The Copperbelt University

School of Engineering
[BEng (Hons)] in Engineering

CFD LECTURE NOTES

Course Code: EA 422

Lecturer: Mr E. Zingapeta
Cell Zones and Boundary Conditions

Defining Cell Zones and Boundary Conditions Customer Training Material

To properly define any CFD problem, you must define:

• Cell zones
– These relate to the middle of the g
grid cells
– Typically this always involves saying which material (fluid) is in that cell
– Other values may also apply (porous resistance, heat sources etc)

• Boundary conditions
– Where fluid enters or leaves the domain, the conditions must be set (velocity /
pressure / temperature)
– Other boundaries also need declaring, like walls (smooth/rough, heat transfer?)
– There may also be symmetry, periodic or axis boundaries.

• The data required at a boundary depends upon the boundary condition

type and the physical models employed.

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Cell Zones and Boundary Conditions

Locating Boundaries – An Example Customer Training Material

• When planning a model, it is important to decide where to place the

boundaries. The best answer is usually a combination of where you know
exactly what the conditions are, or where things are not changing rapidly
Air
1
1. Upstream of manifold Combustor Wall
• Can use uniform profile.
• Properly accounts for mixing.
• Non-premixed reaction models
• Requires more cells. 2 3
2 Nozzle inlet plane
2.
• Non-premixed reaction models
• Requires accurate inlet profile
• Flow is still non-premixed.
p
Nozzle
3. Nozzle outlet plane
Manifold box
• Premixed reaction model.
1
• Requires accurate profile.
Fuel
• Not generally recommended since
inlet BCs may drive the interior solution.
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Cell Zones and Boundary Conditions

Cell Zones – Fluid Customer Training Material

• A fluid cell zone is a group of cells for which all active equations are
solved.

• The material in the cell

zone must be declared.
• Although if using multi-
species or multiphase, the
composition
iti iis sett
elsewhere.

• Optional inputs
– Moving zones
– Porous region
– Source terms
– Fixed Values

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Cell Zones and Boundary Conditions

Cell Zones - Porous Media Customer Training Material

• Some fluid regions are obviously porous and impossible to resolve exactly
in a mesh:
– Filter papers
– Packed
P k db beds
d

• In other problems, there are regions where it is

i
impractical
ti l tto resolve
l allll th
the d
detail
t il
because of cell count yet the effect of
these objects must be accounted for:
– E
External
t l airflow
i fl flflow pastt smallll pipes
i
or other steelwork
– Effects of trees

• Inputs are directional viscous and

inertial resistance coefficients.

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Cell Zones and Boundary Conditions

Cell Zones – Solid Customer Training Material

• A solid zone is a group of cells for which only the energy equation is
solved.
• Only required input is the material name (defined in the Materials panel)
panel).
• Optional inputs allow you to set
volumetric heat generation rate
(heat source).
• Need to specify rotation axis if
rotationally periodic boundaries
adjacent to solid zone.
• Can define motion for a solid zone

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Cell Zones and Boundary Conditions

Boundary Conditions - Available Types Customer Training Material

• External Boundaries • Internal Boundaries

– General – Fan
• Pressure Inlet
– Interior
• Pressure Outlet
– Incompressible – P
Porous Jump
J
• Velocity Inlet – Radiator
• Outflow (not recommended) – Wall
– Compressible
p • Cell (Continuum) zones
• Mass Flow Inlet
– Fluid
• Pressure Far Field
– Other – Solid
• Wall – Porous media outlet
• Symmetry orifice
• Axis wall
• Periodic
– Special
p
• Inlet / Outlet Vent
• Intake / Exhaust Fan

p
plate
plate-shadow
inlet
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Cell Zones and Boundary Conditions

Boundary Conditions - Changing Types Customer Training Material

• Zones and zone types are initially

defined in the preprocessing phase.

• To change the boundary condition

type for a zone:
– Choose the zone name in the Zone
list.
– Select the type you wish to change
it to in the Type pull-down list.

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Cell Zones and Boundary Conditions

Boundary Conditions - Velocity Inlet Customer Training Material

• Velocity Specification Method

– Magnitude, Normal to Boundary
– Components
– Magnitude and Direction

• Applies a uniform velocity profile

at the boundary, unless UDF or
profile is used.

• Velocity inlets are intended for

use in incompressible flows and
are not recommended for compressible flows.

