Introduction to Subnetting Section

Introduction to Subnetting

InstructorAlton.com
 Why Subnet?
• Using default Class A, B and C subnets (called Classful IP Addressing)
is inefficient:
o Wastes unused IP Addresses (Public IP Addresses)
• Allows you to create multiple logical networks that exist within a
single Class A, B, or C network.
o Breaks up larger networks into multiple smaller sub-networks, which are
called subnets
• Allows for more efficient routing via router summarization.
• Increased network security!

InstructorAlton.com
 Fixed Length Subnetting
• We will be learning about fixed-length subnetting, known as a fixed-
length subnet mask (FLSM).
• There is also variable-length subnetting (VLSM), which is beyond the
scope of this beginner’s course.

InstructorAlton.com
 Class C Subnetting Example
• You’re the network administrator for the
Computer Science department at a Subnet 1 (Lecture Hall 1) Subnet 2 (Lecture Hall 2)
university. • 200.15.178.0/26 • 200.15.178.64/26
• You’re setting up four new lecture halls that • 62 Hosts • 62 Hosts
must have their own 60-person wireless
network.
• You’ve been assigned the 200.15.178.0 Class 200.15.178.0
C Network by the university, that supports Class C Network
254 hosts per network by default. (254 Hosts)
• How do you break up this one Class C
network into 4 smaller networks that
support 60 host IP addresses per network? Subnet 3 (Lecture Hall 3) Subnet 4 (Lecture Hall 4)
• You subnet it. • 200.15.178.128/26 • 200.15.178.192/26
• 62 Hosts • 62 Hosts
• Subnetting allows your to breakup a larger
network into smaller networks (subnets).

InstructorAlton.com
 Process of Subnetting
• We borrow host bits to create more sub-networks (subnets) from a
Class A, B, or C network.

• When you borrow hosts bits:

o You create additional sub-networks, i.e., subnets
o You also decrease the amount of host IP addresses available to use

InstructorAlton.com
 How to Create Subnets
• Borrow bits from the host portion of an IP address
• Each bit we borrow is equal to 21 Subnets
• Borrow 1 Host Bit = 21 = 2
• Borrow 2 Host Bits = 22 = 4
• Borrow 3 Host Bits = 23 = 8
• Borrow 4 Host Bits = 24 = 16
• Etc.

InstructorAlton.com
Creating Subnets Visualized

InstructorAlton.com
 Subnetting Questions
• To Create a Subnet, Answer the Following Questions:
o How many subnets are needed?
o How many hosts do you need per subnet?

InstructorAlton.com
 Class C Possible Subnets
Binary (N.N.N.H) Decimal CIDR # Subnets (2x) Block Size (2y) # Hosts (2y - 2)
N.N.N.00000000 255.255.255.0 /24 20 = 1 28 = 256 28 – 2 = 254
N.N.N.10000000 255.255.255.128 /25 21 = 2 27 = 128 27 – 2 = 126
N.N.N.11000000 255.255.255.192 /26 22 = 4 26 = 64 26 – 2 = 62
N.N.N.11100000 255.255.255.224 /27 23 = 8 25 = 32 25 – 2 = 30
N.N.N.11110000 255.255.255.240 /28 24 = 16 24 = 16 24 – 2 = 14
N.N.N.11111000 255.255.255.248 /29 25 = 32 23 = 8 23 – 2 = 6
N.N.N.11111100 255.255.255.252 /30 26 = 64 22 = 4 22 – 2 = 2

Number of Subnets (2x)

• X = number of host bits we borrow to create subnets
Block Size (2y)
• Y = number of remaining host bits left that are used for the subnet IP addresses
Hosts per Subnet (2y – 2)
• There are two addresses per network (or subnet) that we cannot use to assign to hosts on that network:
o Network Address: This is the address used to uniquely identify the network (or subnet).
o Broadcast Address: Address reserved for broadcast communication on the network.

