Module in SPEC 115

MODULE 15. THE HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS (GRADE 6)

Lesson Outcomes:

1. Explained how the organs of the different organ systems work together.
2. Explained how the different organ systems work together.
3. Created a chart showing healthful habits that promote proper functioning of the
different organ systems.

ENGAGE

The human body organs you have studied actually are not isolated from other
parts. The human body is highly organized. Inside your skin are many organs that
comprise organ systems to perform body functions. Why can’t you run, swim and play?
Why are you able to interact with your teachers and classmates during your class? Your
body is an incredible machine but may not have parts for replacement. Let us look into
parts that comprise an organ system and how this particular organ system works. The
human organ systems are the skeletal, muscular, integumentary, digestive, respiratory,
circulatory, and nervous systems. You already have learned of the human reproductive
system. You will learn more about the different organ systems in the activities that
follow.

EXPLORE

Activity 1. Muscular, Skeletal and Integumentary Systems

A. Knowing your bones
Problem: What supports your body so you can perform tasks to move about?
Materials: Picture of a human skeletal system, diagram of two long bones of the
leg, scissors, round fastener (no.3), paste, cardboard or long folder
What to do:

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1. Bring a diagram of the skeletal system.

2. Cut the diagram of each of the long bones and paste two separate cutouts on
a cardboard.
3. Use a round fastener to attach one bone to an end of the other bone. In what
ways can you move the two bones? Record and describe how the bones
work in your science notebook.
4. Identify in which other sections of the human skeleton you will find similar
movements as what you have in your two long bone model. Confirm your
guess by examining your own body.
5. Label the parts of the human skeletal system.
6. Answer the following question:
a. What do you call the part where two bones meet?
b. Which bones of your body cannot move?
c. What are the other functions of the skeletal system?

B. Parts of the Body that Lifts

Problem: What parts of the body enable you to lift objects?
Materials: Picture of the human muscular system and mirror
What to do:
1. Work with a partner. Stand erect near your seat. Your partner will observe the
muscles as you raise your arms from your sides. Extend your arms in front of
you. Fold your arms towards you. Do this 3 times. What enabled you to do
these? What happened to the muscles of the upper arm as you fold the arm?
Can you move your arm if it had no bones? Now let your partner do the task
and you observe. Compare your observations.
2. Look at the mirror and make a broad, wide grin. Take note which part of the
face moves. Now make a deep frown. Take note of the part of the face that
moves. Which expression requires you to use more muscles?
3. Label the parts of the human muscular system.

C. The Skin That Protects You

Problem: how does the skin protect you?
Materials: Table knife, green pipino (cucumber) fruit, plastic wrap, red food dye,
medicine dropper.
What to do:
1. Cut a cucumber fruit lengthwise.
2. Cover one slice with plastic wrap and leave the other half uncovered.
3. Fill a dropper half way with red food dye. Put 5 drops of food dye on each half
of the cut side of the cucumber.
4. Observe what happens to the food dye and the slices of cucumber and
answer the following:
a. What happened to the open half of cucumber? To the other half? Did the
stain change the color of the green peeling?

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b. What can you infer as to the role of the peeling or fruit cover of the
cucumber? The exposed half? And the plastic wrap?
c. Relate to your skin the observation you gathered from this activity. Identify
the other functions of the skin.
Activity 2. Digestive System at Work
Problem: What happens to food in the mouth and in the stomach.
Materials: Piece of biscuit, small transparent plastic cup
What to do:
1. Work in pairs.
2. Get a piece of biscuit, chew it carefully. Take note of how the teeth, the
tongue and lips enable you to chew food.
3. Answer the following questions:
a. How are the parts of the mouth involved in the chewing?
b. When you chew the biscuit, what happens to it?
c. Why do we have to chew food that we eat?
d. From the mouth, where will the food go? Identify the parts of the
digestive system that are involved in the digestion of food.
e. Trace the pathway of the food from the mouth until the digested
food is absorbed and waste products are released using the parts
of the digestive system below.

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Activity 3: The Respiratory System

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Problem: How does the respiratory system work?

