11 HISTORIOGRAPHY OF FRENCH REVOLUTION

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/1 1th becember 2012 HISTORIOGRAPHY OF FRENCH REVOLUTION

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The French Revolution has perhaps attracted more attention in history than any other event and its
study involves what other professional historians have said about it.

THE MARXIST INTERPRETATION -

/ The 'classic' interpretation of the French Revolution in historical scholarship was the Marxist approach
which sees the French Revolution as a bourgeois revolution, marked by class conflict. The French
Revolution was not simply a political struggle from an absolute monarchy to democratic republicanism
but represented a deeper shift from feudalism to capitalism. According to the Marxist historians, the
Revolution was led by an alliance between the bourgeois elite and popular classes against the
landowning nobility. The greatest success of such an alliance occurred· in _ 1789 but by 1791,
revolutionary events were marked by class conflict which in turn produced an urban political movement
by the sans-cullotes. The Terror represented the pinnacle of the sans-cullotes movement. Thus, the
French Revolution was essentially a class struggle in which the nobility was destroyed, the class of the
sans-cullotes w~s awakened and the bourgeoisie won control of the state. The scholars who advocated
this view include - Alphonse Aulard, Albert Mathiez, Georges Lefebvre, Albert Soboul and Michel
Vovelle.

• ALPHONSE AULARD- Aulard's writings promoted democratic republicanism and had no sympathy
for the monarchy. According to Aulard, the despotic abuses of the Ancien Regime justified the
violent uprising of 1789. He admired the courage of the Constituent Assembly deputies but felt that
the Constitution of 1791 was a flawed document that allowed the monarchy too much power. He
praised the efforts of Georges Danton and other militarist activists, which culminated in the
insurrection of 10 August 1792 and the declaration of France's first democratic republic. For Aulard,
the establishment of a republic under the National Convention marked the zenith of the Revolution.
• ALBERT MATHIEZ- Albert Mathiez challenged the views of his teacher, Aulard. Influenced both by
the victory of Bolshevism in Russia and the legacy of French socialist leader, Jean Jaures, Mathiez
wrote that the French Revolution came about due to a class conflict in which the prospering
bourgeoisie triumphed over both the established nobility and the emerging proletariat. Mathiez
rejected Aulard's beloved Danton as a corrupt bourgeois politician and defended Robespierres's
efforts to save France through the Terror. In Mathiez's view, Robespierre was not a dictator but a
democratic politician responding to popular pressure from Parisian workers. His defense of the
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1/20 /201 8 HIS TOR IOG RAP HY OF ~
REN CH REV OLU TIO N
an d ha d gre at Inf lue nc e on \\
Te rro r wa s pa ss ion ate a feb vre a ge ne rat ion of his tor ian
s from
and t, ,,
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Un ite d Sta tes . Ma thl d Vovelle, clo
• GE OR GE S LE FE BV
"eb I
RE - Ge org e Le ,, vre n his bo ok 'Th
' So bo u/ an e the m st
mi ng of the French Revoruti ,
a er. ~
vo /ut · e Coh put s
the Fre nc h Re ron ste mm ed f,
's rise, Which evo n
for wa rd the vie w tha t ru/ in c . rom t e bo urg eo isie
w of the ari sto cra tic div ide d the revoI /nt ua lly
led to the ov ert hro or th Ag. las s ,n Fra nce . Le feb vre
of the No ble s tor y of the aiu~ogneo1 ;~ _4
sta ge s - 1) the Re vo lt "e t ·ns toc rat ic Re vo lut ion 2) the vic h s1e
or the Bo urg eo is Re vo lut ion 3) Th e mo b'l Iza ion of the urb an
1 Po pu lar Re voluti on 4)
d t . ma sse s or t e
. All the cla sse s u "t th . Fol/owing WWII
the Pe as an t Re vo lut ion e co un try of ab so lut ism
O
:; :h r,~
the lea din g wo rk the French Revolutio~
Le feb vre 's wo rk be ca me ars . e Ma rxi st sch oo l of tho ug ht on
os t 20 ye
an d he ld the fie ld for alm ·
ain ed tha t th e Fre nc h Re vo lut ion co uld be un de rst oo d as a class
AL BE RT SO BO UL - So bo ul ma int . . b sse s, ga ine d po we r fro m the
• bo ce of the ma
str ug gle in wh ich the urg eo ,s, e ac ke d by the for
. The masses
. '
d res tru ctu red the sta te to fit its ow n int ere sts
the old ord er an ive in tak ing do wn the Old
_a n5toc rac y, ov er thr e~ n an d the ir ac tio ns pro ve d to be de cis
the rev olu tio
mv ~lv ed the ms el~ es m .
g the vic tor y of the bo urg eo isie in the pro vin ce s an d su
bs eq ue ntl y
Re gim e an d as su rin the rev olu tio n be ga n
Vo ve l/e _believed tha t ng an d in do ing so,
• MI CH EL VO VE LL E- the rev olu tio n de fin ed its elf as it we nt alo
~e sa id tha t Re vo lut ion
sp rea d aro un d ~ra ne e. an d Ma thi ez , wh o arg ue d tha t the Fre nch
vre
wr ite rs su ch as Le feb
fol low ed the be he f of
wa s ine vit ab le.

