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 EE8552
Power Electronics

UNIT I
POWER SEMI-CONDUCTOR DEVICES

Department:EEE

Batch/Year:2018-22/III

Created by:

Dr. Catherine T J, Associate Professor, EEE/RMKCET

Ms.Chandla Ellis, Associate Professor, EEE/RMKEC
Ms.M Uma Maheswari, Assistant Professor, EEE/RMDEC

Date:24/7/2020
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Contents
2. Course Objectives
3. Pre Requisites (Course Names with Code)
4. Syllabus (With Subject Code, Name, LTPC details)
5. Course outcomes (6)
6. CO- PO/PSO Mapping
7. Lecture Plan (S.No, Topic, No. of Periods, Proposed date,
Actual Lecture Date, pertaining CO, Taxonomy level, Mode
of Delivery)
8. Activity based learning
9. Lecture Notes ( with Links to Videos, e-book reference,
PPTs, Quiz and any other learning materials )
10. Assignments ( For higher level learning and Evaluation –
Examples: Case study, Comprehensive design, etc.,)
11. Part A Q & A (with K level and CO)
12. Part B Qs (with K level and CO)
13. Supportive online Certification course
(NPTEL, Swayam, Coursera,Udemy, etc.,)
14. Real time Applications in day to day life and to Industry
15.Contents beyond the Syllabus ( COE related Value added
courses)
16. Assessment Schedule ( Proposed Date & Actual Date)
17. Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books
18. Mini Project suggestions
 COURSE OBJECTIVE

To impart knowledge on the following topics

Different types of power semiconductor devices and their

switching,

Operation ,characteristics and performance parameters of

controlled rectifiers,

Operation, switching techniques and basics topologies of DC-DC

switching regulators.

Different modulation techniques of pulse width modulated

inverters and to understand harmonic reduction methods.

Operation of AC voltage controller and various configurations.

 Pre Requisites
(Course Names with Code)

CIRCUIT THEORY EE 8251

ELECTRON DEVICES AND CIRCUITS EC8353
 SYLLABUS
UNIT I POWER SEMI-CONDUCTOR DEVICES 9
Study of switching devices, SCR, TRIAC, GTO, BJT, MOSFET, IGBT and
IGCT- Static characteristics: SCR, MOSFET and IGBT - Triggering and
commutation circuit for SCR- Introduction to Driver and snubber
circuits.
UNIT II PHASE-CONTROLLED CONVERTERS 9
2-pulse, 3-pulse and 6-pulseconverters– performance parameters –
Effect of source inductance–– Firing Schemes for converter–Dual
converters, Applications-light dimmer, Excitation system, Solar PV
systems.
UNIT III DC TO DC CONVERTERS 9
Step-down and step-up chopper-control strategy– Introduction to
types of choppers-A, B, C, D and E -Switched mode regulators- Buck,
Boost, Buck- Boost regulator, Introduction to Resonant Converters,
Applications-Battery operated vehicles.
UNIT IV INVERTERS 9
Single phase and three phase voltage source inverters (both1200
mode and 1800 mode)– Voltage& harmonic control--PWM
techniques: Multiple PWM, Sinusoidal PWM, modified sinusoidal
PWM – Introduction to space vector modulation –Current source
inverter, Applications-Induction heating, UPS.
UNIT V AC TO AC CONVERTERS 9
Single phase and Three phase AC voltage controllers–Control
strategy- Power Factor Control – Multistage sequence control -single
phase and three phase cyclo converters – Introduction to Matrix
converters, Applications –welding .
TOTAL: 45PERIODS
 COURSE OUTCOMES

CO NO. COURSE OUTCOME K-LEVEL

Summarize the fundamental concepts of
CO1 K2
power switching devices.
Analyze single phase power converter
CO2 K4
circuits and their application.
Analyze three phase power converter
CO3 K4
circuits and their application.
Analyze switching regulator circuits and
CO4 K4
their application.
Analyze various harmonic reduction
C05 K4
techniques.
Develop skills to simulate converter
CO6 circuits using simulation software. K3
 PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POS)

On completion of the B.E (Electrical and Electronics Engineering) Degree the

Electrical Engineering graduates will be able to

Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems
and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.
Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data,
and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and
need for sustainable development.
Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give
and receive clear instructions.
Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one's own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage
in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

10
 PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOS)

After successful completion of the B.E degree program, the

graduates will be able to

• Design and analyze electrical systems incorporating electrical machines, power

controllers along with the design of electrical layout for the complete structure.

• Use the modern tools for implementing the solutions to engineering problems that
can arise in the fields of Electrical, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
along with Information Technology Services.

• Face the challenges in the society by adopting the non-conventional energy

resources and utilizing the modern technologies for energy efficient transmission
and power quality improvement delivering clean energy for the wellbeing of the
mankind.