InstructorAlton.com
 Class B Possible Subnets
Binary (N.N.H.H) Decimal CIDR # Subnets (2x) Block Size (2y) # Hosts (2y - 2)
N.N.00000000.00000000 255.255.0.0 /16 20 = 1 216 = 65,536 216 – 2 = 65,534
N.N.10000000.00000000 255.255.128.0 /17 21 = 2 215 = 32,768 215 – 2 = 32,766
N.N.11000000.00000000 255.255.192.0 /18 22 = 4 214 = 16,384 214 – 2 = 16,382
N.N.11100000.00000000 255.255.224.0 /19 23 = 8 213 = 8,192 213 – 2 = 8,190
N.N.11110000.00000000 255.255.240.0 /20 24 = 16 212 = 4,096 212 – 2 = 4,094
N.N.11111000.00000000 255.255.248.0 /21 25 = 32 211 = 2,048 211 – 2 = 2,046
N.N.11111100.00000000 255.255.252.0 /22 26 = 64 210 = 1,024 210 – 2 = 1,022
N.N.11111110.00000000 255.255.254.0 /23 27 = 128 29 = 512 29 – 2 = 510
N.N.11111111.00000000 255.255.255.0 /24 28 = 256 28 = 256 28 – 2 = 254
N.N.11111111.10000000 255.255.255.128 /25 29 = 512 27 = 128 27 – 2 = 126
N.N.11111111.11000000 255.255.255.192 /26 210 = 1,024 26 = 64 26 – 2 = 62
N.N.11111111.11100000 255.255.255.224 /27 211 = 2,048 25 = 32 25 – 2 = 30
N.N.11111111.11110000 255.255.255.240 /28 212 = 4,096 24 = 16 24 – 2 = 14
N.N.11111111.11111000 255.255.255.248 /29 213 = 8,192 23 = 8 23 – 2 = 6
N.N.11111111.11111100 255.255.255.252 /30 214 = 16,384 22 = 4 22 – 2 = 2

InstructorAlton.com
 Class A Possible Subnets
Binary (N.H.H.H) Decimal CIDR # Subnets (2x) Block Size (2y) # Hosts (2y - 2)
N.00000000.00000000.00000000 255.0.0.0 /8 20 = 1 222 = 16,777,216 222 – 2 = 16,777,214
N.10000000.00000000.00000000 255.128.0.0 /9 21 = 2 223 = 8,388,608 223 – 2 = 8,388,606
N.11000000.00000000.00000000 255.192.0.0 /10 22 = 4 222 = 4,194,304 222 – 2 = 4,194,302
N.11100000.00000000.00000000 255.224.0.0 /11 23 = 8 221 = 2,097,152 221 – 2 = 2,097,150
N.11110000.00000000.00000000 255.240.0.0 /12 24 = 16 220 = 1,048,576 220 – 2 = 1,048,574
N.11111000.00000000.00000000 255.248.0.0 /13 25 = 32 219 = 524,288 219 – 2 = 524,286
N.11111100.00000000.00000000 255.252.0.0 /14 26 = 64 218 = 262,144 218 – 2 = 262,142
N.11111110.00000000.00000000 255.254.0.0 /15 27 = 128 217 = 131,072 217 – 2 = 131,070
N.11111111.00000000.00000000 255.255.0.0 /16 28 = 256 216 = 65,536 216 – 2 = 65,534
N.11111111.10000000.00000000 255.255.128.0 /17 29 = 512 215 = 32,768 215 – 2 = 32,766
N.11111111.11000000.00000000 255.255.192.0 /18 210 = 1,024 214 = 16,384 214 – 2 = 16,382
N.11111111.11100000.00000000 255.255.224.0 /19 211 = 2,048 213 = 8,192 213 – 2 = 8,190
N.11111111.11110000.00000000 255.255.240.0 /20 212 = 4,096 212 = 4,096 212 – 2 = 4,094
N.11111111.11111000.00000000 255.255.248.0 /21 213 = 8,192 211 = 2,048 211 – 2 = 2,046
N.11111111.11111100.00000000 255.255.252.0 /22 214 = 16,384 210 = 1,024 210 – 2 = 1,022
N.11111111.11111110.00000000 255.255.254.0 /23 215 = 32,768 29 = 512 29 – 2 = 510
N.11111111.11111111.00000000 255.255.255.0 /24 216 = 65,536 28 = 256 28 – 2 = 254
N.11111111.11111111.10000000 255.255.255.128 /25 217 = 131,072 27 = 128 27 – 2 = 126
N.11111111.11111111.11000000 255.255.255.192 /26 218 = 262,144 26 = 64 26 – 2 = 62
N.11111111.11111111.11100000 255.255.255.224 /27 219 = 524,288 25 = 32 25 – 2 = 30
N.11111111.11111111.11110000 255.255.255.240 /28 220 = 1,048,576 24 = 16 24 – 2 = 14
N.11111111.11111111.11111000 255.255.255.248 /29 221 = 2,097,152 23 = 8 23 – 2 = 6
N.11111111.11111111.11111100 255.255.255.252 /30 222 = 4,194,304 22 = 4 22 – 2 = 2
InstructorAlton.com
 Subnet Calculation Table (2x)
Host Bits Borrowed 2x Number of Subnets Created
1 21 2
2 22 4
3 23 8
4 24 16
5 25 32
6 26 64
7 27 128
8 28 256
9 29 512
10 210 1,024
11 211 2,048
12 212 4,096
Etc.…