the Ma rxi st sch oo l

of cla ss co nfl ict . Ho we ve r the arg um en t of
the Ma rxi st the ory sch ola rsh ip on the Fre
nch
Mo st sch ola rs ac ce pte d en orm ou s tra ns for ma tio n in the
d wh ich led to an ret ati on an d a
be ga n to be qu es tio ne al co lla ps e of the ort ho do x Ma rxi st int erp
rke d by the alm os t tot to a. co mp let e co lla ps e
Re vo lut ion . It wa s ma its ma jor po int s an d ap pro ac he s lea din g
on vir tua lly all of
ran ge of sh arp att ac ks
.
of the Ma rxi st pa rad igm

RP RE TA TI ON -
THE RE VI SIO NI ST IN TE
Fre nc h Re vo lut ion
the Ma rxi sts , we re of the vie w tha t the
s, wh o cri tiq ue d isio nis ts
The Revisionist his tor ian de str oy ed feu da l po liti ca l str uc tur es . Th e rev
urg eo is rev olu tio n wh
ich do wit h the
can no t be seen as a bo the Re vo lut ion an d it ha d no thi ng mu ch to
pla ye d litt le rol e in
insiSt tha t class str ug gle
.
de ve lop me nt of ca pit ali sm
en as a wh ole wa s
lie ve d tha t the Fre nc h Re vo lut ion wh en tak . n
- Th e lib era ls be Ac co rdi ng to the m, the
An c,e
LIBERAL RE VI SIO NI SM to a mo de rn so cie ty.
to mo ve Fran ee fro m a pre mo de rn the 18 th ce ntu ry on ly
R essary
nec
. al co ntr ad ict ion s, tha t by
be com e s O pa ral yze d by its ow n int ern the rev olu tio n as
eg1me had h era l his tor ian s vie we d .
revolutiona gra ve pro ble ms . Lib
ld res olv e Fra nc e's olu tio na ry ch an ge .
an agent oip c an ge cou sp it ·t an d de mo ns tra ted the vir tue s of rev .
reg res s, de. e s gre at
I fau lts ce s tha t led to ,ts
They exp lain the h g the gra ve cir cu ms tan
excessive vio len ce O f t e Te rro r by no tin
establishment.

• AL FR ED CO BB AN - Alfred Cobba n, t h e Bri tis h his t0 1 o be ga n rev isi on ism ,

qu es tio ne d wh eth er
nch Re vol utio ing b . ~ an wh d
the Fre
of the Th ird Est t we n was led by a ris our geo 1s1 e He not e d tha t on ly 13 pe rce nt of the lea e rs
ae re fro m t h e wo rld of co m · . d
thu s thi s rev olu tio n was no t ma d me rce - me rch ~n
t
s, ma nu fac tur ers or fin an cie rs an
.
d e by a ca pit ali st b ou rge oIs 1e Ra th c bb arg ued th a t the
gre ate st nu mb er of lea ers cam e fro • er, 0 an as
/12/ lhe- fr
m the ranks of I oc a/, pe tty pu bli c off ici als su ch
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 HISTORIOGRAPHY OF FRENCH REVOLUTION