11
 6. CO- PO/PSO MAPPING

Program
Specific
Course Out Comes

Program Outcomes Outcomes

Level of CO

K5, K6
K3,

A3

A2

A3

A3

A3

A3

A2
K3

K4

K5

K5

PSO-1

PSO-2

PSO-3
PO-10

PO-11

PO-12
PO-1

PO-2

PO-3

PO-4

PO-5

PO-6

PO-7

PO-8

PO-9
CO1

K2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 -
CO2

K4 3 3 - - - - - - - 3 - - - 2 -
CO3

K4 3 3 1 - - - - - - 1 - - - 2 -
CO4

K4 3 3 2 - 1 - - - - 1 - 1 - 2 -
CO5

K4 3 3 - - - - - - - 1 - - - 3 -
CO6

K3 3 3 1 - - - - - - 1 - - - 2 -

12
 LECTURE PLAN

Taxo
Mode of
Sl. No. Topics to be covered CO nomy
Delivery
Level
PPT
1 Single Phase Full converter CO2 K2
SIMULINK
PPT
2 Single phase Semiconverter CO2 K2
SIMULINK
PPT
3 Performance Parameters CO2 K2
SIMULINK
4 PPT
3-pulse converter CO2 K2
SIMULINK
5 PPT
6-pulse converters CO2 K2
SIMULINK
6 Effect of source inductance CO2 K2 PPT
7 Firing Schemes for converter CO2 K2 PPT

8 Dual converters CO2 K2 PPT

Applications- light dimmer,

9 CO2 K4 PPT/DEMO
Excitation system, Solar PV systems.
 ACTIVITY BASED LEARNING

Pedagogical approaches to teach demo based single phase full

converter.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJh0KU6541s

Simulation of single phase full converter with different loads using

Mat lab Simulink.

Simulation of single phase Semi converter with R load for various

firing angles using Mat lab Simulink.

Simulation of single pulse converter with the effect of free

wheeling diode using Mat lab Simulink.
 UNIT-II
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS
Controlled rectifiers are line commutated ac to dc power converters which are
used to convert a fixed voltage, fixed frequency ac power supply into variable dc
output voltage.
Type of input: Fixed voltage, fixed frequency ac power supply.
Type of output: Variable dc output voltage

Fig. 2.1 Block diagram of controlled rectifier

The input supply fed to a controlled rectifier is ac supply at a fixed rms voltage
and at a fixed frequency. We can obtain variable dc output voltage by using
controlled rectifiers. By employing phase controlled thyristors in the controlled
rectifier circuits we can obtain variable dc output voltage and variable dc
(average) output current by varying the trigger angle (phase angle) at which the
thyristors are triggered. We obtain a uni-directional and pulsating load current
waveform, which has a specific average value.
The thyristors are forward biased during the positive half cycle of input supply
and can be turned ON by applying suitable gate trigger pulses at the thyristor
gate leads. The thyristor current and the load current begin to flow once the
thyristors are triggered (turned ON) say at ωt =α. The load current flows when
the thyristors conduct from ωt =α to β. The output voltage across the load follows
the input supply voltage through the conducting thyristor. At ωt = β, when the
load current falls to zero, the thyristors turn off due to AC line (natural)
commutation. In some bridge controlled rectifier circuits the conducting thyristor
turns off, when the other thyristor is (other group of thyristors are) turned ON.
The thyristor remains reverse biased during the negative half cycle of input
supply. The type of commutation used in controlled rectifier circuits is referred to
AC line commutation or Natural commutation or AC phase commutation.
When the input ac supply voltage reverses and becomes negative during the
negative half cycle, the thyristor becomes reverse biased and hence turns off.
There are several types of power converters which use ac line commutation.
These are referred to as line commutated converters.
2.2 APPLICATIONS OF PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS
1. DC motor control in steel mills, paper and textile mills employing dc motordrives.
2. AC fed traction system using dc traction motor.
3. Electro-chemical and electro-metallurgical processes.
4. Magnet power supplies.
5. Reactor controls.
6. Portable hand tool drives.
7. Variable speed industrial drives.
8. Battery charges.
9. High voltage DC transmission.
10. Uninterruptible power supply systems (UPS).

The phase controlled converters are simple and less expensive and are widely
used in industrial applications for industrial dc drives. These converters are classified as
two quadrant converters if the output voltage can be made either positive or negative
for a given polarity of output load current. There are also single quadrant ac to dc
converters where the output voltage is only positive and cannot be made negative for a
given polarity of output current. Of course single quadrant converters can also be
designed to provide only negative dc output voltage. The two quadrant converter
operation can be achieved by using fully controlled bridge converter circuit and for
single quadrant operation we use a half controlled bridge converter.