• Velocity Magnitude input can be negative, implying that you can prescribe
the exit velocity.

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Cell Zones and Boundary Conditions

Boundary Conditions - Pressure Inlet Customer Training Material

• Pressure inlets are suitable for both compressible and incompressible flows.
– Pressure inlet boundary is treated
as a loss-free transition from
stagnation to inlet conditions.
– FLUENT calculates static
pressure and velocity at inlet
– Mass flux through boundary varies
depending on the interior solution
and specified flow direction.

• Required inputs
– Gauge Total Pressure
– Supersonic / Initial Gauge Pressure
Incompressible:
– Inlet flow direction
– Turbulence quantities
Compressible:
((if applicable)
pp )
– Total temperature (if heat transfer
and/or compressible).
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Cell Zones and Boundary Conditions

Boundary Conditions - Mass Flow Inlet Customer Training Material

• Mass flow inlets are intended for compressible flows; however, they can be
used for incompressible flows.
– Total pressure adjusts to
accommodate mass flow inputs.
– More difficult to converge than
pressure inlet.

• Required information
– Mass Flow Rate or Mass Flux
– Supersonic/Initial
p Gauge
g Pressure
• Static pressure where flow is
locally supersonic; ignored if
subsonic
• Will bbe used d if flflow fifield
ld iis
initialized from this boundary.
– Total Temperature (on Thermal tab)
• Used as static temperature
p for
incompressible flow.
– Direction Specification Method
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Cell Zones and Boundary Conditions

Boundary Conditions - Pressure Outlet Customer Training Material

• Suitable for compressible and incompressible flows.

– Specified pressure is ignored if flow is locally supersonic at the outlet.
– Can be used as a “free” boundary in an external or unconfined flow.

• Required information
– Gauge Pressure (static) – static
pressure of the environment into
which the flow exits.
– Backflow quantities – Used as inlet
conditions if/when backflow occurs
(outlet acts like an inlet).

• For ideal gas (compressible) flow,

non-reflecting outlet boundary
conditions (NRBC) are available.

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Cell Zones and Boundary Conditions

Boundary Conditions - Wall Boundaries Customer Training Material

• In viscous flows, no-slip conditions are applied at walls.

– Shear stress can be applied.

• Thermal
Th l boundary
b d conditions
diti
– Several types of thermal BCs are available.
– Wall material and thickness can be defined for 1D or shell conduction heat
transfer calculations (details will be discussed in the Heat Transfer lecture)
lecture).

• Wall roughness can be defined

for turbulent flows.
– Wall shear stress and heat
transfer based on local flow
field.

• Translational or rotational
velocity can be assigned to wall
boundaries
boundaries.

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Cell Zones and Boundary Conditions

Boundary Conditions - Symmetry and Axis Customer Training Material

• Symmetry Boundary
– No inputs are required.
– Flow field and geometry must be symmetric:
• Zero normal velocity at symmetry plane
• Zero normal gradients of all variables at symmetry plane
• Must take care to correctly define symmetry boundary locations.

Symmetry
Planes
• Axis Boundary
– Used at the center line for axisymmetric problems.
problems
– No user inputs required.
– Must coincide with the
positive x direction!
p Axis

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Cell Zones and Boundary Conditions

Boundary Conditions - Periodic Boundaries Customer Training Material

• Used to reduce the overall mesh size.

• Flow field and geometry must contain

either rotational or translational
periodicity.
– Rotational periodicity
• ΔP = 0 across periodic planes
planes.
• Axis of rotation must be defined in fluid zone. Rotationally
– Translational periodicity periodic
planes
• ΔP can be finite across periodic planes.
• Models fully developed conditions.
• Specify either mean ΔP per period
or net mass flow rate.
Flow
• Periodic conditions can be defined Translationally
(if not defined in the mesh) using the periodic
FLUENT TUI: planes
/
/mesh/modify-zones/make-periodic
h/ dif / k i di
2D Tube Heat Exchanger
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Cell Zones and Boundary Conditions

Boundary Conditions - Internal Faces Customer Training Material

• Defined on the cell faces only:

– Thickness of these internal faces is zero
– These internal faces provide means of introducing step changes in flow
properties.