administrators, prosecutors, judges and the like. He said that the French Revolution was one of
nQtables and not of capitalists. Cobban also felt that the Ancien Regime was so beset with structural
problems and contradictions that nothing short of revolution would reform the country. HoweverI
t~,e revolution was not all about senseless violence as the construction of a liberal political order
~ould have been impossible without the clashes of 1789 and the achievements of the Constituent
Assembly.
• GEORGE TAYLOR- Taylor added much empirical ammunition to the revisionist view. Just as
Cobban disagreed with the role of the revolutionary bourgeoisie, Taylor demonstrated how the
investment patterns by the bourgeois and noble families were remarkably similar. He attacked the
belief that the bourgeoisie led the French Revolution because he pointed out that the bourgeoisie
and the nobility were economically indistinguishable. George Taylor suggested that the best way to
understand the revolution involved the envisioning of it as a political contest for power. However
most historians didn't agree with Taylor and avoided the view that the revolution began purely for
political purposes.

The works of Cobban and Taylor brought the nobles and the bourgeoisie closer together, both socially
and economically and had successfully picked apart much of the Marxist case for the start of the French
Revolution. However, by the time Colin Lucas put forward his view in ~he 1970s, the Revisionist school
had become an entrenched minority among the French Revolutionary scholars. The Revisionists
remained an iconoclastic minority until the publication of Francois Furet's "Interpreting the French
Revolution" in 1978.

NEC-CONSERVATIVE REVISIONISM - Furet and his collaborators differed from earlier revisionists in
one very significant manner as they undermined the very foundations of Liberal historiography. Usually
former liberals themselves, the neo-conservatives turned against the whole idea of revolutionary change
as itself illiberal and see the Terror as the essence of the French Revolution. By the 1990s neo-
ly become the ascendant interpretation of the historical establishment
conservative revisionism had clear_
across the world.

