Class: S.Y.B.Sc.

Subject: Electronics

Chapter 3 :Operational Amplifier & Applications

 Introduction
• An op-amp has two input terminals and one output terminal. The op-
amp also has two voltage supply terminals as seen above. Two input
terminals form the differential input.
• It is also known as Differential Amplifier because this amplifier
amplifies the difference between two input signals
• We call the terminal, marked with negative (-) sign as the inverting
terminal and the terminal marked with positive (+) sign as the non-
inverting terminal of the operational amplifier.
• If we apply an input signal at the inverting terminal (-) than the amplified output signal
is 180o out of phase concerning the applied input signal.
(the word invert itself means to turn around)

• If we apply an input signal to the non-inverting terminal (+) then the output signal
obtained will be in phase, i.e. it will have no phase shift concerning the input signal.
 Circuit Notations & Operation
• 𝑉𝑃 : non-inverting input 𝑉𝑠+
• 𝑉𝑛 : inverting input 𝑉𝑛
Inverting input − 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
• 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 : output
Non-Inverting input +
• 𝑉𝑆+ : Positive power supply 𝑉𝑝
• 𝑉𝑆+ : Negative power supply
𝑉𝑠−
• Some of the output is given back to the inverting

input to Stabilize the output signal, this is

𝑉𝑛
− 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
known as Negative Feedback
+
• If the gain of Amplifier A is zero, there is no 𝑉𝑝

negative feedback, the amplifier is said to be

Gain of the amplifier
running in open loop A= (𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 / 𝑉𝑖𝑛 )

• Output is given by: 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑃 − 𝑉𝑛 𝐴

𝑉𝑃 − 𝑉𝑛 is differential input voltage

• If we apply ground to non-inverting terminal (+)

only inverting terminal will operate

𝑉𝑛
− 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
so, 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐴(0−𝑉𝑛 )
+
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −𝑉𝑛 𝐴 𝑉𝑝

Hence proves how it inverts

• But If we apply ground to inverting terminal (-)

only non-inverting terminal will operate

so, 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐴(𝑉𝑃 − 0)

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐴 𝑉𝑃
 Ideal Op-Amp

Standard op-amp Ideal op-amp

(Resistance is ∞)
IC-741 block diagram & pin Diagram
 Virtual Ground

• Here non-inverting terminal is grounded, the input signal is applied through the
inverting terminal through its resistance
• as non-inverting terminal is grounded it will have zero Potential(voltage) therefore
inverting terminal is approx. at ground potential, therefore the inverting terminal is
known as Virtual Ground
 Basic Single
Stage
Amplifiers

Inverting Non-inverting
Amplifier Amplifier
 Inverting Amplifier with concept of gain
I 𝑅𝐹
• In this amplifier, non-inverting input is
connected to ground and input signal is given to
(𝑖𝑛𝑣)𝑉𝑛 −
the inverting terminal
• The negative feedback is applied to the (𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑣)𝑉𝑃 +

inverting input through resistor 𝑅𝐹

• Since for ideal op-amp,𝑉𝑛 = 𝑉𝑝 , and 𝑉𝑝 is
grounded, therefore 𝑉𝑛 = 0.
• Since the current flowing into the inverting input of an ideal op-amp is zero, the
current flowing through Ri must be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to
the current flowing through R: (by Kirchhoff 's current law).
𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉𝑛 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑉𝑛 I 𝑅𝐹
=
𝑅1 𝑅𝐹

𝑅𝐹 (𝑖𝑛𝑣)𝑉𝑛 −
Since 𝑉𝑛 = 0, 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − 𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑅1
(𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑣)𝑉𝑃 +
The closed-loop gain of the amplifier is
𝑅𝐹
𝐴𝐶𝐿 = −
𝑅1

The gain of inverting amplifier is always negative i.e.

180

there is a 180° phase shift between input and output.

 Non-Inverting Amplifier with concept of gain
• In this mode of operation, the input signal is
(𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑣)𝑉𝑃
applied to the non-inverting terminal of op-amp.
+
• The output voltage is fed back to inverting
terminal of op-amp through the resistor 𝑅𝐹 . (𝑖𝑛𝑣)𝑉𝑛 −

• The resistance 𝑅1 is connected between

inverting terminal and ground. 𝑅𝐹
• For an ideal op-amp, there is no loading effect at 𝑅1
I
the input, so 𝑉𝑝 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛

Since the current flowing into the inverting input of an ideal op-amp is zero, the current
flowing through 𝑅1 is equal to the current flowing through 𝑅𝐹 . We can therefore apply
the voltage-divider formula to find 𝑉𝑛 .
 Non-Inverting Amplifier with concept of gain

𝑅1 (𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑣)𝑉𝑃
𝑉𝑛 = 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑅1 + 𝑅𝐹 +