• Used to implement
p various p
physical
y models including:
g
– Fans
– Radiators
– Porous-jump
j p models
• Preferable over porous media for its better convergence behavior.
– Interior walls

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Cell Zones and Boundary Conditions

Case Setup Replication Customer Training Material

• To replicate a case setup:

– Use the Read Mesh Options

– Or use the read/write boundary conditions feature via TUI command:

/file/write-settings Creates a BC file
/file/read-settings Reads an existing BC file
– You
Y can transfer
f settings
i f
from a 2D case to a 3D case!!

inlet-1
inlet-1

fluid

outlet 2
outlet-2 i l t2
inlet-2
inlet-2

outlet-2
outlet-1 outlet-1
2D Flow Domain (approximation) Actual 3D Flow Domain
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Cell Zones and Boundary Conditions

Summary Customer Training Material

• Cell zones are used to assign which fluid/solid material(s) exist in a

region.
– Options for porous media, laminar region, fixed value, etc.

• Boundary zones are used to control the solution at external and internal
boundaries. Many
y different boundary
y types
yp exist for pprescribing
g boundary y
information.

• Computational effort can be reduced through use of symmetry and

periodic boundaries.

• There are several other boundary condition types which were not
presented (see appendix for more information about these).
– Pressure Far Field
– Exhaust Fan / Outlet Vent
– Inlet Vent / Intake Fan
– Outflow
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 Appendix : Other
Boundary Types

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Cell Zones and Boundary Conditions

Other Inlet / Outlet Boundary Conditions Customer Training Material

• Pressure Far Field

– Used to model free-stream compressible flow at infinity, with prescribed static
conditions and the free-stream Mach number.
– Available only when density is calculated using the ideal gas law
law.
• Target Mass Flow Rate option for pressure outlets (not available for the
multiphase models)
– Provides the ability to fix the mass flow rate on a pressure outlet (either
constant or via UDF hook)
– Options to choose iteration method in TUI
• Exhaust Fan / Outlet Vent
– Models an external exhaust fan or outlet vent with specified pressure rise / loss
coefficient and ambient (discharge) pressure and temperature.
• Inlet Vent / Intake Fan
– M
Models
d l an inlet
i l t ventt / external
t l iintake
t k fan
f with
ith specified
ifi d loss
l coefficient
ffi i t /
pressure rise, flow direction, and ambient (inlet) pressure and temperature.
• Inlet boundary conditions for large-eddy / detached-eddy simulations
are covered in the Turbulence Modeling lecture.

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Cell Zones and Boundary Conditions

Boundary Conditions - Outflow Customer Training Material

• No pressure or velocity information is

required.
– Data at exit plane is extrapolated from
interior.
– Mass balance correction is applied at
boundary.
• Fl
Flow exiting
iti outflow
tfl b
boundary
d exhibits
hibit zero normall diffusive
diff i flux
fl for
f allll flow
fl
variables.
– Appropriate where the exit flow is fully developed.
• The outflow boundary is intended for use with incompressible flows.
– Cannot be used with a pressure inlet boundary (must use velocity-inlet).
• Combination does not uniquely set pressure gradient over whole domain.
– Cannot
C be used ffor unsteady fflows with variable density.
• Poor rate of convergence when backflow occurs during iterations.
– Cannot be used if backflow is expected in the final solution.

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Cell Zones and Boundary Conditions

Modeling Multiple Exits Customer Training Material

• Flows with multiple exits can be modeled using pressure outlet or outflow
boundaries, depending on the information you know.
– Pressure outlets – requires knowledge of downstream pressures; FLUENT
calculates the fraction of total flow through each branch.
Pressure outlet
Velocity inlet (V, T0)
OR
Pressure inlet (p0, T0)
Pressure outlet

– Outflow:
• Mass flow rate fraction determined from Flow Rate Weighting (FRW) by

• Static pressure varies among exits to accommodate the prescribed flow distribution.

Outflow (FRW1)
Velocit inlet (V
Velocity (V, T0)
Outflow (FRW2)
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Solver Settings

Solver Settings - Introduction Customer Training Material

• So far we have looked at how to setup a basic flow simulation in FLUENT.

• However you should not assume that just because you have ‘an
an answer’
answer
that that is the ‘correct answer’.

• By modifying the solver settings you can improve both:

– The rate of convergence of the simulation
– The accuracy of the computed result.