Materials: Tape measure, timer, chair, diagram of the respiratory system
What to do:
A. Breathing: What happens to your body when you inhale/exhale?
1. Stand and observe your normal breathing.
2. Put a tape measure around your chest and measure the size of your chest
when you inhale and again after you exhale. Record the measurements.
Repeat three times and get the average size of your chest when you
inhale and exhale. Get the difference between the two measurements.
a. What happened to the size of your chest when you inhaled? What
about the size of your chest when you exhaled? Explain the difference.
b. What other changes have you noticed as you breathe?
B. Breathing Rate: How often do you inhale in one minute?
1. Work in pairs. One of you sits on a chair in a relaxed position and find your
breathing rate at rest. Your partner will set the timer for one minute.
Breathe normally and count the number of times you inhale during one
minute. Record data in your notebook.
2. Now change position. Bend over with your chest on your knee. Count and
record the times you inhale in one minute.
3. Stand up and run in place for one minute. Count and record the number of
times you inhale.
a. How did the different tasks affect your breathing rate?
b. What other factors could affect your breathing rate?
4. Trace the flow of gases in and out of the body using the human respiratory
diagram below.

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Activity 4: Circulatory System:

Problem: How hard and fast does your heart work?
Materials: Small rubber ball that can fit inside your hand, timer
What to do:
1. With your partner as timer, hold the rubber ball, squeeze and release
and release the ball as many as you can within one minute. Record the
number. Now, in one minute, squeeze and release the ball 70 times.
How do the numbers compare?
2. Without stopping, continue to squeeze the ball at 70 times per minute.
How long can you do it?
3. Now take turn with your partner and be the timer and recorder. Do you
have the same speed?
4. The heart normally beats 70 times per minute.
a. What can you infer about the role of the heart in your life?
b. Does the heart beat at the same rate all the time?
c. What may affect the rate of your heartbeat?
Activity 5: How do you react to stimuli?
Problems:
a. What happens when someone taps your knee?
b. What enables you to walk straight?
Materials: Chair, book
What to do:
1. Work in pairs. Sit on a chair cross legged. Ask your partner to tap your
top leg below the kneecap. Observe your reactions and record.
2. Repeat tapping the knee but control that the top leg will not move.
3. Take note of the responses you have on both instances. Relate this
response to your reaction when you touch accidentally a hot object or
when something heavy hit your toes. What do we call these
responses? What enabled you to respond?
4. Get a book about three inches thick. Stand at the isle and put the book
on top of your head. Walk straight to cover two meters. How were you
able to walk that distance without the book filling from your head?
5. Add two more books. Can you still walk straight? How do your bones,
muscles, breath and nerves work together to enable you to perform the
tasks?

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EXPLAIN

The human organ system is complex. You have earned that the human is made
of trillions of cells, with different sizes, shapes and functions. A group of cells with
similar structure and function form tissues. Tissues comprise organs, and several
organs comprise the organ system. From the activities, you learned a bit of these
organ systems. Let us discuss further the major organ systems that enable us to
perform many tasks. (Excretory, endocrine and lymphatic systems are learned by pupils
in junior high school, hence will not be discussed in this module)
Integumentary System

The integumentary system is made up of several organs and structures including the
skin, hair, nails, glands, and nerves. The primary function of the integumentary system
is to protect the inside of the body from elements in the environment—like bacteria,
pollution, and UV rays from the sun.

The skin and its associated structures also retain bodily fluids, eliminate waste products,
and regulate the body’s temperature. The integumentary system works with all other
bodily systems—such as the nervous, cardiovascular, and digestive systems—to
accomplish all the jobs it performs in helping to maintain the stability of the internal
body.

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The Skeletal System

The human skeletal system consists of all of the bones, cartilage, tendons,
and ligaments in the body. Altogether, the skeleton makes up about 20 percent of a
person’s body weight.

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An adult’s skeleton contains 206 bones. Children’s skeletons actually contain

more bones because some of them, including those of the skull, fuse together as they
grow up.
There are also some differences in the male and female skeleton. The male skeleton is
usually longer and has a high bone mass. The female skeleton, on the other hand, has
a broader pelvis to accommodate for pregnancy and child birth.
Regardless of age or sex, the skeletal system can be broken down into two parts,
known as the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

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The Muscular System

The muscular system enables us to move our body parts to perform various
tasks. Moving our legs, arms, neck, and head requires muscles working with our bones.
The heart beats because of the muscles in it. Muscles vary in length, shape, size and
thickness. Muscles and bones are attached to each other by tendons. Muscles help
move through our digestive tract, flow of blood through blood vessels and breathing.
These are due to muscles that are not under conscious control. For us to use our arms,
our skeletal muscles contract to move a bone and when the muscle relaxes, the bones
returns to its original position and the muscles to their shape and form. Some muscle
disorders may be due to action of nerves like in muscle spasms and progressive
weakening and frequent tiring of muscles. Regular exercise, healthy diet rich in
minerals, proteins, avoiding overstressing of muscles will help us make our muscles
healthy.