• FRANCOIS FURET- Furet attacked the Marxist revolutionary catechism but unlike other revisionist
historians, he returned to political and intellectual theories for the French Revolution. By studying
more carefully the meaning of revolutionary rhetoric, Furet ignited new interest in the cultural
history of the revolution and the relationship of the Enlightenment to the French Revolution was
resurrected into a burning issue for debate and controversy. Though conservative in his attitude
towards the revolutionary era, Furet argued that the democratic ideas of certain enlightened
philosophers such as Rousseau became the heart and soul of the French Revolution. Democracy
here did not mean governing by consent but the power of a national state to defeat those who
opposed its will. Furet wrote that the revolution embraced a radical ideology of popular sovereignty
so that any abuse of power could be excused so long as it was achieved in the name of the people.
Thus, he argued that the trajectory of the revolution from its first day was towards the state using
j democratic ideology in a despotic manner and that process culminated in the Terror, which was the
pinnacle of revolutionary democracy and dictatorship. Furet interpreted the early years of the
revolution as a prologue to the Terror and he viewed the Napoleonic Empire as its epilogue. For
Furet, the Terror was not an accidental phase of the revolution but rather emblematic of the entire
revolution. He also argued that the revolution was radical from the start and its early achievements
were only a mirage. Over a period of time, Furet became arguably the most important historian in 8
the world of the French Revolution which furthered the demise of Marxist historiography.
http://idea-of-history.blogspot.ln/2012/12/the-french-revolutlon-historiography.html 3/8
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112012018 HISTORIOGRAPHY OF ENCH REVOLUTION "'
EL BA KE R _ of Fu re t' ,- orters an d di d a le.
• KEITH MICHA Ba ke r was one Fr t and strongest supp
his to ry of the ench s ear ,~s rtain Rousseauia~
to re vit ali ze th e int
ell ec tu al
m Re v? /ut ron . He . traced how ce
ht en me nt po liti ca l ide
o/o . The influence
str an ds of th e En lig e~ ta te d rnt o re vo lut ion ar y Jacobinlsm
ion ha ;:e th century
Ro us se au up on th e French Re vo lut on g the mo st heated debates In 18
of bl ~m n Baker
an d no on e ha s discusses th · th mo re se ns itiv ity and erudition tha
stu die s rs pr o em wr ntract'. Accord ing t~
Rousseau ha d se t
fo rth his th
ge ne ra / wi ll in his book 'The Social Co
Re vo /u t · ,eo~ry of th~ d rror was not
Ba ke r th e Fr en ch ron s , re e fa/ / rnto Rousseau 1·a n emocracy as well as the Te
de cis ions made
, -9 3 wh en th e n . was the re su lt of de
liberate
th e pr od uc t of 17 92 . at,on wa s at wa r, bu t
po litical power an d vio lence had
na l As se bl a wa y In wh ich
by th e Na tio m er of 17 89 In ral will as the
. m Y rn th e su md th t b ng Ro us se au's th eo ry of gene
alr se d · Ba ke r ar g a Y ac ce pti fo r the Terror.
b ee.n re co nc. ep tu .
ue
the Co ns titu en t As sembly was opting
in 17 89 , s
th e ab so lut e ve to y process and it wa
~asrs fo r reJectrng re ly at the ce ntr e of the re vo lut ion ar of the
sq ua me
pla ce d th e Te rro r al. It was the outco
Lrke Fu re t, Ba ke r ca l no rm s or the Revolution's tru e go
ay fro m po liti
no t so me de to ur aw liti ca l principles.
at ed ad op tio n of Rousseauian po with the newer
Co ns tit ue nt As se mb
ly' s re pe
his to ry , wh ich ha d mu ch in common
ell ec tu al cy during the Terror.
- Ja co b Ta lm on 's int to ta lita ria n democra
• JACOB TALMON ench sta te be ca me a
as Rousseau
ar gu ed th at th e Fr en me nt figures such
ap pr oa ch of Fu re t, cr ac y to ce rta in ke y En lig ht
of to ta lita ria n de mo tic ideas wi th a
He tra ce d th e ide a /m on as so cia ted Rousseauian democra
Ro be sp ier re . lik e
Fu re t, Ta the French
th ro ug h Si ey es to or t sa w th e Te rro r as th e essence of
siv e an d in sh ret and Baker and
ick ly tu rn ed op pr es ar iso n to th at of Fu
co lle cti vis m th at qu d was pr im itiv e in co mp me
r, Ta lm on 's m et ho ed by th e mo st ex tre
Re vo lut ion . Ho we ve gy . Th us his vie w was on ly ex te nd
lig ht en m en t ide olo
te nd ed to di st or t En
da y.
his to ria ns wr itin g to
on fro m Furet, Neo-
, or its m or e so ph ist ica te d ve rsi
m Ta lm on historical
er efo re , wh et he r in its ol de r fo rm fro as ce nd an t int er pr et at ion of the
Th ly be co me th e
ion ism ha d cle ar
Conservative Re vis St at es by 19 89 .
t in En gla nd , Fr an ce an d th e Un ite d
es tab lis hm en nt
TA TI ON - The mo st im po rta
ON IS M IN TE RP RE
OR PO ST RE VI SI enges to th e
THE NEO-LIBERAL vo lut ion ha ve be en Ne o- Ub er al chall
e Fr en ch Re er pr et at ion s do no
t
his to rio gr ap hy of th ist s, Ne o- Ub er al int
developments in th e ue s. Un lik e th e Re vis ion tin ct
Fu re t an d his co lle ag cy is seen as a dis
position laid ou t by nt ur y no bil ity . The ar ist oc ra
sive ch ar ac te r of th
e 18 th ce s insist th at th e
minimize the oppres on er s. Th e Ne o- Lib er al ar gu me nt
th os e of co mm Th e
int er es ts op po sin g ism of th e Te rro r.
political group with ta nt ive ly di ffe re nt th an th e Ja co bin ar s wa s
su bs rly ye
en t As se mb ly was th e Re vo lut ion 's ea
period of the Co ns titu at th e co lle cti ve vio len ce of
tions a/so cla im th en ge th e vie w th at
neo-Liberal interpreta te . Th es e his to ria ns als o ch all
er al an d fre e sta sta rte d th e
ss ar y t? the es tabli~hment of a lib a ris ing bo ur ge ois ie m ay no t ha ve . ty
,; :ce to th em .
ion wa s a pr im ar y failure. According ' cie n Re gim e an d re fa sh ion ed a so c,e
e Revo lut . ·essfully de str oy ed th e An ific
I t·
revolution ' but th e revo u ionarres succ or e in te rm s of sp ec
/ I Th e Ne o- Lib er a/s de fin e class m . . ..
,-b
th centu ry I era sta te poss ibl e. th pol1t al 1c
v th atf ma.de a 19
ro th · d . . ts th an in te rm s of a so lid gr ou p wi ..
P essions and occu pations wi va ne socral rnteres Re vis ion ist s po l1t1cal
or th e
interests Th ese wr.iters stress on cultu re as opposed to th e Ma rx ist s so cia l
· f th F
reasons for the sta rt 0 e rench Revolution
.
ch
R . . . ce nt tre nd in Fren.
ng sid e the Ne o-L iberal response to rsron rsm , th e ot he r sig nif ica nt re wr th
Alo ev , an d ge nd er his to ry . In th e 19 70 s,
ship has been th e ma tur ati on of w
Revolutionary scholar om en s
- ,·
the rise 0 f a contemporary fe m in is t m o ve to ry th at to ok int o
m en t the pace was se t to wa rd s a ne w his
' s or do cu m en t
account the fat e O f women and used gender as an an aly tic al t 00 / in .
th e ge ne ra / his to rie
colle t tio A da re ali ze
c ions on the rev olu
. n. new res earch ag en es tab lis he d f,or th e fie ld wh ich ma de us
. r event in th was
that women P art·1c.Ipated In eve ry maJo . wo me in th e
n
e revolution and th e In flu en ce of eli te
h .
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 HISTORIOG
RAPHY OF FRENCH REV
· pre sse s of Pa ris . Th us OLUTION
the fem ini st ins pir ed his
. r~m~.ry su bje ct wid en tor ian s ins tea d of ide nti
ed the scope to inc lud fyi ng wo me n as th e
•sn· er~ r ete d th rou gh the e rev olu tio na ry dis cou rse
len s of ge nd er. Th e fem , po lici es, ev en ts an d cu ltu re;
•m ~ Sc ha ma . ini st his tor ian s inc lud ed
- Lyn n Hu nt, Joa n La nd
es a nd