InstructorAlton.com
Subnet Hosts & Addresses Calculation Table (2Y)

Host Bits Left 2y Addresses per Subnet (2y) Hosts per Subnet (2y – 2)
1 21 2 0
2 22 4 2
3 23 8 6
4 24 16 14
5 25 32 30
6 26 64 62
7 27 128 126
8 28 256 254
9 29 512 510
10 210 1,024 1,022
11 211 2,048 2,046
12 212 4,096 4,094

InstructorAlton.com
 Subnetting Reference Material

Subnetting Reference Tables

POWER OF 2’S TABLE

21 = 2 29 = 512
22 = 4 210 = 1,024
23 = 8 211 = 2,048
24 = 16 212 = 4,096
25 = 32 213 = 8,192
26 = 64 214 = 16,384
27 = 128 215 = 32,768
28 = 256 216 = 65,536

DEFAULT SUBNET MASK

Class Format Default Subnet Mask

A network.host.host.host 255.0.0.0
B network.network.host.host 255.255.0.0
C network.network.network.host 255.255.255.0

BINARY MATH TABLE

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 Subnetting Reference Material

SUBNET MASK TABLE

Binary Decimal
00000000 0
10000000 128
11000000 192
11100000 224
11110000 240
11111000 248
11111100 252

SUBNET CALCULATION TABLE (2 X )

Host Bits Borrowed 2x Number of Subnets Created

1
1 2 2
2 22 4
3 23 8
4 24 16
5 25 32
6 26 64
7 27 128
8 28 256
9 29 512
10 210 1,024
11 211 2,048
12 212 4,096

SUBNET HOSTS & ADDRESSES CALCULATION TABLE (2 Y )

Host Bits Left 2y Hosts per Subnet (2y – 2) Addresses per Subnet (2y)
1 21 0 2
2 22 2 4
3 23 6 8
4 24 14 16
5 25 30 32
6 26 62 64
7 27 126 128
8 28 254 256
9 29 510 512
10 210 1,022 1,024
11 211 2,046 2,048
12 212 4,094 4,096
 Subnetting Reference Material

CLASS C POSSIBLE SUBNET MASKS

Binary (N.N.N.H) Decimal CIDR # Subnets (2x) Block Size (2y) # Hosts (2y - 2)
N.N.N.00000000 255.255.255.0 /24 20 = 1 28 = 256 28 – 2 = 254
N.N.N.10000000 255.255.255.128 /25 21 = 2 27 = 128 27 – 2 = 126
N.N.N.11000000 255.255.255.192 /26 22 = 4 26 = 64 26 – 2 = 62
N.N.N.11100000 255.255.255.224 /27 23 = 8 25 = 32 25 – 2 = 30
N.N.N.11110000 255.255.255.240 /28 24 = 16 24 = 16 24 – 2 = 14
N.N.N.11111000 255.255.255.248 /29 25 = 32 23 = 8 23 – 2 = 6
N.N.N.11111100 255.255.255.252 /30 26 = 64 22 = 4 22 – 2 = 2

