 Proteoglycans

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

BSN – 1F AY2324 o large molecules consisting of many polysacharrides
SUMARRIZED BY: ROCHE Y. POGON attaching to and encircling core protiens
Lesson 8: Skeletal System: Bones and Joints o form large aggregates and attract water
 Extracellular matrix of tendons and ligaments contains
COMPONENTS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM large amounts of collagen fibers, making the structure
 Bones very tough, like ropes or cables
 Cartilage
CARTILAGE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
 Tendpns
 Cartilage contains collagen and proteoglycans
 Ligament
 Collagen: makes cartilage tough, whereas the water-
filled proteoglycans make it smooth and resilient
BONES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
 Which makes cartilage relatively rigid, but it springs back
to its original shape after being bent or slightly
compresses
 Excellent shock absorber

BONE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

 Bone contains collagen and minerals, includes calcium
and phosphate
 Collagen fibers lend flexible strength to the bone
 Mineral component gives bone compression (weight-
bearing) strength
 Hydroxyapatite: form of calcium phosphate crystals that
most of the mineral in bone is in.

SHAPE CLASSIFICATION OF BONES

 4 bone shapes: long, short, flat, irregular
 Long Bone: longer than they are wide, upper and lower
limb bones
 Short Bone: approximately as wide as they are long,
bones in wrist and ankle
 Flat Bone: relatively thin and flattened shape, bone of the
skull and sternum
SKELETAL SYSTEM FUNCTIONS  Irregular Bone: do not fit readily into 3 categories,
vertabrae and facial bones
 Support
 Protect LONG BONE STRUCTURE
 Movement  Diaphysis: shaft, compact bone tissue (on outside)
 Storage  Epiphysis: ends, spongy bone tissue
 Blood Cell Production  Articular Cartilage: covers epiphyses, reduces friction

EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
 Connective tissues in Skeletal Sytem: bones, cartilage,
tendons, and ligaments
 Characteristics are largely determined by the composition
of their extracellular matrix
 Matrix contains:
o collagen,
o ground substances,
o other organic molecules,
o water and minerals
 Collagen: tough, ropelike protein
  Epiphyseal Plate: site of growth between diaphysis and BONE MARROW
epiphysis  Bones contain cavities, like large medullary cavity in the
 Medullary Cavity: center of diaphysis, red or yellow diaphysis, smaller cavities in the epephysis of long
marrow bones, and interior of other bones
 Marrow: soft tissue that filled these space
 Red Marrow: location of blood forming cells, newborns
have blood making it
 Yellow Marrow: mostly fat, replaced red marrow in adults
 Most red marrow in adults is in flat bones and long bones
of femur and humerus

COMPACT BONE TISSUE

 Location: outer part of diaphysis (long bones) and
thinner surfaces of other bones
 Osteon: structural unit of compact bone, include lamella,
lacunae, canaliculus, central canal, osteocytes
 Lamella: rings of bone matrix
 Lacunae: spaces between lamella
 Canaliculus: tiny canals, transport nutrients and remove
waste
 Periostuem: membrane around bone’s outer surface  Central Canal: center of osteon, contains blood vessels
 Endosteum: membrane that lines medullary cavity

STRUCTURE OF LONG BONE

SPONGY (CANCELLOUS) BONE TISSUE  2 or more ossification centers exist in each flat skull
 Located at the epiphysis of long bones and center of other bone and mature skull bones result from fusion of these
bones centers as they enlarge
 Trabuculae: interconnecting rods, and spaces that  Trabeculae constantly remodeled and they may enlarge
contain marrow or be replaces by compact bone
 No osteons

ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
 Formation within a cartilage model
BONES CELLS  Cartilage model is replaces by bone
 Osteoblasts: responsible for the formation of bone and  Primary Ossification Center: initially formed, bone
the repair and remodeling of bone formation in the diaphysis of a long bone
 Osteocytes: cells that maintain bone matrix and form  Secondary Ossification Center: bone formation in the
from osteoblast after bone matrix has surrounded it epiphysis
 Osteoclasts: contribute to bone repair and remodeling
by removing existing bone, called bone reabsorption STEPS IN ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
1. Chondroblasts build a cartilage model, chondroblasts
BONE FORMATION becomes chondrocytes
 Ostification: formation of bone by osteoblast 2. Cartilage model calcifies (hardens)
 Intramembranous: bone formation that occurs within 3. Osteoblasts invade calcified cartilage, primary
connective tissue membranes ossification center forms diaphysis
 Endochondral Ossification: bone formation that occurs 4. Secondary ossification centers form epiphysis
inside hyaline cartilage 5. Original cartilage model is almost completely ossified and
 Both types of bone formation result in compact and remaining cartilage is articular cartilage
spongy bone

INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION
 Occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone within
connective tissue
 Occurs primarly in the bones of the skull
 Osteoblasts line up on the surface of connective tissue
fibers and begin depositing bone matrix to form
trabeculae
 Ossification Centers: areas where process begins, and
the trabeculae radiate out from the centers
BONE GROWTH IN WIDTH 4. Cancellous bone is slowly remodeled to form compact
 Occurs by the deposition of new bone lamellae onto and cancellous bone
existing bone or other connective tissue
 Appositional Growth: when osteoblast deposit new
bone matrix on the surface of bones between the
periosteum and the existing bone matrix, the bone
increases in width or diameter

BONES GROWTH IN LENGTH

 Major source of increased height, occurs in the
epiphyseal plate
 Type of bone growth occurs through endochondral
BONE AND CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS
osification
 Bone: major storage site for calcium
 Chondrocytes increase in number on the epiphyseal side
 Movement of calcium in and out of bone helps
of the epiphyseal plate
determine levels of calcium
 Chondrocytes enlarge and die
 Calcium moves into bone as osteoblast build new bone
 Cartilage matrix becomes calcified
 Calcium moves out of bone as osteoclasts break down
 Osteoclasts: through this, much of the cartilage that
bone
forms around the enlarges cells is removed
 Calcuim homeostasis is maintained by Parathyroid
 Osteoblasts: replaces dying chondrocytes
Hormone (PTH) and calcitonin
 Osteoblast start forming bone by depositing bone
lamellae on the surface of the calcified cartilage
 This process produce bone on the diaphyseal side of the
epiphyseal plate

BONE ANATOMICAL TERMS

 Foramen: hole, foramen magnum
 Fossa: depression, glenoid fossa
BONE REMODELLING  Process: projection: mastoid process
 Removal of existing bone by osteoclasts  Condyle: smooth and rounded end, occipital condyle
 Deposition of new bone by osteoblasts  Meatus: canal-like passageway, external auditory
 Occurs in all bones meatus
 Responsible for changes in bone shape, bone  Tubercle: lump of bone, greater tubercle
 Repair, adjustment of bone to stress
 Calcium ion regulation AXIAL SKELETON
 Composed of the skull, vertebral column, thoracic
BONE REPAIR cage
1. Borken bone cause bleeding and blood clot forms  Skull has 22 bones divided into those of braincase and
2. Callus: fibrous network between 2 fragments that forms face
3. Cartilage model forms, then osteoblasts enter the callus,  Braincase: encloses the cranial cavity, consist of 8
form cancellous bone (continues for 4-6 weeks after bones that surround and protect the brain
injury)  Face: bony structure has 14 facial bones
  13 of facial bones are rather solidly connected to form
the bulk of the face
 Mandible: forms a freely movable joints with the rest of
the skull
 3 auditory ossicles in each middle ear (6 total)

CRANIAL BONES
 Frontal Bone: anterior part of cranium
 Parietal Bone: side and roof of cranium
 Occipital Bones: posterior portion and floor of cranium
 Temporal Bones: inferior to parietal bones on each side
of the cranium, (temporomandibular joint)
 Sphenoid Bone: forms part of cranium floor, lateral
posterior portions of eye orbits, lateral portions of
cranium anterior to temporal bones (sella turnica)
 Ethmoid Bone: anterior portion of cranium, include
medial surface of eye orbit and roof of nasal cavity
(nasal conchae)

