MAHARASTRA STATE BOARD TECHNICAL

EDUCATION

Program Name and Code: CE-5I

Course Name and Code : Public Health
Engineering (22504)
Academic Year :2024-2025
Semester :FIFTH
AMICROPROJECT
ON
Purification of Water

Sr. RollNo. Nameofstudent Enrolment

No No.
01 Harshad Balu Pagare
02 Shinde karan Pundlik
03 Katkar Swapnil Nandkishor
04 Ghuge mahesh Datuu

Project Guided by:- Prof. K . R . Pardeshi

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 INDEX

SR.NO. CONTENT PAGE

NO
1. Introduction

2. Aeration

3. Sedimentation

4. Purification Of Water on Large Scale

5. Purification Of Water on Small Scale

6. Importance of water Purification

7. Advantages and disadvantages of

water purification

8. Necessity of water Purification

9. Conclusion

10. Reference

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 INTRODUCTION

Water purification is the process of removing undesirable

chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids, and gases from
water. The goal is to produce water that is fit for specific purposes.
Most water is purified and disinfected for human consumption
(drinking water), but water purification may also be carried out for a
variety of other purposes, including medical, pharmacological,
chemical, and industrial applications. The history of water
purification includes a wide variety of methods. The methods used
include physical processes such as filtration, sedimentation, and
distillation; biological processes such as slow sand filters or
biologically active carbon; chemical processes such as flocculation
and chlorination; and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as
ultraviolet light.
Water purification can reduce the concentration of particulate matter
including suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses,
and fungi as well as reduce the concentration of a range of dissolved
and particulate matter.
The standards for drinking water quality are typically set by
governments or by international standards. These standards usually
include minimum and maximum concentrations of contaminants,
depending on the intended use of the water.
Visual inspection which cannot determine if water meets their quality
standards. Simple procedures such as boiling or the use of a
household activated carbon filter are not sufficient for treating all
possible contaminants that may be present in water from an unknown
source.

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 Even natural spring water – considered safe for all practical purposes
in the 19th century – must now be tested before determining what
kind of treatment, if any, is needed. Chemical and microbiological
analysis, while expensive, are the only way to obtain the information
necessary for deciding on the appropriate method of purification.
Purification of is done by TWO ways:
1. Natural
2. Artificial Methods
Methods Aeration
A. Purification of Water on
Sedimentation
Large Scale
Sunlight
B. Purification of Water on
Dilution
Small Scale
Oxidation
Plants & Animals (Aquatic)

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AREATION

Aeration (also aerification or aeriation):- process by which air is

circulated through, mixed with or dissolved in a liquid or other
substances that act as a fluid (such as soil). Aeration processes create
additional surface area in the mixture, allowing greater chemical or
suspension reactions.

SEDIMATATION
Waters exiting the
flocculation basin may enter
the sedimentation basin,
also called a clarifier or
settling basin. It is a large
tank with low water
velocities, allowing floc to
settle to the bottom. The
sedimentation basin is best
located close to the
flocculation basin so the transit between the two processes does not
permit settlement or floc break up. Sedimentation basins may be
rectangular, where water flows from end to end, or circular where

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flow is from the centre outward. Sedimentation basin outflow is
typically over a weir so only a thin top layer of water—that furthest
from the sludge—exits.

Purification Of Water on Large Scale

1. Slow Sand Filtration
2. Rapid Sand Filtration
3. Desalination
SLOW SAND
FILTRATION
Slow sand filters may
be used where there is
sufficient land and
space, as the water
flows very slowly
through the filters.
These filters rely on
biological treatment
processes for their
action rather than
physical filtration. They are carefully constructed using graded layers
of sand, with the coarsest sand, along with some gravel, at the bottom
and the finest sand at the top. Drains at the base convey treated water
away for disinfection. Filtration depends on the development of a
thin biological layer, called the zoogleal layer or Schmutzdecke, on
the surface of the filter. An effective slow sand filter may remain in
service for many weeks or even months, if the pretreatment is well
designed, and produces water with a very low available nutrient level
which physical methods of treatment rarely achieve. Very low
nutrient levels allow water to be safely sent through distribution
systems with very low disinfectant levels, thereby reducing consumer
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irritation over offensive levels of chlorine and chlorine by-products.
Slow sand filters are not backwashed; they are maintained by
having the top layer of sand.

RAPID SAND FILTER

The most common type of filter is a rapid sand filter. Water moves
vertically through sand which often has a layer of activated
carbon or anthracite coal above the sand. The top layer removes
organic compounds, which contribute to taste and odour. The space
between sand particles is larger than the smallest suspended particles,
so simple filtration is not enough. Most particles pass through surface
layers but are trapped in pore spaces or adhere to sand particles.
Effective filtration extends into the depth of the filter. This property
of the filter is key to its operation: if the top layer of sand were to
block all the particles, the filter would quickly clog.

