C

Green’s Theorem
Recall: The curve C is closed if its initial and terminal points are the same. W
positively oriented
Let C: simple closed curve. 35
D: {points on C} [ {points interior to C}
y Y2
n.b. Domain D enclosed by C.
-x
@ f2 @ f1
Let f (x, y) = f1 (x, y)i + f2 (x, y) j and f1 , f2 , @x , @y all exist and are continuous throughout D. Then,
↵ ⇣ ⌘ ↵ " ⇣
@ f2 @ f1 ⌘
C
f1 (x, y)dx + f2 (x, y)dy =
C
f · dr =
D @x @y
dA
/Green's theorem)
proof:
y
y k(x),a = x b
=
=
X
C2 GWG C
=

Ca I y h(x),a x=
=

x
b =

consider
Scot dA=/cdydx=/dydx

Lafilx, yeedx=(fix,kex-fix,hes)dx---d
-

but
off, ix,ysdx=6, file, hixidx+
f,fix, kvilda
( fix, nedex
=>

(Pfilx, kxildx ----

compare & &

&fix,y*x== (petidxdy--- E
Similarly
of(x, y1dx=(Sydxdy----
Combine & & 4, we have the Green's theorem.

© 2022 I-Fan Lin. All Rights Reserved. 36

 n.b. One common application of Green’s theorem is to convert a difficult or tedious integration into an
easier one.

e.g. Compute the work done by the force f (x, y) = (y x2 e x )i + cos(2y2 ) x j in moving a particle about
the rectangular path.
y, f.d (/pt- )dA ()p(1-1)dxdy
=

los-he
2),dxdy 4
=
- = -

>X

n.b. Green’s theorem converts a line integral to an area integral

⑤- 1.d
@ f2 @ f1
n.b. If f is conservative (i.e. @x = @y ), then 0
=

Extension of Green’s Theorem

@ f2 @ f1
If f1 , f2 , @x , @y contains finite number of singular points enclosed in C, we need to “excise the bad points.”
L

* D- ED,
WDzt--UDnY
=

pi D3
D2
Di .
Pz P
B .
PpP4
DrP.

>
C

n.b. C1 , C2 , · · · , Cn to be small circles centered at P1 , P2 , · · · , Pn , respectively.

..d= ()sl-dedy
Green's theorem applied to i

QEdr=))-dxdy
⑰Ear +

Gr G.Ar+/ dedy =

© 2022 I-Fan Lin. All Rights Reserved. 37

 y x
↵
e.g.
C x2 +y 2
dx + 2
x + y2
dy 1b. fi, fz are singular at10,0
-
I. dr
Case 1:If I does not enclose the origin.

e:/TI
then
f.dr 1) - ) dxdy
=
0
=

case: If cecloses the

origin

faf,aftrcterisare
M

I
- I
-X

5//pc O
=

5, f.dr =

(
*
dA
( =rSe, 0 A
=
2π 0
= =
=

© 2022 I-Fan Lin. All Rights Reserved. 38

 Drill 11. ↵
Use Green’s theorem to evaluate f · dr. All closed curves are oriented positively.
C

(1) f = 2yi x j, and C is the circle of radius 4 about (1, 3).

(2) f = (x + y)i + (x y) j, and C is the ellipse x2 + 4y2 = 1.

(3) f = (x2 y)i + (cos(2y) e3y + 4x) j, and C is any square with sides of length 5 in the plane.

(4) f = x2 yi xy2 j, and C is the curve bounding the region x2 + y2  4, x 0, y 0.

↵
Determine f · dr for any simple closed curve in the x, y-plane that does not pass through the origin.
C
! !
y x
(1) f = 2 2
+ 3x i + 2 y j
x +y x + y2
! 32
1
(2) f = 2 (xi + y j)
x + y2

© 2022 I-Fan Lin. All Rights Reserved. 39

 Divergence Theorem
An alternative form of Green’s theorem
" ⇣
@ f2 @ f1 ⌘
↵
f1 dx + f2 dy = dA A)
C D @x @y
L

T
If we set g(x, y) = f2 (x, y)i f1 (x, y) j, then
3.q =

unit
tangent to a
C
k(s) x'(s)
=

I + y'(s) I
now set S
·

7
&(s) y(s)
= -

x(s) (outward) Miss

A(s):unit normal loutward) vector
* to C
his
Then
16,fidxtfady f(fis fit(ds 0, g.ds ()p8.gdA
=

+ =

6,1.ds=S)p .fdA. Divergence theorem ---(**)

Ab generalize (xX) to 3-D form

(P, f. 1ds
(
=

= fdt
p
e.g. Let S be the piecewise smooth surface consisting of the surface S 1 of the cone z = x2 + y2 for
x2 + y2  1, together with"
the cap S 2 consisting
$ of the disk x2 + y2  1 in the plane z = 1. Let
f = xi + y j + zk. Evaluate f · nds = r · f dV
S M
3x
- 10.0.1)
S S,WS2
=
for surface S:
1
S2
·

Since
z xy2,
=

si
cy 4(x,y,z) 3 -x*y2
=

x2 y2
+

y
=

I
yz I xyz +1
=>

'
=

S2
On surface
since we need positive outward,
n 1 =

1
y ( 2 4)
=
=

1.1
=
+ -

3
=

:f. 1
xty 3 S,
=

0 on

Gst.Ads s, f.ds+szf. Ads

=

=> =

Now 7.1= 3

Gs2dS
=

i
( .fdt 3/Sd5 3.
=

π
=
= =

n.b. Divergence theorem converts surface integral to volume integral.

© 2022 I-Fan Lin. All Rights Reserved. 40

 Drill 12. " $
Evaluate either f · nd or r · f dV
⌃ M

(1) f = 4xi 6y j + zk, ⌃ is the surface of the solid cylinder x2 + y2  4, 0  z  2, including the end
caps of the cylinder.

(2) f = x3 i + y3 j + z3 k, ⌃ is the sphere of radius 1 about the origin.

(3) f = (x y)i + (y 4xz) j + xzk, ⌃ is the rectangular box bounded by the coordinate planes x =
0, y 0, z = 0 and the planes x = 4, y = 2, z = 3.

(4) f = x2 i ez j + zk, ⌃ is the surface bounding the cylinder x2 + y2  4, 0  z  2, including the top
and bottom caps of the cylinder.

© 2022 I-Fan Lin. All Rights Reserved. 41