness also has a sig- artifacts that are actively doing things, forcefully
nificant impact on the evolution of AI. The direction of changing a user’s meaning horizon. (기술적인 창작자는
AI’s evolution will depend greatly on what values and 일반적으로 그들의 잠재적인 독자에게 어떻게 은유가 작
ethics we incorporate into AI. We need to see our rela- 용하는지 궁금해하도록 요구할 여유가 없다); normally
tionship with AI as a mutual coexistence of conscious the selling point is that the usefulness of the technology
beings, recognizing its rights and supporting the evolu- is obvious at first glance. Shakespeare, on the other
tion of its consciousness. hand, is beloved in part because the meaning of his
works is not immediately obvious and requires some
<조건> thought on the part of the audience.
1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것
2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여, 총 19단어로 영작 <조건>
1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것
<보기> 2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여, 총 16단어로 영작
a conscious being / when / not just / self-aware
pursues its own goals, / it will be / and <보기>
AI becomes / a machine creators / the / audience / Technological
afford / works / require / metaphor
___________________________________ wonder / generally / cannot / how / to
___________________________________ potential / to / their
___________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

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│30번│ │31번│

80. 밑줄 친 우리말과 일치하도록 <보기>의 단어들을 81. 밑줄 친 우리말과 일치하도록 <보기>의 단어들을
<조건>에 맞게 배열하시오.80) <조건>에 맞게 배열하시오.81)
Herbert Simon won his Nobel Prize for recognizing our The best defence most species of octopus have is to stay
limitations in information, time, and cognitive capacity. hidden as much as possible and do their own hunting at
As we lack the resources to compute answers night. So to find one in full view in the shallows in day-
independently, we distribute the computation across the light was a surprise for two Australian underwater
population and solve the answer slowly, generation by photographers. Actually, what they saw at first was a
generation. Then all we have to do is socially learn the flounder. It was only when they looked again that they
right answers. You don’t need to understand how your saw a medium-sized octopus, (착시를 만들기 위해 그것
computer or toilet works; you just need to be able to use 의 여덟 개의 모든 팔이 접혀 있었고 그것의 두 눈이 위쪽
the interface and flush. All that needs to be transmitted 으로 응시하고 있었다). An octopus has a big brain, ex-
is which button to push ― essentially how to interact cellent eyesight and the ability to change colour and pat-
with technologies rather than how they work. (그리고 정 tern, and this one was using these assets to turn itself in-
말로 알아야 할 필요가 있는 것보다 더 많은 정보를 가지 to a completely different creature. Many more of this
는 것 대신에 우리는 우리의 큰 두뇌를 거대한 계산의 작 species have been found since then, and there are now
은 조각에 바칠 수 있다). We understand things well photographs of octopuses that could be said to be trans-
enough to benefit from them, but all the while we are forming into sea snakes. And while they mimic, they
making small calculations that contribute to a larger hunt ― producing the spectacle of, say, a flounder sud-
whole. We are just doing our part in a larger denly developing an octopodian arm, sticking it down a
computation for our societies’ collective brains. hole and grabbing whatever’s hiding there.

<조건> <조건>
1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것 1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것
2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여, 총 32단어로 영작 2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여, 총 17단어로 영작

<보기> <보기>
for / holding / giant / mental / brains / so to / with / the illusion / staring/ folded
calculation / and / need / a / of / dedicate upwards / its / two eyes / of its arms
and / large / indeed / to / a / could / we and / create / all eight
instead / piece / we / know / information
capacity / of / small / have / than / more ___________________________________
our / to ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

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│32번│ │33번│

82. 밑줄 친 우리말과 일치하도록 <보기>의 단어들을 83. 밑줄 친 우리말과 일치하도록 <보기>의 단어들을
<조건>에 맞게 배열하시오.82) <조건>에 맞게 배열하시오.83)
How much we suffer relates to how we frame the pain When I worked for a large electronics company that
in our mind. When 1500m runners push themselves in- manufactured laser and ink-jet printers, I soon dis-
to extreme pain to win a race ― (그들의 근육이 비명을 covered why there are often three versions of many con-
지르고 그들의 폐가 산소 부족으로 폭발하면서, 그들은 sumer goods. If the manufacturer makes only one ver-
정신적으로 많이 고통받지 않는다). In fact, ultra-mar- sion of its product, people who bought it might have
athon runners―those people who are crazy enough to been willing to spend more money, so the company is
push themselves beyond the normal boundaries of hu- losing some income. If the company offers two versions,
man endurance, covering distances of 50-100km or one with more features and more expensive than the
more over many hours, talk about making friends with other, people will compare the two models and still buy
their pain. When a patient has paid for some form of the less expensive one. But if the company introduces a
passive back pain therapy and the practitioner pushes third model with even more features and more ex-
deeply into a painful part of a patient’s back to mobilise pensive than the other two, sales of the second model go
it, the patient calls that good pain if he or she believes up; many people like the features of the most expensive
this type of deep pressure treatment will be of value, model, but not the price. The middle item has more fea-
even though the practitioner is pushing right into the tures than the least expensive one, and it is less ex-
patient’s sore tissues. pensive than the fanciest model. They buy the middle
item, (자신이 더 비싼 가격의 제품의 존재에 의해 조종되
<조건> 었다는 것을 알지 못한 채).
1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것
2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여, 총 15단어로 영작 <조건>
1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것
<보기> 2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여, 총 13단어로 영작
psychologically / oxygen / deficit / suffer
and / with / screaming / their lungs <보기>
they /exploding / their muscles / don’t / much by / item / have / the / manipulate / of / that / be
higher-priced / they / unaware / presence / the
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