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The Digestive System

The food that our body needs must be broken down before it can be used by our
cells. The digestive organs shown in the diagram earlier will help you learn how food is
digested. For example, a biscuit which is a carbohydrate that you eat has to be chewed
(mechanical digestion) in the mouth. The teeth and tongue are involved. The biscuit is
moistened by our saliva that contains a substance to start chemical digestion. The
tongue pushes the broken bits of biscuits to the back of the mouth and is swallowed.
The food goes down to the digestive tract, esophagus, stomach and small intestine.
Further breakdown of the biscuit occurs in the stomach, chemical digestion continues
and ends in the small intestine where nutrients are absorbed. Foods that are not broken
down in the small intestine move to the large intestine and after a while are released as
solid wastes. The liver, gall bladder and pancreas are involved in digestion but are not
part of the digestive tract. Bile from the liver breaks down fat particles in the small
intestine. Digestive enzymes are produced by the stomach, pancreas, and small
intestines to complete digestion not only of carbohydrates but also fats and proteins that
we eat. Our digestive system may be infected by germs that cause diarrhea, vomiting
and cholera. We must clean and cook properly the food that we take. Washing of hands
with soap and water before and after eating must be a habit. The water that we drink
must be free of germs and parasites. Do not eat spoiled foods. Drink plenty of water.

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The Circulatory System

The major parts of the major parts of the circulatory system are the heart, blood
and blood vessels. The heart is the most active part of the body. It is as big as you’re
your own clenched fist. The heart is a pumping organ. It has four chambers, left
ventricle, left auricle, right ventricle and right auricle. The ventricles pump blood out of
the heart while the auricles receive blood coming from the lungs. Valves prevent the
backward flow of blood in the heart, allowing movement in one direction.
Have you ever had a CBC or Complete Blood Count? This is a routine test to
determine the composition of your blood cells when you are suspected to have infection
like dengue. The main components of the blood are (a) plasma (liquid-90% water,
protein such as albumin, clotting factors, antibodies, dissolved nutrient and electrolytes)
and (b) formed elements which are the white blood cells, red blood cells and
platelets. White blood cells help the body fight diseases. Red blood cells are the most
numerous in our body and they are involved in transport of gases and wastes. Platelets
are involved in blood clots to stop blood flow in case of wounds.
The blood vessels are the arteries, capillaries, and veins. Arteries carry blood
away from the heart and you can feel the pressure of blood flowing in pulse points like
your wrist. The major artery from the heart branches to smaller ones until they reach the
different body organs. These very narrow arteries connect to the capillaries found in
different organs where exchange of gases and nutrients occur. From the organs, very
small veins merge to become veins where blood flows to the heart.
There are two pathways or circuits where blood flow in the vessels – pulmonary
and systemic circulation. Pulmonary circulation involves the heart and the lungs. The
capillaries of the lungs remove the carbon dioxide from the circulating blood and takes
in oxygen. The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood to the heart. The pulmonary
artery in the heart transports blood to the lungs. Systemic circulation supplies nutrients
and oxygen to all body tissues at the same time collects waste materials for discharge.
Exchange of materials occurs in the capillaries of the body tissues.
One of the blood diseases is anemia, where too little oxygen flows resulting in
weakness. Leukemia (cancer of the blood), results from the release of immature cells by
the bone marrow. Cardiovascular diseases include hypertension and atherosclerosis
which are prevalent among elderly. There is a relationship of cardio-respiratory high risk
factors such as smoking, obesity, poor diet, lack of physical exercise, stressful activities,
drinking alcoholic to poor health. Habits that lead to healthy body systems are regular
exercise, eating balanced diet, no prohibited drugs and smoking. Having regular
medical and dental check-up is also necessary.
Nervous System
Every day we do different tasks from the time we wake up until we sleep. Our
ability to do things is coordinated functions of the different organ systems that are