For an ideal op-amp, we know that

(𝑖𝑛𝑣)𝑉𝑛 −
𝑅𝐹
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 1 + 𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑅1

The closed-loop gain of an op-amp is 𝑅𝐹

𝑅1
𝑅 I
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 1+ 𝐹 𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑅1
𝐴𝐶𝐿 =
𝑉𝑖𝑛
= 𝑉𝑖𝑛

𝑅𝐹
𝐴𝐶𝐿 = 1 +
𝑅1
 Op-Amp as an Adder
• As B is grounded, point A is
𝐼1 𝐼
treated as Virtual Ground
∴ 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝐵 = 0 𝐼2 𝐼
• Now from input side A
𝐼3 B
𝑉1 − 𝑉𝐴
𝐼1 =
𝑅1
𝑉1
𝐼1 = as 𝑉𝐴 = 0
𝑅1

𝑉2 −𝑉𝐴 𝑉2
𝐼2 = ∴ 𝐼2 =
𝑅2 𝑅2

𝑉3
Similarly, 𝐼3 =
𝑅3
• Applying K.C.L 𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 𝑅𝐹 𝑉1 𝑅𝐹 𝑉2 𝑅𝐹 𝑉3
𝑉𝑜 = − + +
𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉3
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
𝐼= + + ---------(1)
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
If 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅3 = 𝑅𝐹 = 𝑅
• From the output side, we may write
𝑉𝐴 −𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑜 = − 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3
𝐼 = 𝑎𝑠 𝐼 = 𝑉/𝑅
𝑅𝐹

𝑉𝑜
𝐼 =− 𝑎𝑠 𝑉𝐴 = 0
𝑅𝐹

• Apply the above value in equation 1

𝑉𝑜 𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉3
− = + +
𝑅𝐹 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
 Op-Amp as a Subtractor
• Let 𝑉1 be non-Zero & 𝑉2 = 0
∴ 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑝 − 𝑎𝑚𝑝 𝑖𝑛
𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑖𝑠,

𝑅𝐹 A
𝑉𝑎′ = − 𝑉1
𝑅1
B
• Let 𝑉2 be non-Zero & 𝑉1 = 0
𝑅3
∴ 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑝 − 𝑎𝑚𝑝 𝑖𝑛
𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑖𝑠,

𝑅𝐹
𝑉𝑏′ = 1 + 𝑉𝐵 ---------(1)
𝑅1
 𝑅𝐹
Where 1 + is gain in the non-inverting 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑎′ + 𝑉𝑏′
𝑅1

mode and 𝑉𝐵 is the voltage at the non- 𝑅𝐹 𝑅𝐹 3

∴ 𝑉𝑜 = − 𝑉1 + 1+ 𝑉2
𝑅1 𝑅1 𝑅2 +𝑅3
inverting terminal
• If 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅3 = 𝑅𝐹 = 𝑅, then
𝑅3
• From figure: 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉
𝑅2 +𝑅3 2 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉2 − 𝑉1
𝑅𝐹 𝑅3
∴ 𝑉𝑏′ = 1+ 𝑉
𝑅1 𝑅2 +𝑅3 2

• if input voltage are given to both the

terminals, then according to the
principle of superposition, the resultant
output will be
What is Oscillator?
An electronic circuit used to generate the output signal with constant amplitude and
constant desired frequency is called as an oscillator. It is also called as a waveform
generator
The primary function of an oscillator is to convert DC power into a periodic signal or AC
signal at a very high frequency. An oscillator does not require any external input signal
to produce sinusoidal or other repetitive waveforms of desired magnitude and
frequency at the output and even without use of any mechanical moving parts.
Types:
1. Sinusoidal( sin waves)
2. non-sinusoidal( square wave, rectangular wave, saw tooth and pulse shaped wave)
Concept of Positive & Negative Feedback
Concept of Positive & Negative Feedback
 Barkhausen Criteria for an Oscillator
• An amplifier with proper positive feedback can act as an oscillator i.e it can
generate oscillations without any external signal Source
• Criteria : gain of the amplifier becomes infinite if 1 − 𝛽𝐴 = 0
For an amplifier with positive feedback, the voltage gain is given by

𝑉𝑜 ′
𝐴′ =
𝑉𝑖𝑛

𝐴
𝐴′ =
1 − 𝛽𝐴
𝐴: open loop gain
𝛽: feedback factor
𝐴′ : closed loop gain
 Phase Shift Oscillator using IC 741
𝑅1 𝑅𝑓
Amplifier Circuit
+𝑉𝐶𝐶

2 − 7
1 6
𝑓0 = 741 𝑉𝑂
2 𝜋 6 𝑅𝐶 3 + 4
𝑅𝑂𝑀
−𝑉𝐶𝐶

𝐶 𝐶 𝐶

Feedback Circuit 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