2.3 CLASSIFICATION OF PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS

The phase controlled rectifiers can be classified based on the type of input power
supply as
•Single Phase Controlled Rectifiers which operate from single phase ac input
power supply.
•Three Phase Controlled Rectifiers which operate from three phase ac input power
supply.

2.3.1. DIFFERENT TYPES OF SINGLE PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS

Single Phase Controlled Rectifiers are further subdivided into different types
• Half wave controlled rectifier which uses a single thyristor device (which provides
output control only in one half cycle of input ac supply, and it provides low dc output).
Disadvantages of single phase half wave controlled rectifiers
Single phase half wave controlled rectifier gives
• Low dc output voltage.
• Low dc output power and lower efficiency.
• Higher ripple voltage & ripple current.
• Higher ripple factor.
• Low transformer utilization factor.
Single phase half wave controlled rectifiers are rarely used in practice
as they give low dc output and low dc output power. The above disadvantages
of a single phase half wave controlled rectifier can be over come by using a full
wave controlled rectifier circuit. Most of the practical converter circuits use full
wave controlled rectifiers.
2.3.2. DIFFERENT TYPES OF FULL WAVE CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS
▪Full wave controlled rectifier using a center tapped transformer (which
requires two thyristors).
▪ Full wave bridge controlled rectifiers (which do not require a center tapped
transformer)
▪Single phase semi-converter (half controlled bridge converter, using two SCR’s
and two diodes, to provide single quadrant operation).
▪Single phase full converter (fully controlled bridge converter which requires
four SCR’s, to provide two quadrant operation).
Three Phase Controlled Rectifiers are of different types
▪Three phase half wave controlled rectifiers.
▪Three phase full wave controlled rectifiers.
▪Semi converter (half controlled bridge converter).
▪Full converter (fully controlled bridge converter).
Single phase full wave controlled rectifiers are of various types
• Single phase full wave controlled rectifier using a center tapped transformer
(two pulse converter with mid point configuration).
• Single phase full wave bridge controlled rectifier
1. Half controlled bridge converter (semi converter).
2. Fully controlled bridge converter (full converter).
2.4 SINGLE PHASE FULL-WAVE MID POINT CONVERTER
(M-2 CONNECTION)
𝑽𝑺 = Supply Voltage across the upper half of the transformer secondary winding
𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉an = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡,
𝑉bn = −𝑉an = −𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 = supply voltage across the lower half of the transformer
secondary winding.
This type of full wave controlled rectifier requires a center tapped transformer and two
thyristors T1and T2. The input supply is fed through the mains supply transformer, the
primary side of the transformer is connected to the ac line voltage which is available
(normally the primary supply voltage is 230V RMS ac supply voltage at 50Hz supply
frequency in India). The secondary side of the transformer has three lines and the
center point of the transformer (center line) is used as the reference point to measure
the input and output voltages. The upper half of the secondary winding and the
thyristor T1 along with the load act as a half wave controlled rectifier, the lower half of
the secondary winding and the thyristor T2with the common load act as the second
half wave controlled rectifier so as to produce a full wave load voltage waveform.

Fig.2.2 power circuit diagram

There are two types of operations possible.

▪Discontinuous load current operation, which occurs for a purely resistive load or
an RL load with low inductance value.
▪Continuous load current operation which occurs for an RL type of load with large
load inductance.
2.4.1 DISCONTINUOUS LOAD CURRENT OPERATION (FOR LOW
VALUE OF LOAD INDUCTANCE)
Generally the load current is discontinuous when the load is purely
resistive or when the RL load has a low value of inductance. During the positive half
cycle of input supply, when the upper line of the secondary winding is at a positive
potential with respect to the center point ‘n’ the thyristor T1is forward biased and it
is triggered at a delay angle of α. The load current flows through the thyristor T1,
through the load and through the upper part of the secondary winding, during the
period α to β, when the thyristor T1 conducts.
The output voltage across the load follows the input supply voltage that
appears across the upper part of the secondary winding from ωt =α to β. The load
current through the thyristor T1 decreases and drops to zero at ωt = β, where β>π
for RL type of load and the thyristor T1 naturally turns off at ωt = β.