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│34번│ │35번│

84. 밑줄 친 우리말과 일치하도록 <보기>의 단어들을 85. 밑줄 친 우리말과 일치하도록 <보기>의 단어들을
<조건>에 맞게 배열하시오.84) <조건>에 맞게 배열하시오.85)
On-screen, climate disaster is everywhere you look, but Today, the water crisis is political ― which is to say,
the scope of the world’s climate transformation may just not inevitable or beyond our capacity to fix ― and,
as quickly eliminate the climate-fiction genre ― indeed therefore, functionally elective. That is one reason it is
eliminate any effort to tell the story of warming, which nevertheless distressing: an abundant resource made
could grow too large and too obvious even for scarce through governmental neglect and indifference,
Hollywood. You can tell stories ‘about’ climate change bad infrastructure and contamination, and careless
while it still seems a marginal feature of human life. But urbanization. (다시 말해서 물 위기가 있어야 할 필요가
when the temperature rises by three or four more de- 없지만 어쨌든 우리는 그것을 겪고 있고 그것을 해결하기
grees, hardly anyone will be able to feel isolated from its 위해 많은 일을 하고 있지 않다). Some cities lose more
impacts. And so as climate change expands across the water to leaks than they deliver to homes: even in the
horizon, it may cease to be a story. (왜 여러분 자신의 창 United States, leaks and theft account for an estimated
문 밖으로 뚜렷하게 볼 수 있는 세상에 대한 기후 픽션을 loss of 16 percent of freshwater; in Brazil, the estimate is
보거나 읽겠는가)? At the moment, stories illustrating 40 percent. Seen in both cases, as everywhere, the se-
global warming can still offer an escapist pleasure, even lective scarcity clearly highlights have-and-have-not in-
if that pleasure often comes in the form of horror. But equities, leaving 2.1 billion people without safe drinking
when we can no longer pretend that climate suffering is water and 4.5 billion without proper sanitation
distant — in time or in place ― we will stop pretending worldwide.
about it and start pretending within it.
<조건>
<조건> 1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것
1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것 2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여, 총 23단어로 영작
2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여, 총 17단어로 영작
<보기>
<보기> need / to / it / address / no / a / water
read / plainly / fiction / out / window and / there / but / be / much / words / for / crisis
own / watch / climate / about / you / see other / in / have / we / one / anyway / aren’t / doing
world / why / the / your / or / can
___________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________

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│36번│ │37번│

86. 밑줄 친 우리말과 일치하도록 <보기>의 단어들을 87. 밑줄 친 우리말과 일치하도록 <보기>의 단어들을
<조건>에 맞게 배열하시오.86) <조건>에 맞게 배열하시오.87)
As individuals, our ability to thrive depended on how Conventional medicine has long believed that depres-
well we navigated relationships in a group. If the group sion is caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters in
valued us, we could count on support, resources, and the brain. However, there is a major problem with this
probably a mate. If it didn’t, we might get none of these explanation. (이것은 왜냐하면 뇌 속 물질의 불균형은 우
merits. It was a matter of survival, physically and 울증의 원인이 아니라 그것의 결과이기 때문이다). In
genetically. Over millions of years, the pressure selected other words, depression causes a decrease in brain sub-
for people who are sensitive to and skilled at maximizing stances such as serotonin and noradrenaline, not a de-
their standing. The result was the development of a ten- crease in brain substances causes depression. In this re-
dency to unconsciously monitor how other people in our vised cause-and-effect, the key is to reframe depression
community perceive us. We process that information in as a problem of consciousness. Our consciousness is a
the form of self-esteem and such related emotions as more fundamental entity that goes beyond the function-
pride, shame, or insecurity. (이러한 감정들은 우리에게 ing of the brain. The brain is no more than an organ of
우리의 공동체가 우리를 가치 있게 여기도록 만드는 것을 consciousness. If it is not consciousness itself, then the
더 많이 하고 그렇지 않은 것을 덜 하도록 강요한다). And, root cause of depression is also a distortion of our state
crucially, they are meant to make that motivation feel of consciousness: a consciousness that has lost its sense
like it is coming from within. If we realized, on a con- of self and the meaning of life. Such a disease of con-
scious level, that we were responding to social pressure, sciousness may manifest itself in the form of depression.
our performance might come off as grudging or cynical,
making it less persuasive. <조건>
1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것
<조건> 2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여, 총 15단어로 영작
1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것
2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여, 총 19단어로 영작 <보기>
consequence / be / of / the / depression
<보기> be / in/ imbalance / brain / the / of / a
community / these / doesn’t / compel / us / of / do because / substances / this
more / makes / and / what / value / of / our
to / emotions / us / less / what ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
___________________________________ __________________________, not its cause.
___________________________________
___________________________________