• LY NN HU NT - Hu nt
dis cus sed the ho sti lity dir
wh o en ter ed the po litic ect ed tow ard ari sto cra tic
al sph ere . In a stu dy an d rev olu tio na ry wo me
fro m the 19 80 s, Hu nt ex n
rep lac ed Ma ria nn e wit h plo red wh y th e Ja co ~in
He rcu les as the an thr op s
on Ma rie An toi ne tte , wh om orp hic sym bo l of the
o wa s seen as a sym bo Fre nch na tio n. In an art
l of the rel ati on s be twe tc~ e
sp he re in the 18 th ce en wo me n an d the pu
ntu ry, Hu nt de mo nst rat bli c
mu ch ab ou f the wa ys in es ho w att itu de s tow ard
wh ich French rev olu tio na s the Fre nch qu ee n rev
ry lea de rs ho pe d to sha ea l
rep ub lic. pe se xu al rol es in the ne
w
• JO AN LA ND ES - Joa
n La nd es wh o shi fte d the
the cru cia l fac tor for wo lines of res ea rch fro m wo
me n in the French rev olu me n to ge nd er, arg ue d
tio n was no t the ir pa rtic tha t
for ma l exc lus ion fro m po ipa tio n bu t rat he r the ir
litic al life alt og eth er. Wo
ne w lea de rs of the Re men we re no t sim ply for
vol uti on bu t ins tea d the go tte n or ign ore d by the
sp he re. Ac cor din g to re was a mo re pe rva siv e
Landes, the lines betwe ge nd eri ng of the pu bli
en pu blic me n pa rtic ipa c
do me sti ca ted wo me n car tin g in civ ic life an d
ing for fam ily and childr
Jac ob ins tha n ev er be for en alone we re mo re pu
e. Landes bla me s thi s on rpo siv ely dra wn by the
inc lud ed a de va sta tin g Rousseau as his ref orm
cri tiq ue of ge nd er roles ula tio n of po litic al cu ltu re
rig idl y tha n had ev er be un de r the Old Re gim e wh
en the case for the French ich div ide d ge nd er mo re
bo urg eo is po litic al sp he re ari sto cra cy. Ho we ve r La
was in ma ny ways mo re nd es arg ue d tha t the ne w
the Old Regime an d the regressive tha n wh at wo
ne w rep ub lic showed far me n ha d exp eri en ced in
Landes, his tor ian s lea rne less tol era tio n for pu blic
d tha t the omission of wo wo me n. Th ere for e fro m
Cit ize ns, was no t a pre me n fro m the De cla rat ion
jud icia l ov ers igh t bu t rat of Rig hts of Man an d
be en conceived as an exc he r the y we re exc lud ed be cau
lus ive ly ma scu line public se the Re pu blic ha d
• SIM ON SC HA MA - sph ere .
Th e be st ex am ple of the
pu rpo ses is fou nd in Sim ap pro pri ati on of fem ini st
on Sc ha ma 's Citizens, wh his tor y for Ne e-C on se rva
ich arg ua bly inc orp ora ted tiv e
on wo me n tha n an y oth mo re rec en t sch ola rsh ip
er rec en t general his tor
Sc ha ma de pic ted the 17 y. Using Hu nt' s res ea rch
93 tria l of the Queen as on Marie An toi ne tte ,
po litic s in the French Re me rel y one fac et of the sto
vol uti on . rm ies t phase of se xu al