Fig2.3 .voltage and current waveform

During the negative half cycle of the input supply the voltage at the
supply line ‘a’ becomes negative whereas the voltage at line ‘b’ (at the lower side of
the secondary winding) becomes positive with respect to the center point ‘n’. The
thyristor T2 is forward biased during the negative half cycle and it is triggered at a
delay angle of (π+α) . The current flows through the thyristor T2, through the load,
and through the lower part of the secondary winding when T2 conducts during the
negative half cycle the load is connected to the lower half of the secondary winding
when T2conducts.
2.4.2 TO DERIVE AN EXPRESSION FOR THE DC OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF A
SINGLE PHASE MIDPOINT CONTROLLED RECTIFIER WITH RL LOAD
(WITHOUT FREE WHEELING DIODE (FWD)
The average or dc output voltage of a full-wave controlled rectifier can be calculated
by finding the average value of the output voltage waveform over one output cycle
(i.e., π radians) and note that the output pulse repetition time is 𝑇 2 seconds where
T represents the input supply time period and 𝑇 = 1/ 𝑓 ; where f = input supply
frequency.
Assuming the load inductance to be small so that β>π, β<(π+α) we obtain
discontinuous load current operation. The load current flows through T1 from ωt =α
to β, where α is the trigger angle of thyristor T1and β is the extinction angle where
the load current through T1 falls to zero at ωt = β.
The average or dc output voltage

1 
V0 =
  V d (t )
o

1 
V0 =
  V m sin t.d (t )

V0 =
Vm
− cos t 

V0 =
Vm
cos  − cos  

Therefore 𝑽o(dc) = 𝑽𝒎 /𝝅 (𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜶 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷) , for discontinuous load current
operation, π<β<(π+α).

For resistive load ,When the load inductance is small and negligible that is
L ≈0 , the extinction angle β=π radians . Hence the average or dc output voltage
for resistive load is obtained as

V0 =
Vm
cos  − cos  

V0 =
Vm
cos  − (−1)

V0 =
Vm
1 + cos  )

2.4.3 THE EFFECT OF LOAD INDUCTANCE
Due to the presence of load inductance the output voltage reverses
and becomes negative during the time period ωt =π to β. This reduces the dc
output voltage. To prevent this reduction of dc output voltage due to the
negative region in the output load voltage waveform, we can connect a free
wheeling diode across the load. The output voltage waveform and the dc output
voltage obtained would be the same as that for a full wave controlled rectifier
with resistive load.
2.4.4 CONTINUOUS LOAD CURRENT OPERATION (WITHOUT FWD)
For large values of load inductance the load current would be continuous and
does not fall to zero.
For large values of load inductance the load current flows continuously without
decreasing and falling to zero and there is always a load current flowing at any
point of time. This type of operation is referred to as continuous current
operation. Generally the load current is continuous for large load inductance and
for low trigger angles. The load current is discontinuous for low values of load
inductance and for large values of trigger angles.
The waveforms for continuous current operation are as shown.

Fig.2.4. Load voltage and load current waveform for a single phase
midpoint converter
 The thyristor T1conducts from α to (π+α) , until the next thyristor T2 is
triggered. When T2 is triggered at ωt = (π+α) , the thyristor T1will be reverse biased
and hence T1turns off.
In the case of continuous current operation the thyristor T1which is
triggered at a delay angle of α, conducts from ωt =α to (π+α) . Output voltage follows
the input supply voltage across the upper half of the transformer secondary winding
𝑣o = 𝑣an = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡. The next thyristor T2 is triggered at ωt = (π+α) , during the
negative half cycle input supply. As soon as T2is triggered at ωt = (π+α) , the thyristor
T1will be reverse biased and T1turns off due to natural commutation (ac line
commutation). The load current flows through the thyristor T2 from ωt = (π+α) to
(2π+α) . Output voltage across the load follows the input supply voltage across the
lower half of the transformer secondary winding 𝑣o = 𝑣bn = −𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡. Each
thyristor conducts for π radians (1800) in the case of continuous current operation.
2.4.5 AVERAGE OR DC OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF SINGLE PHASE FULL WAVE
MID-POINT CONVERTER WITH LARGE LOAD INDUCTANCE ASSUMING
CONTINUOUS LOAD CURRENT OPERATION.

1  +
V0 =
  Vo d (t )

1  +
V0 =
  Vm sin t.d (t )