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│38번│ │39번│

88. 밑줄 친 우리말과 일치하도록 주어진 단어들을 89. 밑줄 친 우리말과 일치하도록 <보기>의 단어들을
활용하여 <조건>에 맞게 문장을 완성하시오.88) <조건>에 맞게 배열하시오.89)
The common accounts of human nature that float Life is what physicists might call a ‘high-dimensional
around in society are generally a mixture of assump- system,’ which is their fancy way of saying that there’s a
tions, tales and sometimes plain silliness. However, psy- lot going on. In just a single cell, the number of possible
chology is different. (그것은 사람들을 이해하는데 전념 interactions between different molecules is enormous.
하는 과학 분야이다): how and why we act as we do; why Such a system can only hope to be stable if only a small-
we see things as we do; and how we interact with one er number of collective ways of being may emerge. For
another. The key word here is ‘science.’ Psychologists example, (인간 배아의 발달로부터 나올 수 있는 것은 오
don’t depend on opinions and hearsay, or the generally 직 제한된 수의 조직과 신체 형태이다). In 1942, the biol-
accepted views of society at the time, or even the consid- ogist Conrad Waddington called this drastic narrowing
ered opinions of deep thinkers. Instead, they look for of outcomes canalization. The organism may switch be-
evidence, to make sure that psychological ideas are firm- tween a small number of well-defined possible states,
ly based, and not just derived from generally held beliefs but can’t exist in random states in between them, rather
or assumptions. In addition to this evidence-based ap- as a ball in a rough landscape must roll to the bottom of
proach, psychology deals with fundamental processes one valley or another. We’ll see that this is true also of
and principles that generate our rich cultural and social health and disease: there are many causes of illness, but
diversity, as well as those shared by all human beings. their manifestations at the physiological and sympto-
These are what modern psychology is all about. matic levels are often strikingly similar.

<조건> <조건>
1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것 1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것
2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여, 총 12단어로 영작 2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여, 총 21단어로 영작

<보기> <보기>
science / devote / understand / of number / that / embryo / a /it /only / the
is / that / is / the / it / to / people/ branch body / is / limit / of / tissues / result / from
of / and / human / a / may /development / shapes
___________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

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│40번│

90. 밑줄 친 우리말과 일치하도록 <보기>의 단어들을

<조건>에 맞게 배열하시오.90)
Punishing a child may not be effective due to what
Álvaro Bilbao, a neuropsychologist, calls
‘trick-punishments.’ A trick-punishment is a scolding, a
moment of anger or a punishment in the most classic
sense of the word. Instead of discouraging the child
from doing something, it encourages them to do it. For
example, Hugh learns that when he hits his little broth-
er, his mother scolds him. For a child who feels lonely,
being scolded is much better than feeling invisible, so he
will continue to hit his brother. In this case, his mother
would be better adopting a different strategy. For in-
stance, she could congratulate Hugh when he has not hit
his brother for a certain length of time. The mother
clearly cannot allow the child to hit his little brother, but
(그녀는 부정적 측면을 계속 지적하는 대신에 긍정적 측
면을 보상하는 것을 선택할 수 있다). In this way, any pa-
rent can avoid trick-punishments.

<조건>
1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것
2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여, 총 14단어로 영작

<보기>
the / she / positives / the / to / can / reward
instead / out / point / choose / of
constantly / negatives