CLASS B POSSIBLE SUBNET MASKS

Binary (N.N.H.H) Decimal CIDR # Subnets (2x) Block Size (2y) # Hosts (2y - 2)
N.N.00000000.00000000 255.255.0.0 /16 20 = 1 216 = 65,536 216 – 2 = 65,534
N.N.10000000.00000000 255.255.128.0 /17 21 = 2 215 = 32,768 215 – 2 = 32,766
N.N.11000000.00000000 255.255.192.0 /18 22 = 4 214 = 16,384 214 – 2 = 16,382
N.N.11100000.00000000 255.255.224.0 /19 23 = 8 213 = 8,192 213 – 2 = 8,190
N.N.11110000.00000000 255.255.240.0 /20 24 = 16 212 = 4,096 212 – 2 = 4,094
N.N.11111000.00000000 255.255.248.0 /21 25 = 32 211 = 2,048 211 – 2 = 2,046
N.N.11111100.00000000 255.255.252.0 /22 26 = 64 210 = 1,024 210 – 2 = 1,022
N.N.11111110.00000000 255.255.254.0 /23 27 = 128 29 = 512 29 – 2 = 510
N.N.11111111.00000000 255.255.255.0 /24 28 = 256 28 = 256 28 – 2 = 254
N.N.11111111.10000000 255.255.255.128 /25 29 = 512 27 = 128 27 – 2 = 126
N.N.11111111.11000000 255.255.255.192 /26 210 = 1,024 26 = 64 26 – 2 = 62
N.N.11111111.11100000 255.255.255.224 /27 211 = 2,048 25 = 32 25 – 2 = 30
N.N.11111111.11110000 255.255.255.240 /28 212 = 4,096 24 = 16 24 – 2 = 14
N.N.11111111.11111000 255.255.255.248 /29 213 = 8,192 23 = 8 23 – 2 = 6
N.N.11111111.11111100 255.255.255.252 /30 214 = 16,384 22 = 4 22 – 2 = 2
 Subnetting Reference Material

CLASS A POSSIBLE SUBNET MASKS

Binary (N.H.H.H) Decimal CIDR # Subnets (2x) Block Size (2y) # Hosts (2y - 2)
N.00000000.00000000.00000000 255.0.0.0 /8 20 = 1 222 = 16,777,216 222 – 2 = 16,777,214
N.10000000.00000000.00000000 255.128.0.0 /9 21 = 2 223 = 8,388,608 223 – 2 = 8,388,606
N.11000000.00000000.00000000 255.192.0.0 /10 22 = 4 222 = 4,194,304 222 – 2 = 4,194,302
N.11100000.00000000.00000000 255.224.0.0 /11 23 = 8 221 = 2,097,152 221 – 2 = 2,097,150
N.11110000.00000000.00000000 255.240.0.0 /12 24 = 16 220 = 1,048,576 220 – 2 = 1,048,574
N.11111000.00000000.00000000 255.248.0.0 /13 25 = 32 219 = 524,288 219 – 2 = 524,286
N.11111100.00000000.00000000 255.252.0.0 /14 26 = 64 218 = 262,144 218 – 2 = 262,142
N.11111110.00000000.00000000 255.254.0.0 /15 27 = 128 217 = 131,072 217 – 2 = 131,070
N.11111111.00000000.00000000 255.255.0.0 /16 28 = 256 216 = 65,536 216 – 2 = 65,534
N.11111111.10000000.00000000 255.255.128.0 /17 29 = 512 215 = 32,768 215 – 2 = 32,766
N.11111111.11000000.00000000 255.255.192.0 /18 210 = 1,024 214 = 16,384 214 – 2 = 16,382
N.11111111.11100000.00000000 255.255.224.0 /19 211 = 2,048 213 = 8,192 213 – 2 = 8,190
N.11111111.11110000.00000000 255.255.240.0 /20 212 = 4,096 212 = 4,096 212 – 2 = 4,094
N.11111111.11111000.00000000 255.255.248.0 /21 213 = 8,192 211 = 2,048 211 – 2 = 2,046
N.11111111.11111100.00000000 255.255.252.0 /22 214 = 16,384 210 = 1,024 210 – 2 = 1,022
N.11111111.11111110.00000000 255.255.254.0 /23 215 = 32,768 29 = 512 29 – 2 = 510
N.11111111.11111111.00000000 255.255.255.0 /24 216 = 65,536 28 = 256 28 – 2 = 254
N.11111111.11111111.10000000 255.255.255.128 /25 217 = 131,072 27 = 128 27 – 2 = 126
N.11111111.11111111.11000000 255.255.255.192 /26 218 = 262,144 26 = 64 26 – 2 = 62
N.11111111.11111111.11100000 255.255.255.224 /27 219 = 524,288 25 = 32 25 – 2 = 30
N.11111111.11111111.11110000 255.255.255.240 /28 220 = 1,048,576 24 = 16 24 – 2 = 14
N.11111111.11111111.11111000 255.255.255.248 /29 221 = 2,097,152 23 = 8 23 – 2 = 6
N.11111111.11111111.11111100 255.255.255.252 /30 222 = 4,194,304 22 = 4 22 – 2 = 2
 Introduction to Subnetting Section