V0 =
Vm
− cos t  +

V0 =
Vm
− cos( +  ) + cos  

V0 = cos  + cos  )
Vm

cos( +  ) = − cos 
2Vm
V0 = cos 

2.5 SINGLE PHASE FULL CONVERTER
(FULLY CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER)

Fig. 2.5. Circuit diagram

The circuit diagram of a single phase fully controlled bridge converter is
shown in the figure with a highly inductive load and a dc source in the load circuit
so that the load current is continuous and ripple free (constant load current
operation). The fully controlled bridge converter consists of four thyristors T1,
T2,T3 and T4 connected in the form of full wave bridge configuration as shown in
the figure. Each thyristor is controlled and turned on by its gating signal and
naturally turns off when a reverse voltage appears across it.
During the positive half cycle when the upper line of the transformer
secondary winding is at a positive potential with respect to the lower end the
thyristors T1and T2are forward biased during the time interval ωt = 0 to π. The
thyristors T1and T2are triggered simultaneously ωt =α; (0 ≤α≤π) , the load is
connected to the input supply through the conducting thyristors T1and T2. The
output voltage across the load follows the input supply voltage and hence output
voltage 𝑉𝑂 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡. Due to the inductive load T1 and T2will continue to
conduct beyond ωt =π, even though the input voltage becomes negative. T1 and
T2 conduct together during the time period α to (π+α) , for a time duration of π
radians (conduction angle of each thyristor = 1800 ).
During the negative half cycle of input supply voltage for ωt =π to 2π the
thyristors T3and T4are forward biased. T3 and T4are triggered at ωt = (π+α) . As
soon as the thyristors 3 T and 4 T are triggered a reverse voltage appears across
the thyristors T1and T2and they naturally turn-off and the load current is
transferred from T1and T2to the thyristors T3and T4. The output voltage across
the load follows the supply voltage and 𝑉𝑂 = −𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 during the time period
ωt = (π+α) to (2π+α) . In the next positive half cycle when T1and T2 are
triggered, T3and T4are reverse biased and they turn-off. The figure shows the
waveforms of the input supply voltage, the output load voltage, the constant load
current with negligible ripple and the input supply current.
 During the time period ωt =α to π, the input supply voltage VS and the
input supply current is both positive and the power flows from the supply to the
load. The converter operates in the rectification mode during ωt =α to π.
During the time period ωt =π to (π+α) , the input supply voltage Vs is
negative and the input supply current is positive and there will be reverse power
flow from the load circuit to the input supply. The converter operates in the
inversion mode during the time period ωt =π to (π+α) and the load energy is fed
back to the input source.
The single phase full converter is extensively used in industrial
applications up to about 15kW of output power. Depending on the value of trigger
angle α, the average output voltage may be either positive or negative and two
quadrant operation is possible.
2.5.1 TO DERIVE AN EXPRESSION FOR THE AVERAGE (DC)
OUTPUT VOLTAGE
The output voltage waveform consists of two output pulses during the
input supply time period between 0 & 2π radians . In the continuous load current
operation of a single phase full converter (assuming constant load current) each
thyristor conduct for π radians (1800 ) after it is triggered. When thyristors T1and
T2are triggered at ωt =α, T1 and T2 conduct from α to (π+α) and the output
voltage follows the input supply voltage. Therefore output voltage 𝑉𝑂 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡
for ωt =α to (π+α). Hence the average or dc output voltage can be calculated as

1  +
V0 =
  Vo d (t )

1  +
V0 =
  Vm sin t.d (t )

V0 =
Vm
− cos t  +

V0 =
Vm
− cos( +  ) + cos  

V0 = cos  + cos  )
Vm

cos( +  ) = − cos 
2Vm
V0 = cos 

 The dc output voltage Vdc can be varied from a maximum value of
2𝑉𝑚/𝜋 for 𝛼 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 −2𝑉𝑚/𝜋 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝛼 = 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠.
The maximum average dc output voltage is calculated for a trigger angle α= 0 and is
obtained as
2Vm 2Vm
V0 = cos(0) =
 
2.5.2 CONTROL CHARACTERISTIC OF SINGLE PHASE FULL
CONVERTER :
The dc output control characteristic can be obtained by plotting the average or dc
output voltage Vdc versus the trigger angle α For a single phase full converter the
average dc output voltage is given by the equation

2Vm
V0 = cos 


Fig.2.7 .Control characteristics

From the control characteristic , by varying the trigger angle α we can vary
the output dc voltage across the load. Thus it is possible to control the dc output
voltage by changing the trigger angle α. For trigger angle α in the range of 0 to 90
degrees (i.e., 0 ≤ α≤ 900 ), Vdc is positive and the average dc load current Idc is also
positive. The average or dc output power Pdc is positive, hence the circuit operates as
a controlled rectifier to convert ac supply voltage into dc output power which is fed to
the load. For trigger angle α>90˚ ,cos α becomes negative and as a result the average
dc output voltage Vdc becomes negative, but the load current flows in the same
positive direction i.e., Idc is positive . Hence the output power becomes negative. This
means that the power flows from the load circuit to the input ac source. This is
referred to as line commutated inverter operation. During the inverter mode operation
for α>900 the load energy can be fed back from the load circuit to the input ac source.
Fig 2.8 Two quadrant operation exhibiting rectifier and inverting mode
operation of full converter

The above figure shows the two regions of single phase full converter
operation in the Vdc versus Idc plane.
In the first quadrant when the trigger angle α is less than 900, and Vdc ,Idc are
both positive and the converter operates as a controlled rectifier.
It converts the ac input power into dc output power. The power flows
from the input source to the load circuit. This is the normal controlled rectifier
operation where Pdc is positive.