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Solver Settings

Solution Procedure Overview Customer Training Material

• The sketch opposite shows

Set the solution parameters
the basic workflow for any
simulation.
Initialize the solution

• This lecture will look at: Enable the solution monitors of interest

– the choice of solver

Modify solution
– discretisation schemes Calculate a solution
parameters or grid
– checking convergence
– assessingg accuracyy Check for convergence
g

Yes No

Check for accuracy No

Yes
Stop

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Solver Settings

Available Solvers Customer Training Material

• There are two kinds of solvers available

in FLUENT: Pressure-Based Pressure-Based Density-Based
– Pressure based (segregated) (coupled) (coupled)
– Density based
Solve U-Momentum

• The pressure-based solvers take Solve V-Momentum Solve Mass,

momentum and pressure (or pressure Solve Mass Momentum,
Solve W-Momentum & Momentum Energy,
gy,
correction) as the primary
primar variables.
ariables Species
– Pressure-velocity coupling algorithms Solve Mass
are derived by reformatting the Continuity;
continuity equation Update Velocity

• Two algorithms are available with the Solve Energy

pressure-based solvers:
– Segregated
g g solver – Solves for
S l Species
Solve S i
pressure correction and momentum
sequentially.
– Coupled Solver (PBCS) – Solves Solve Turbulence Equation(s)
pressure and momentum
simultaneously.
i lt l Solve Other Transport Equations as required

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Solver Settings

Available Solvers Customer Training Material

• Density-Based Coupled Solver

– Equations for continuity, momentum,
energy and species (if required) are
solved in vector form
form.
– Pressure is obtained through an equation
of state.
– Additional scalar equations are solved in a
segregatedt d ffashion.
hi

• The DBCS can be run either explicit or

implicit.
– Implicit – Uses a point-implicit Gauss-
Seidel / symmetric block Gauss-Seidel /
ILU method to solve for variables.
– Explicit: uses a multi-step Runge-Kutta
explicit
p time integration
g method

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Solver Settings

Choosing a Solver Customer Training Material

• The pressure-based solver is applicable for a wide range of flow regimes from
low speed incompressible flow to high-speed compressible flow.
– Requires less memory (storage).
– Allows flexibility in the solution procedure.

• The pressure-based coupled solver (PBCS) is applicable for most single phase
flows, and yields superior performance to the standard pressure-based solver.
– Not
N available
il bl ffor multiphase
li h (E
(Eulerian),
l i ) periodic
i di mass-flow
fl and
d NITA cases.
– Requires 1.5–2 times more memory than the segregated solver.

• The density
density-based
based coupled solver (DBCS) is applicable when there is a strong
coupling, or interdependence, between density, energy, momentum, and/or
species.
– Examples: High speed compressible flow with combustion, hypersonic flows, shock
interactions.
interactions
– The implicit option is generally preferred over explicit since it has a very strict limit on
time step size
– The explicit approach is used for cases where the characteristic time scale of the flow is
on the same order as the acoustic time scale
scale. (e
(e.g.
g propagation of high-Ma
high Ma shock
waves).

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Solver Settings

Discretisation Customer Training Material

• In FLUENT, solver variables are stored at the centre of the grid cells (control
volumes).

• Recall the general form of the transport equations

shown in an earlier lecture:

• To implement these equations, we need to know

the values of this quantity φ at the faces of the control
volumes,
l andd th di t off φ for
the gradients f the
th grid
id cell.
ll

• The following slides show the options available for

p g the cell-centre data,, and these are set
interpolating
as ‘Solution Methods’

Value (e.g. Velocity) computed here

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Solver Settings

Discretisation (Interpolation Methods) Customer Training Material

• Field variables (stored at cell centers) must be interpolated to the faces of the
control volumes.
Value (e.g. Velocity) computed here

But solver must estimate the value

at each face so the flux can be
computed

• Interpolation schemes for the convection term:

– First-Order Upwind – Easiest to converge, only first-order accurate.
– Power Law – More accurate than first-order for flows when Recell < 5 (typ. low Re flows)
– Second-Order Upwind – Uses larger stencils for 2nd order accuracy, essential with
tri/tet mesh or when flow is not aligned with grid; convergence may be slower
slower.
– Monotone Upstream-Centered Schemes for Conservation Laws (MUSCL) – Locally 3rd
order convection discretisation scheme for unstructured meshes; more accurate in
predicting secondary flows, vortices, forces, etc.
– Quadratic Upwind Interpolation (QUICK) – Applies to quad/hex and hybrid meshes,
useful for rotating/swirling flows, 3rd-order accurate on uniform mesh.
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Solver Settings

Interpolation Methods (Gradients) Customer Training Material

• Gradients of solution variables are required in order to evaluate diffusive fluxes,

velocity derivatives, and for higher-order discretisation schemes.