Subnetting a Class C Network

#1

InstructorAlton.com
 Subnetting a Class C Network #1
Details & Requirements
You’ve been assigned a 192.168.1.0/24 Class C network, and
you need to create two subnets from it. Subnet #1 #2

How many host bit do we need to borrow? Network Address 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.128
1 host bit, 21 = 2 Subnets
First Host IP 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.129
How many host addresses per subnet?
7 host bits left, 27 = 128 Addresses / Subnet Last Host IP 192.168.1.126 192.168.1.254
27 - 2= 126 Addresses / Subnet
Broadcast Address 192.168.1.127 192.168.1.255
What are the valid subnets?
192.168.1.0 and 192.168.1.128
Binary (N.N.N.H) Decimal CIDR # Subnets (2x) Block Size (2y) # Hosts (2y - 2)
N.N.N.00000000 255.255.255.0 /24 20 = 1 28 = 256 28 – 2 = 254
New Subnet Mask? N.N.N.10000000 255.255.255.128 /25 21 = 2 27 = 128 27 – 2 = 126
11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 N.N.N.11000000 255.255.255.192 /26 22 = 4 26 = 64 26 – 2 = 62
255.255.255.128 or /25 N.N.N.11100000 255.255.255.224 /27 23 = 8 25 = 32 25 – 2 = 30
N.N.N.11110000 255.255.255.240 /28 24 = 16 24 = 16 24 – 2 = 14
N.N.N.11111000 255.255.255.248 /29 25 = 32 23 = 8 23 – 2 = 6
N.N.N.11111100 255.255.255.252 /30 26 = 64 22 = 4 22 – 2 = 2
InstructorAlton.com
 Visualizing Subnetting a Class C Network #1

Network Simplified View

Network Detailed View

 Introduction to Subnetting Section

Subnetting a Class C Network

#2

InstructorAlton.com
 Subnetting a Class C Network #2
Details & Requirements
You’ve been assigned a 192.168.1.0/24 Class C network, and Subnet Network /Subnet Host IP Broadcast
you need to create four subnets from it.
Address Addresses Address
How many host bit do we need to borrow? 1 192.168.1.0 1 thru 62 192.168.1.63
2 host bits, 22 = 4 Subnets
2 192.168.1.64 65 thru 126 192.168.1.127
How many host addresses per subnet?
6 host bits left, 26 = 64 Addresses / Subnet 3 192.168.1.128 129 thru 190 192.168.1.191
26 - 2= 62 Addresses / Subnet
4 192.168.1.192 193 thru 254 192.168.1.255
What are the valid subnets?
192.168.1.0, 192.168.1.64,
192.168.1.128, 192.168.1.192 Binary (N.N.N.H) Decimal CIDR # Subnets (2x) Block Size (2y) # Hosts (2y - 2)
N.N.N.00000000 255.255.255.0 /24 20 = 1 28 = 256 28 – 2 = 254
N.N.N.10000000 255.255.255.128 /25 21 = 2 27 = 128 27 – 2 = 126
N.N.N.11000000 255.255.255.192 /26 22 = 4 26 = 64 26 – 2 = 62
New Subnet Mask? N.N.N.11100000 255.255.255.224 /27 23 = 8 25 = 32 25 – 2 = 30
11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 N.N.N.11110000 255.255.255.240 /28 24 = 16 24 = 16 24 – 2 = 14
N.N.N.11111000 255.255.255.248 /29 25 = 32 23 = 8 23 – 2 = 6
255.255.255.192 or /26
N.N.N.11111100 255.255.255.252 /30 26 = 64 22 = 4 22 – 2 = 2
InstructorAlton.com
 Visualizing Subnetting a Class C Network #2

Network Simplified & Detail Views