When the trigger angle is increased above 900 , Vdc becomes negative but Idc is
positive and the average output power (dc output power)
Pdc becomes negative and the power flows from the load circuit to the
input source. The operation occurs in the fourth quadrant where Vdc is negative
and Idc is positive. The converter operates as a line commutated inverter.
2.5.3 TO DERIVE AN EXPRESSION FOR THE RMS VALUE OF THE
OUTPUT VOLTAGE

1
 1  + 2 2  2
Vor =   Vm sin t.dt 
  
1
Vm2  +  1 − cos 2t   2
=   .dt 

   2  
1
Vm2  sin 2t  
 + 2

=  t − 
 2  2  
1
V 2   sin 2( +  ) sin 2  
 + 2

=  ( +  −  ) − 
m
−  
 2   2 2  
1
Vm2  sin 2 sin 2   2
Vor =   − +  Note : sin( +  ) = sin 
 2  2 2 
1
Vm2  2
=  . 
 2 
V
Vor = m = Vs
2
Vor = Vs
2.6 INVERTER MODE OF OPERATION

Fig.2.9. Power circuit diagram

Fig.2.10.Voltage and current waveforms for single phase full converter for
α < π/2
2.6.1 INVERTER MODE OF OPERATION

❖ For α < π/2, Vo > 0.

❖ Since the thyristors conducts current only in one direction I0 >0 always.
❖ Therefore power flowing to the dc side.
❖ P = V0 I0 > 0 for α < π/2.
❖ However for α > π/2, V0 < 0. Hence P < 0. This may be interpreted as the load
side giving power back to the ac side
❖ and the converter in this case operate as a line commutated current source
inverter. So the same converter circuit may be operated as an inverter by just
increasing α beyond π/2.
❖ When the trigger angle is increased above 900 ,
❖ Vdc becomes negative but Idc is positive and the average output power (dc
output power) Pdc becomes negative.
❖ power flows from the load circuit to the input source.
❖ The operation occurs in the fourth quadrant where Vdc is negative and Idc is
positive.
❖ The converter operates as a line commutated inverter.
2.7 SINGLE PHASE SEMICONVERTERS

Fig.2.11. Power circuit diagram

Fig.2.12. Voltage and current waveforms for single phase semi converter
for continuous load current
Single phase semi-converter circuit is a full wave half controlled bridge converter
which uses two thyristors and two diodes connected in the form of a full wave
bridge configuration. The two thyristors are controlled power switches which are
turned on one after the other by applying suitable gating signals (gate trigger
pulses). The two diodes are uncontrolled power switches which turn-on and
conduct one after the other as and when they are forward biased. The circuit
diagram of a single phase semi-converter (half controlled bridge converter) is
shown in the above figure with highly inductive load and a dc source in the load
circuit.
When the load inductance is large the load current flows continuously and we
can consider the continuous load current operation assuming constant load
current, with negligible current ripple (i.e., constant and ripple free load current
operation).
The ac supply to the semiconverter is normally fed through a mains supply
transformer having suitable turns ratio. The transformer is suitably designed to
supply the required ac supply voltage (secondary output voltage) to the converter.
During the positive half cycle of input ac supply voltage, when the transformer
secondary output line ‘A’ is positive with respect to the line ‘B’ the thyristor T1 and
the diode D1are both forward biased. The thyristor T1is triggered at ωt =α; (0
≤α≤π) by applying an appropriate gate trigger signal to the gate of T1. The
current in the circuit flows through the secondary line ‘A’, through T1, through the
load in the downward direction, through diode D1 back to the secondary line ‘B’.
T1and D1conduct together from ωt =α to π and the load is connected to the input
ac supply. The output load voltage follows the input supply voltage (the secondary
output voltage of the transformer) during the period ωt =αto π.
At ωt =π, the input supply voltage decreases to zero and becomes negative
during the period ωt =π to (π+α) . The freewheeling diode Dm across the load
becomes forward biased and conducts during the period ωt =π t o (π+α).
The load current is transferred from T1and D1 to the FWD Dm. T1and D1are
turned off. The load current continues to flow through the FWD Dm. The load
current free wheels (flows continuously) through the FWD during the
freewheeling time period π to (π+α).
During the negative half cycle of input supply voltage the secondary line ‘A’
becomes negative with respect to line ‘B’. The thyristor T2 and the diode D2are
both forward biased. T2 is triggered at
ωt = (π+α) , during the negative half cycle. The FWD is reverse biased and turns-
off as soon as T2 is triggered. The load current continues to flow through T2 and
D2 during the period ωt = (π+α) to 2π.
5.7.1TO DERIVE AN EXPRESSION FOR THE AVERAGE OR DC OUTPUT
VOLTAGE OF A SINGLE PHASE SEMI-CONVERTER

1
Vor = 

V m sin t.dt

=
Vm
− cos 2t 

=
Vm
− cos  − (− cos  )