• The gradients of solution variables at cell centers can be determined using three
approaches:
– G
Green-Gauss
G Cell-Based
C ll B d – Least
L t computationally
t ti ll intensive.
i t i S
Solution
l ti may h
have ffalse
l
diffusion.
– Green-Gauss Node-Based – More accurate/computationally intensive; minimizes false
diffusion; recommended for unstructured meshes.
– Least-Squares Cell-Based – Default method; has the same accuracy and properties as
Node-based Gradients and is less computationally intensive.

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Solver Settings

Interpolation Methods for Pressure Customer Training Material

• Interpolation schemes for calculating cell-face pressures when using the

pressure-based solver in FLUENT are available as follows:

– Standard – The default scheme; reduced accuracy for flows exhibiting large
surface-normal pressure gradients near boundaries (but should not be used
when steep pressure changes are present in the flow – PRESTO! scheme
sho ld be used
should sed instead
instead.))
– PRESTO! – Use for highly swirling flows, flows involving steep pressure
gradients (porous media, fan model, etc.), or in strongly curved domains
– Linear – Use when other options result in convergence difficulties or
unphysical behavior
– Second-Order – Use for compressible flows; not to be used with porous
media,, jump,
j p, fans,, etc. or VOF/Mixture multiphase
p models
– Body Force Weighted – Use when body forces are large, e.g., high Ra natural
convection or highly swirling flows

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Solver Settings

Pressure-Velocity Coupling Customer Training Material

• Pressure-velocity coupling refers to the numerical algorithm which uses a

combination of continuity and momentum equations to derive an equation
for pressure (or pressure correction) when using the pressure-based
solver.
solver

• Five algorithms are available in FLUENT.

– Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked Equations (SIMPLE)
• The default scheme, robust
– SIMPLE-Consistent (SIMPLEC)
• Allows faster convergence for simple problems (e.g., laminar flows with no physical
models
d l employed).
l d)
– Pressure-Implicit with Splitting of Operators (PISO)
• Useful for unsteady flow problems or for meshes containing cells with higher than
average skewness
– Fractional Step Method (FSM) for unsteady flows.
• Used with the NITA scheme; similar characteristics as PISO.
– Coupled (this is how the pressure-based coupled solver, described previously,
is enabled)

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Solver Settings

Standard Initialization Customer Training Material

• The solver works in an iterative manner.

• Therefore before the very first iteration, a

value must exist for
f every quantity in every
grid cell.

• Setting
S tti thi
this value
l iis called
ll d ‘I‘Initialization’
iti li ti ’

• The more realistic the value, the better

(quicker) convergence will be
be.

• It is possible to mark some cells (using the

adaption tools,
tools or having different cell
zones) and patch specific values into certain
cells.
– Free jet flows (high velocity for jet)
– Combustion problems (high temperature
region to initialize reaction)
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Solver Settings

FMG Initialization Customer Training Material

• Full MultiGrid (FMG) Initialization solves the flow problem on a sequence

of coarser meshes, before transferring the solution onto the actual mesh

• FMG can be used to create a better initialization of the flow field.

– FMG Initialization is useful for complex flow problems involving large pressure
and velocity gradients on large meshes.
– Euler equations are solved with first-order accuracy on the coarse-level
meshes.
– It can be used with both pressure and density based solvers, but only in steady
mode.

• To enable FMG initialization:

– Pressure-based
Pressure based solver: /solve/init/fmg-initialization
/solve/init/fmg initialization
– Density-based solver: Enabled in the GUI if using density-based solver.

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Solver Settings

Hybrid Initialization Customer Training Material

• A new feature at R13 is Hybrid

Initialization.
• This can be selected in the GUI from the
Initialization menu.
• This provides a quick approximation of
the flow field, by a collection of methods.

• It solves Laplace's equation to determine

the velocity
y and p
pressure fields.