It ha s be en seen tha t the

Revisionists and the new
ab ou t the French rev olu fem ini st sch ola rs sha red
tio n. Fir stly , bo th group two ess en tial att itu de s
ba ckw ard s for wo me n's s believed tha t the French
rig hts . Se con dly , both gav rev olu tio n ma rke d a ste p
an d it wa s his hig hly con e credence to the wo rks
ten tio µs ideas tha t gave of Jean-Jacques Ro uss ea u
rev isio nis ts, like the rev ~ise to new no tio ns of fem
isio nis ts do no t have an ale do me stic ity. Th e po
ult im ate the ory for the st-
Re vo lut ion . be gin nin g of the Fre nc
h
Po ste d 11th December 201
2 by Abdul NaJccb

[§] View comments

·•t ·•~, jen ny k March 4, 2014 at
2:38 PM
·i - '·ii
· - .l, wh y no colin i·ones or coli
"- ~... l , n lucas w hYYYYYYYY
Rep ly

http //ide a-of-his tory.blogspo 1 /Z012/12/the -french-revolution-historiogr

t. n aphy.html

5/8
 ,)
I·
1/20/2018 HISTORIOGRAPHY OF FRENCH REVOLUTION

Replies

~ Michael Barker Fel>ruRry 2, 2015 at 2:28 AM

~ cry

Reply

L Abdul Najeeb March 5. 2014 at 10.41 AM

hello, jenny. the posts that you see here are a kind of consolidation of notes (lectures and otherwise) contributed by
various people. some of them are old. many of them are brief and concise. it may not be possible for us to include
every argument of each and every historian. apologies. but will try our level best in bringing as much information
available to us into public domain as possible for both popular and academic debates. keep reading, commenting and
suggesting. thank you. cheers!
Reply

Matt Walsh January 26, 2015 at 3:00 AM

This is my first comment on an internet article
Reply

Replies

~ Micha~I Barker February 2, 2015 at 2:43 AM

~ 1st comment!

Matt Walsh February 2, 2015 at 2:43 AM

1st to ask

Michael Barker February 2, 2015 at 2:44 AM

nah hot food

n Matt Walsh February 2, 2015 at 3:01 AM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pXZXCMjiK7c

Yakubu best of (tap ins)

Reply

Michael Barker February 2, 201 5 at 2:29 AM

[!) this is a safe article, French rev was dank bruv • MADTING
Reply

Replies

[ •: 1
'
.
.. , Michael Barker February 2, 2015 at 2:42 AM
['· .-. ~• OOH HARRY!! I DIDNT MEAN IT LIKE THAT
hllp //1dea-of-h1slory.blogspot.in/201211 2/lhe-french-revolution-historiography.html 6/8
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