Vo =
Vm
1 + cos  )

5.7.2 TO DERIVE AN EXPRESSION FOR THE RMS OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF A
SINGLE PHASE SEMI-CONVERTER

1
1  2 2  2
Vor =   Vm sin t.dt 
  
1
Vm2  1 − cos 2t  2
=  dt 
  2 
1
V 2  sin 2t   
 2

= m  t −  
 2  2   
1
V 1   sin 2 sin 2  
2
= m   ( −  ) −  −  
2    2 2  
1
1  sin 2  2
Vm
Vor = Vs   ( −  ) +  = Vs
2 
Note :
  2
2.8 THREE PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS

2.8.1 INTRODUCTION TO 3-PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS

Three phase converters are 3-phase controlled rectifiers which are used to convert ac
input power supply into dc output power across the load.

FEATURES OF 3-PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS ARE

❖ Operate from 3 phase ac supply voltage.

❖ They provide higher dc output voltage and higher dc output power.
❖ Higher output voltage ripple frequency.
❖ Filtering requirements are simplified for smoothing out load voltage and load
current.

Three phase controlled rectifiers are extensively used in high power variable speed
industrial dc drives.

THREE PHASE SUPPLY VOLTAGE EQUATIONS

Fig.2.13 .Vector diagram of three phase supply

2.8.2 3-PHASE HALF WAVE CONVERTER WITH R LOAD

Three single phase half-wave converters are connected together to form a three phase
half-wave converter as shown in the figure.

Fig.2.14. Three phase M-3 converter power circuit diagram

Fig.2.15. Line To Neutral Source Voltages and Load Voltage Waveforms of

Three Phase 3 Pulse Converter R Load
 The 3-phase half wave converter combines three single phase half wave
controlled rectifiers in one single circuit feeding a common load. The thyristor T1 in
series with one of the supply phase windings ' a - n ' acts as one half wave
controlled rectifier. The second thyristor T2 in series with the supply phase winding
'b - n ' acts as the second half wave controlled rectifier. The third thyristor T3
rectifier in series with the supply phase winding ' c - n ' acts as the third half wave
controlled.
The 3-phase input supply is applied through the star connected supply
transformer as shown in the figure. The common neutral point of the supply is
connected to one end of the load while the other end of the load connected to the
common cathode point.
 
When the thyristor T 1 is triggered at t =  6 +   = (30 +  ) , the phase voltage an
0

Vm appears across the load when T1 conducts. The load current flows through the
supply phase winding ‘a - n ' and through thyristor T1 as long as T1 conducts.
 5 
When thyristor T 2 is triggered at t =  +   = (150 0 +  ) , T1 becomes reverse
 6 
biased and turns-off. The load current flows through the thyristor T2 and through
the supply phase winding 'b - n ' . When T2 conducts the phase voltage Vbn
appears across the load until the thyristor T3 is triggered .
 3 
 t =
 +  = (270 0 +  )
When the thyristor T3 is triggered at  2  , T2 is reversed biased
and hence T2 turns-off. The phase voltage Vcn appears across the load when T3
conducts.
When T1 is triggered again at the beginning of the next input cycle the thyristor T3
turns off as it is reverse biased naturally as soon as T1 is triggered. The figure
shows the 3-phase input supply voltages, the output voltage which appears across
the load.
For a purely resistive load where the load inductance ‘L = 0’ and the trigger angle
 
 
6

, the load current appears as discontinuous load current and each thyristor is
naturally commutated when the polarity of the corresponding phase supply voltage
reverses. The frequency of output ripple frequency for a 3-phase half wave
converter is 3fs , where fs is the input supply frequency.

The 3-phase half wave converter is not normally used in practical converter systems
because of the disadvantage that the supply current waveforms contain dc
components.
2.8.2.1 TO DERIVE AN EXPRESSION FOR THE AVERAGE OUTPUT
VOLTAGE OF A 3-PHASE HALF WAVE CONVERTER FOR RESISTIVE
LOAD
The reference phase voltage is Vrn =Van= Vm sinwt. The trigger angle α is
measured from the cross over points of the 3-phase supply voltage waveforms. When the
phase supply voltage Van begins its positive half cycle at ωt =0 , the first cross over
point appears at

 
t =  radians = 30 0 deg rees
6

The trigger angle α for the thyristor 1 T is measured from the cross over point
at ωt = 30˚.The thyristor T1 is forward biased during the period ωt = 30˚ to 150˚
when the phase supply voltage an v has a higher amplitude than the other phase supply
voltages. Hence T1 can be triggered between 30˚ to 150˚ .When the thyristor T1 is
triggered at a trigger angle α ,
The average or dc output voltage for R load when firing angle < 30˚
150  +
1
2 30+ m
Vo = V sin t.dt
3
= m − cos t 30+
3V 150  +