• All other variables, such as temperature,

turbulence species fractions
turbulence, fractions, volume
fractions, etc., will be automatically
patched based on domain averaged
values or a pparticular interpolation
p
method.
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Solver Settings

Starting from a Previous Solution Customer Training Material

• Convergence rates are dependent

on how good the starting point is.

• Therefore if you already have a

similar result from another
simulation, you can save time by
interpolating that result into the new
simulation.

• First use the ‘Write’ option on the

old model to save the required
values to disk.

• Then use the ‘Read and

Interpolate’
p option
p on the new
model.
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Solver Settings

Case Check Customer Training Material

• Case Check is a utility in FLUENT which searches for common setup

errors and inconsistencies.
– Provides guidance in selecting
case parameters and models.

• Tabbed sections contain

recommendations which the
user can optionally apply or
ignore.

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Solver Settings

Convergence Customer Training Material

• The solver should be given sufficient iterations such that the problem is
converged

• At convergence, the following should be satisfied:

– The solution no longer changes with subsequent iterations.
– Overall mass,, momentum,, energy,
gy, and scalar balances are achieved.
– All equations (momentum, energy, etc.) are obeyed in all cells to a specified
tolerance

• Monitoring convergence using residual history:

– Generally, a decrease in residuals by three orders of magnitude indicates at
least qualitative convergence. At this point, the major flow features should be
established.
– Scaled energy residual should decrease to 10-6 (for the pressure-based solver).
– Scaled species residual may need to decrease to 10-5 to achieve species
b l
balance.

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Solver Settings

Convergence Monitors – Residuals Customer Training Material

• Residual plots show when the residual values have reached the specified
tolerance.

All equations
converged.

10-3

10-6

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Solver Settings

Convergence Monitors – Forces and Surfaces Customer Training Material

• If there is a particular value you are interested

in (lift coefficient, average surface
temperature etc), it is useful to plot how that
value is converging.

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Solver Settings

Checking Overall Flux Conservation Customer Training Material

• Another important metric to assess whether the model is converged is to

check the overall heat and mass balance.

• The net flux imbalance (shown in the GUI as Net Results) should be less
than 1% of the smallest flux through the domain boundary

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Solver Settings

Tightening the Convergence Tolerance Customer Training Material

• If solution monitors indicate that the solution is converged, but the solution
is still changing or has a large mass/heat imbalance, this clearly indicates
the solution is not yet converged.

• In this case, you need to:

– Reduce values of Convergence
g Criterion or disable Check Convergence
g in the
Residual Monitors panel.
– Continue iterations until the solution converges.

• Selecting None under

Convergence Criterion
disables convergence
g
checking for all equations.

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Solver Settings

Convergence Difficulties Customer Training Material

• Sometimes running for further iterations is not the answer:

– Either the solution is diverging (aka “blowing up”)
– Or the residuals are ‘stuck’ with a large imbalance still remaining.

Continuity equation convergence

trouble affects convergence of
all equations.
• Troubleshooting
– Ensure that the problem is well-posed.

– Compute an initial solution using a

fi t d discretisation
first-order di ti ti scheme.
h

– Alter the under-relaxation or Courant

numbers ((see following
g slides))

– Check the mesh quality. It can only take one very skewed grid cell to prevent
the entire solution converging [This is why you should ALWAYS check the
es qua
mesh quality
y be
before
o e spe
spending
d g time
e with the
e so
solver]
e]

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 13.0

© 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. L5-22 December 2010
Solver Settings

Modifying Under-Relaxation Factors Customer Training Material

• Under-relaxation factor, α, is included to stabilize the iterative process for

the pressure-based solver.
• Use default under-relaxation factors to start a calculation.

• If value is too high, the model will be

unstable, and may fail to converge

• If value is much too low, it will take

l
longer ((more ititerations)
ti ) tto converge.
– Default settings are suitable for a
wide range of problems, you can
reduce the values when necessary
necessary.
– Appropriate settings are best learned
from experience!

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 13.0

© 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. L5-23 December 2010
Solver Settings

Modifying the Courant Number Customer Training Material

• The Courant number is the main control for stability when using the
coupled solvers.

• A transient term is included in the

density-based solver even for steady
state problems.
– The Courant number defines the
time step size.
• For density-based explicit solver:
– Stability constraints impose a
maximum limit on the Courant
number.
• Cannot be greater than 2
(default value is 1).
• For density-based implicit solver:
– The Courant number is not limited
by stability constraints.
• Default value is 5.
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Solver Settings

Solution Accuracy Customer Training Material

• Remember, a converged solution is not necessarily a correct one!