Purification of Water on Small Scale

1. Boiling
2. Chemical disinfection
3. Filtration
4. Solar radiation

Boiling:-
Boiling – rolling boil for 10-20 min Kills bact/ spores/ cysts/
ova Removes temporary hardness Taste can be altered No
residual protection Should be stored in same container where
boiled. Boiling is the oldest and satisfactory method of
purification of water on small scale. Boiling for 5 to 10
minutes kills bacteria, spores, cysts and ova of intestinal

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parasites. It also removes hardness of water and soft water is
produced.

Chemical Disinfection:-
Chlorination is the process of adding chlorine to drinking water to kill
parasites, bacteria, and viruses. Different processes can be used to
achieve safe levels of chlorine in drinking water.

A. Bleaching powder: Ca(OCl)Cl, if freshly made=33%

available Cl, unstable(on exposure to air/light/moister
losses Cl content. Stored in dark, cool, dry place in closed
container)

B. Chlorine solution : prepared from bleaching powder. 4 kg

of bleaching powder with 25 % available chlorine mixed with
20 lit of water gives 5% solution of chlorine.

C. High test hypochlorite: perchloron. More stable.

D. Chlorine Tablets: (Halazone Tablet). Good but costly.

Single tablet of 0.5 g is suficient to disinfect 20 lit of water.

E. Iodine:- emergency disinfection of water. - 2 drops of 2%

ethanol solution is suffice for 1 lit of water. - contact time
needed 20-30 min.

Filtration:-

Water filtration is the process of removing or reducing

the concentration of particulate matter, including
suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses,
and fungi, as well as other undesirable chemical and
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biological contaminants from contaminated water to
produce safe and clean water for a specific purpose, such
as drinking, medical, and pharmaceutical applications.
Filters Like:- ceramic filters –Pasteur
Chamberland filter, Berkefeld filter, Katadyn filter. -
Main part is candle ( porcelin /infusorial earth) - In
Katadyn: Surface covered with silver catalyst, bact.
destroyed in contact with silver ion (oligodynamic
action) - can remove bacteria, not viruses.

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 Importance of water Purification

 Water purification system reduces the risk of water-borne

diseases.
 Water purification system can reduce the risk of
medical conditions such as bladder cancer, colon
cancer, and rectal cancer by removing chlorine on
drinking water.
 A whole house filter will benefit children to develop
healthy immune systems through the consumption of
pure water.
 Pure water can benefit people with skin allergies.
 Pure water can is necessary for pregnant women
as impure water can lead to several birth defects
and congenital health problems
 Home water purification system will prevent more
than 2100 water contaminants.
 Water purification system eliminates the risk of drinking
contaminated water and environmental pollution.
 One major purpose of water purification is to provide
clean drinking water. Water purification also meets
the needs of medical, pharmacological, chemical, and
industrial applications for clean and potable water.

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Advantages and dis-advantages of Water
Purification

Advantages:-

1. Water purification can protect against harmful

organisms
2. Water purification removes toxic metals
3. Better For the Environment
4. Cost-Effective
5. Better Quality of Life
6. Better Water for Cooking
7. Prolonged Appliance Life

Dis-advantages:-

1. Water purification may not remove pesticides

2. Water purification require regular maintenance
3. Lower Risk of Certain Health Problems
4. Need for regular maintaince
5. Not Better Water for Pets
6. Maintance is required
7. Limitations to filtration method

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 CONCLUSION
Water purification can remove all the unnecessary bacteria and
viruses from the water that is hazardous for our health. Water
purification may also improve the flavor and appearance of water. It
removes the unpleasant odor.
Water plays such an important role in our daily lives. 70% of our body is
composed of water. 70% of the earth surface is also made up of water, but
out of the 70%, only 1/3 of water is consumable. In fact, this amount has
been continuously to decrease as more and more industries began to
pollute and damage the water. For example, many toxic chemicals may be
released into the water thus making the water impure.

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 REFERENCE
1. Combating Waterborne Diseases at the Household
Level (PDF). World Health Organization. 2007. Part
1. ISBN 978-92-4-159522-3.
2. ^ Water for Life: Making it Happen (PDF). World Health
Organization and UNICEF. 2005. ISBN 978-92-4-156293-5.
3. ^ McGuire, Michael J.; McLain, Jennifer Lara; Obolensky,
Alexa (2002). Information Collection Rule Data Analysis.
Denver: AWWA Research Foundation and American
Water Works Association. pp. 376–378. ISBN
9781583212738.
4. ^ "Aeration and gas stripping" (PDF). Archived from the
original (PDF) on July 12, 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
5. ^ "Water Knowledge". American Water Works Association.
Retrieved 29 June 2017.

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