FACIAL BONES
 Maxillae: forms upper jaw, anterior portion of hard
palate, part of lateral walls of nasal cavity, floors of eye
orbits (maxillary sinus)
 Palatine Bones: form posterior portion of hard palate,
lateral wall of nasal cavity
 Zygomatic Bones: cheek bones, also form floor and
lateral wall of each eye orbit
 Lacrimal Bones: medial surfaces of eye orbits
 Nasal Bones: form bridge of nose
 Vomer: midline of nasal cavity, forms nasal septum with
the ethmoid bone
 Inferior Nasal Conchae: attached to lateral walls of
nasal cavity
 Mandible: lower jawbone, only movable skull bone

PARANASAL SINUSES
 Paranasal Bones: large cavities within bones that is
associated with nasal cavity, it open into the nasal cavity
 Paranasal Sinuses are:
o Frontal
o Ethmoid
o Sphenoid
o Maxillary
HYOID BONE
 Unpaired, U-shaped bone that is
not part of the skull and has no
direct bony attachment to the
skull or any other bones
 Unique distinction of being the FUNCTION OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN
only bone in the body that does  Support body weight
not articulate with another bone  Protects the spinal cord
 Provides an attachment point for  Allows spinal nerves to exits the spinal cord
important neck muscle that
 Provides a site for muscle attachment
elevate the larynx
 Provides movement of the head and trunk

SACRUM
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
 Spine, the central axis of the
skeleton, extending from the
base of the skull to slughtly past
the end of the pelvis
 Adults have 26 individual
bones, group in 5 regions
 Adult vertebral has 4 major
curvature:
o Cervical region: 7, curves
THORACIC CAGE
anteriorly
 Protects vital organs
o Thoracic Region: 12.
 12 pair of ribs
curves posteriorly
 Sternum: breastbone
o Lumbar Region: 5, curves
 True Ribs: attach directly to sternun by cartilage
anteriorly
 False Ribs: attach indirectly to sternum by cartilage
o Sacral and Coccygeal
 Floating Ribs: not attach to sternum
Regions: each 1 (sacrum
and coccyx), together
curve posteriorly
 Atlas: 1st vertabra, holds head
 Axis: 2nd vertebra, rotates
head
BONES OF THE PECTORAL
GIRDLE
 Scapula: shoulder blade
 Clavicle: collar bone

UPPER LIMB BONES

 Humerus: upper limb
 Ulna: forearm COMPARISON OF MALE PELVIS TO FEMALE PELVIS
 Radius: forearm
 Carpal: wrist
 Metacarpals: hand

LOWER LIMB BONES

 Femur: thigh
 Patella: knee cap
 Tibia: large lower leg
 Fibula: small lower leg
 Tarsals: ankle
 Metatarsals: foot
 Phalanges: toes and fingers

PELVIC GIRDLE
Where lower limbs attach to the body
 Pelvis: includes pelvic girdle and coccyx
 Ischium: inferior and posterior region
 Ilium: most superior region
 Acetabulum: hip socket (joint)
  Diarthrosis: freely movable joint, knee, elbow, and wrist
articulation

FONTANELS AND SUTURES

ARTICULATION
 Joints, where 2 bones come together
 Classified structurally as fibrious cartilaginous, or
synovial, according to the major connective tissue type STRUCTURE OF SYNOVIAL JOINT
that binds the bones together and whether a fluid joint
capsule is present
 Classified in functional categories according to the
degree of motion as synarthroses, amphiarthroses,
diarthroses

STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS

 Fibrous Joint
o united by fibrous connective tissue
o subclasses: sutures, syndesmosis, gomphoses
 Cartilaginous
o United by means of cartilage
o Subclasses: synchondroses, symphysis
 Synovial
o Joined by a fluid cavity
o Most joints of the appendicular skeleton

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS

 Synarthrosis: non-movable joint, skull-bone
articulations
 Amphiarthrosis: slightly movable joint, between
vertebrae
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS EFFECTS OF AGING ON SKELETAL SYSTEM AND
JOINTS
 Decreased collagen production
 Loss of bone density
 Degenerative changes

TYPE OF MOVEMENT
 Flexion: bending
 Extension: straightening
 Abduction: movement away from midline
 Adduction: movement toward the midline
 Pronation: rotation of the forearm with palm down
 Supination: rotation of the forearm with the palms up
 Rotation: movement of a structure about the long axis