– Always inspect and evaluate the solution by using available data, physical
principles and so on.
– Use the second-order upwind discretisation scheme for final results.
– Ensure that solution is grid-independent (see next slide)

• If flow features do not seem reasonable:

– Reconsider physical models and boundary conditions
– Examine mesh q quality
y and p
possibly
y remesh the pproblem
– Reconsider the choice of the boundaries’ location (or the domain): inadequate
choice of domain (especially the outlet boundary) can significantly impact
solution accuracy

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Solver Settings

Grid-Independent Solutions Customer Training Material

• It is important to verify that the mesh used was fit-for-purpose.

– Even if the grid metrics like skewness are showing the mesh is of a good
quality, there may still be too few grid cells to properly resolve the flow.

• To trust a result, it must be grid-independent. In other words, if the

mesh is refined further, the solution does not change.

• Typically you will perform this test once for your class of problem.

• Either:
– Go back to the meshing tool and modify the settings to give a finer mesh.
– Or use the ‘Adaption’ tools in FLUENT to refine the mesh you already have.
Make sure yyou save the model first
– Run on your simulation (remember you can start from your past result) and
assess whether the grid refinement has changed the result.

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 13.0

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Solver Settings

Mesh Adaption Customer Training Material

• Although a mesh must be refined where flow features change rapidly,

sometimes the location cannot be determined during the initial meshing.
• Examples include:
– Refinement around shock waves
– Refinement around free-surface boundaries.

• FLUENT can refine localised regions of the mesh, selected by:

– Regions where parameters (eg density) change rapidly
– Regions selected manually by the user drawing a bounding-box
bounding box.

Original mesh, with Result from 1 level of Result from 2 levels of

highlighted cells to be adaption on marked adaption on originally
adapted cells marked cells
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 13.0
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Solver Settings

Mesh Adaption – Supersonic Projectile [1] Customer Training Material

• Example: The location of the shock wave is not known when the mesh is
first created

Large pressure gradient

indicating a shock (poor
resolution on coarse
mesh)

Initial Mesh (Generated by Preprocessor) Pressure Contours on Initial Mesh

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 13.0

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Solver Settings

Mesh Adaption – Supersonic Projectile [2] Customer Training Material

• Solution-based mesh adaption allows better resolution of the bow shock

and expansion wave.
Mesh adaption
p yields
y
much better resolution
of the bow shock.
Adapted cells
in locations of
large pressure
gradients

Adapted Mesh (Multiple Adaptions Pressure Contours on Adapted Mesh

Based on Gradients of Pressure)
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 13.0
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Solver Settings

Summary Customer Training Material

• Make sure your final results are computed with the optimal numerical
schemes (the FLUENT defaults aim to give a stable solution, not
necessarily the most accurate one).

• All solvers provide tools for judging and improving convergence and
ensuring stability.

• All solvers provide tools for checking and improving accuracy.

• Solution procedure for both the pressure

pressure-based
based and density
density-based
based solvers
is identical.
– Calculate until you get a converged solution
– Obtain a second
second-order
order solution (recommended)
– Refine the mesh and recalculate to verify grid-independence of the result

• Solution accuracy will depend on the appropriateness of the physical

models that you choose and the boundary conditions that you specify.

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 13.0

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 Appendix :
Additional notes

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary April 28, 2009

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Solver Settings

Mesh Adaption Customer Training Material

• Mesh adaption refers to refinement

and/or coarsening cells where needed to
resolve the flow field without returning to
the preprocessor.
– Mark cells satisfying
y g the adaption
p
criteria and store them in a “register.”
– Display and modify the register if
desired.
– Click Adapt to adapt the cells listed in the
register.
Refine Threshold should
• Registers can be defined based on: be set to 10% of the value
– Gradients or isovalues of all variables reported in the Max field.
– All cells on a boundary
– All cells in a region with a defined shape
– Cell volumes or volume changes
– y+ in cells adjacent to walls

• To assist adaption process, you can:

– Combine adaption registers
– Draw contours of adaption function
– Display cells marked for adaption
– Limit adaption based on cell size
and number of cells

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 13.0

© 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. L5-32 December 2010