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controlled and monitored by the nervous systems. The central and peripheral nervous
system comprise the human nervous system. The central nervous system includes the
brain and spinal cord. The brain is protected by the skull. The brain is the control
center of the vital activities for survival including emotions, learning, abilities and talents.
The brain is divided into three parts: the cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem. The
cerebrum is the largest part and has the brain centers that control thought processes,
speech, motor, touch, pressure, smell, hearing, vision, facial recognition. Generally, the
right half of the cerebrum controls the left side of the body while the left side controls the
right side of the body. The second largest part of the brain, the cerebellum controls
muscle coordination, balance and normal body posture. When mountain climbing, the
cerebellum receives signals that it transmits to the cerebrum and direct movements of
the arms, hands, legs and other parts of the body. The brainstem connects the brain to
the spinal cord. It has several parts: the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. The
midbrain contains relay stations of neurons and reflex centers for involuntary actions.
The hypothalamus in the midbrain maintains internal balance such as water and blood
pressure. The pons connects the two halves of the cerebellum and links the cerebral
cortex to the medulla. Functions like heartbeat, breathing and sneezing are regulated by
the medulla. The spinal body inside your bony, vertebral column connects the brain to
all parts of the body via the different nerves. When the sensory nerves from the skin for
example, receive a signal from outside when you dip your fingers in cold water, the
impulse is transmitted to the spinal cords to the brain for processing or interpretation.
The message travels from the brain center to the hand that will respond. The nerve
carries an electrical signal like a telephone cable. The peripheral nervous system
includes the network of nerves throughout the body. These include the sensory neurons
from the sense organs and the motor neurons in muscles or glands for action or
response.
The nervous system may be affected by germs as in the case of meningitis, an
acute inflammation of the meninges or the covering of the membranes of the brain and
spinal cord. It could result in loss of hearing, vision and changes in the child’s thinking
and doing tasks. Poliomyelitis due to viral infection affecting the spinal cord may result
in paralysis. A nerve may be inflamed due to injury. Migraine, a severe headache is
common when a person is under stress or with hormonal imbalance during menstrual
period among women. Epilepsy brings about seizures when one cannot control the
muscles. Among the elderly, Alzheimer’s disease brings about progressive loss of
memory and intellectual disabilities. Head injuries from accidents can cause fracture of
the skull, concussion and bleeding. Tumors may also originate in the brain bringing
disturbances in various functions. Wearing seatbelt when in motor vehicles reduces risk
of injury to the body in case of accidents. Wearing helmet for motor bike riders must be
followed, especially in national roads. Avoiding prohibited drugs, tobacco, alcoholic
drinks and stress, washing hands properly and having vaccinations for poliomyelitis and
eating balanced diet make us healthy.

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ELABORATE
E

1. Make an activity for kids on how much water one child should take in a day in
relation to good health and well-being. Include a rubric on how to evaluate the
output of the pupils.
2. Lest the key concepts learned in the different body systems.

EVALUATE:

Find the words from this box to identify the description given in items
6-10. Write the word on the space provided:
a. Joints b. vein c. cerebrum
d. smooth muscles e. alveoli f. liver
g. neuron h. white blood cells i. platelets
j. enzymes k. spinal cord l. tongue
m. skeletal muscles

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6. Carries blood from body organs to the lungs ________________

7. Increases in umber when there is infection _________________
8. Receives stimuli and conducts responses ________________
9. Involves in direct gas exchange _________________
10. Enables the bone to move with the muscles _________________

Please visit this link for additional information

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References

Bilbao, P. et.al (2019) Teaching Science in the Elementary Grades. Quezon City:
Lorimar Publishing Co. Inc.
Dep Ed K to 12 Curriculum Guide Science (2013)
Abracia, N.M. et.al. (2013). Science in our world 3. Quezon: Vibal Publishing House.

Badders, W. et.al. (1999). Houghton Mifflin science discovery works. Boston, M.A.:
Houghton Mifflin Company.

De Leon, M. et.al. (2018). Science blast 2. Philippines: Trinitas Publishing, Inc.

Frank, D.V. et. Al. (2008). California focus on Physical science. Teachers edition.
Boston Massachusetts 02116: Prentice Hall.

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