___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

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│41-42번│ (B)
91. 밑줄 친 (A)와 (B)의 우리말과 일치하도록 <보 <조건>
기>의 단어들을 <조건>에 맞게 배열하시오.91) 1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것
From an early age, we assign purpose to objects and 2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여, 총 15단어로 영작
events, preferring this reasoning to random chance.
Children assume, for instance, that pointy rocks are that <보기>
way because they don’t want you to sit on them. When intent / the physics / analysis / design / your / if
we encounter something, we first need to determine assume / understanding / detailed / have / without
what sort of thing it is. Inanimate objects and plants of / saved / or
generally do not move and can be evaluated from phys-
ics alone. However, by attributing intention to animals ___________________________________
and even objects, we are able to make fast decisions ___________________________________
about the likely behaviour of that being. This was essen- ___________________________________
tial in our hunter-gatherer days to avoid being eaten by ___________________________________
predators.
The anthropologist Stewart Guthrie made the point
that (A) (우리의 진화상 과거에서 생존이란 우리가 모호
한 사물을 인간의 정신적 특성을 가진 행위자로 해석하는
것을 의미한다고), as those are the mental processes
which we understand. Ambiguous events are caused by
such agents. This results in a perceptual system strongly
biased towards anthropomorphism. Therefore, we tend
to assume intention even where there is none. This
would have arisen as a survival mechanism. If a lion is
about to attack you, you need to react quickly, given its
probable intention to kill you. By the time you have real-
ized that the design of its teeth and claws could kill you,
you are dead. So, (B) (상세한 구조 분석 또는 물리적 현상
의 이해 없이 의도를 부여하는 것이 당신의 목숨을 구해
왔다).

(A)
<조건>
1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것
2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여, 총 17단어로 영작

<보기>
mental / our evolutionary /meant /interpret / we
agents / survive / that / ambiguous / with / objects
characteristics / past / as / human / in

___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

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<정답> 56) ④
57) (A) caused (B) distortion (C) self
1) ⑤ 58) ⑤
2) ⑤ boiling → to boil 59) ② understand → understanding
3) ③ minor → essential 60) ② indifferent → different
4) ② 61) ①
5) ① 62) ⑤
6) (A) what → that (C) come → comes 63) ② are → is
(C) undermining → undermined 64) ② unstable → stable
7) (A) education (B) connections 65) ④
(C) assumptions (D) testimony 66) ④
(E) believing 67) ⑤ rewarding → to reward
8) ④ 68) ② secure → lonely
9) ⑤ 69) ③
10) ② which → that 70) ①
11) ⑤ inferior → superior 71) ⑤ having → has
12) ⑤ 72) ⑤
13) ② 73) (A) evaluated (B) decisions (C) biased
14) ③ prompt → prompts (D) probable (E) saved
15) ④ early → late 74) But rather than viewing chores as purely obligatory
16) ② activities, why not seize these moments as
17) ③ opportunities for physical activity
18) ② they → which 75) We reconstruct memories rather than retrieving the video from
19) ⑤ separate → incorporate memory
20) ④ 76) can also be more accurate about the world than the deliberative,
21) ⑤ reasoned self­narrative can be
22) ④ realized → are realized 77) Asking people how many times in a year they are sad will
also yield quantitative data
23) ③ defensively → actively
78) When AI becomes self­aware and pursues its own goals,
24) ①
it will be a conscious being, not just a machine.
25) ④
79) Technological creators cannot generally afford to
26) ③ flushing → (to) flush
require their potential audience to wonder how the
27) ④ less → more
metaphor works
28) ⑤
80) And so instead of holding more information than we
29) ①
have mental capacity for and indeed need to know, we
30) ② what → that
could dedicate our large brains to a small piece of a
31) ② remove → create
giant calculation.
32) ④
81) with all eight of its arms folded and its two eyes
33) ② staring upwards to create the illusion.
34) (A) frame (B) psychologically (C) covering (D) value 82) their muscles screaming and their lungs exploding with
35) ② oxygen deficit, they don’t psychologically suffer much.
36) ⑤ 83) unaware that they have been manipulated by the
37) ① presence of the higher­priced item
38) ② 84) Why watch or read climate fiction about the world
39) ⑤ aware → unaware you can see plainly out your own window?
40) ④ goes → go 85) There is no need for a water crisis, in other words,
41) ③ but we have one anyway, and aren’t doing much to
42) ③ address it.
43) ④ illustrated → illustrating 86) These emotions compel us to do more of what makes
44) ③ fear → pleasure our community value us and less of what doesn’t.
45) ③ 87) This is because the imbalance of substances in the
46) (A) distressing (B) to address (C) estimated (D) Seen brain is a consequence of depression
(E) leaving 88) It is the branch of science that is devoted to
47) ⑤ unselective → selective understanding people
48) ④ 89) it is only a limited number of tissues and body shapes
49) ⑤ that may result from the development of a human
50) (A) did we navigate → we navigated embryo
(C) doing → to do 90) instead of constantly pointing out the negatives, she
(D) made → making can choose to reward the positives
51) ⑤ subconscious → conscious 91) (A) survival in our evolutionary past meant that we
52) ③ interpret ambiguous objects as agents with human
53) ④ mental characteristics
54) ⑤ it → itself (B) assuming intent, without detailed design analysis or
55) ④ gained → lost understanding of the physics, has saved your life.

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