2
= m − cos(150 +  ) + cos(30 +  )
3V
2
= m − cos150 cos  + sin 150 sin  + cos 30 cos  − sin 30 sin  
3V
2
= m − cos(180 − 30) cos  + sin(180 − 30) sin  + cos 30 cos  − sin 30 sin  
3V
2
Vo = m cos(30) cos  + sin( 30) sin  + cos 30 cos  − sin 30 sin  
3V
2

Vo =
3Vm
2 cos(30) cos  
2
3V  3 
Vo = m 2 cos  
2  2 

Vo =
3 3Vm
cos  
2
Vo = ml cos  
3V
2
Where,
Vml= 3Vm Max. line to line supply voltage for a 3-phase star connected transformer.
The maximum average or dc output voltage is obtained at a delay angle α= 0 and is
given byVdc (max) = 3 3 Vm , Where Vm is the peak phase voltage.
2

2.8.2.2 TO DERIVE AN EXPRESSION FOR RMS OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF

3-PHASE HALF WAVE CONVERTER FOR RESISTIVE LOAD

The RMS value of output voltage for R load when firing angle < 30˚
1
 1 150 +  2

 2 30+
Vor =  V 2
sin 2
 t .d t 

m

 3 
1
150  +
3Vm  1 − cos 2t  2
=   d t 
2   30+ 2 
1
150  +
  sin 2t   2

=
3Vm
 ( t )150  +
30  + −   
2  2   2 30+ 
1
  2

(150 +  − 30 −  ) − 2 (sin 2(150 +  ) − sin 2(30 +  ) )

3Vm 1
=
2   
1
1 3  2
Vor = 3Vm  + cos 2 
 6 8 
2.8.3 3-PHASE HALF WAVE CONVERTER WITH R LOAD FOR FIRING
ANGLE > 30˚

Fig.2. 16. Line To Neutral Source Voltages and Load Voltage Waveforms of
Three Phase 3 Pulse Converter R Load
 180
1
Vo =
2  V m sin t.dt
3 30+
3Vm
= − cos t 180 
30  +
2
= m − cos(180) + cos(30 +  )
3V
2
Vo = m − (−1) + cos(30 +  )
3V
2
Vo = m 1 + cos( + 30)
3V
2

1
 1 180   2

 2 30+
Vor =  Vm sin t.dt 
2 2


 3 
1
3Vm  
180 
1 − cos 2t
2
=   dt 
2  30+ 2 
1
3Vm  
180 
 sin 2t 
2

(t )30+ − 
180 
=  
2  2   2 30+ 
1
  2
=
3Vm
 (180 − 30 −  ) −
1
(sin 2 (180 ) − sin 2 (30 +  ) )
2   2 
1
  2

(150 −  ) + 2 (sin 2(30 +  ) )

3Vm 1
Vor =
2   
1
3Vm  5  1   2
Vor =  6 −   + 2  sin( 2 + 3 ) 
2     
1
V  5  1   2
Vor = ml  6 −   + 2  sin( 2 + 3 ) 
2     
 2.9 THREE PHASE FULL CONVERTER

Three phase full converter is a fully controlled bridge controlled rectifier using six
thyristors connected in the form of a full wave bridge configuration. All the six
thyristors are controlled switches which are turned on at a appropriate times by
applying suitable gate trigger signals.

Fig.2.17 . Three phase full converter - Voltage waveforms, current waveforms

& conduction of thyristors for different firing angles
➢ The three thyristors (T1 ,T3 andT5 ) will not work together at the same time or two
of them also will not work together at the same time.
➢ The three thyristors (T2 ,T4 andT6 ) will not work together at the same time or two
of them also will not work together at the same time.
➢ (T1 and T4 ), (T3 and T6 ) or (T5 and T2 ) will not work together at the same time.
➢ Each thyristor is triggered at an interval of 2pi / 3.
➢ Each thyristors pair ((T6&T1 ), (T1&T2 ), (T2&T3 ), (T3&T4 ), (T4&T5 ), (T5&T6 )) is
triggered at an interval of pi / 3.
➢ The frequency of output ripple voltage is 6fS.
➢ If T1 is triggered at (30 + α), T3 will be triggered at (30 + α+120) and T5 will be
triggered at (30 +α+240). T4 will be triggered at (30 + α+180), T6 will be triggered
at (30 + α+120+180) and T2 will be triggered at (30 +α +240+180).

Fig.2.18 . Three phase full converter – circuit diagram

Firing T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Angle
0˚ 30˚ 90˚ 150˚ 210˚ 270˚ 330˚

30˚ 60˚ 120˚ 180˚ 240˚ 300˚ 360˚

60˚ 90˚ 150˚ 210˚ 270˚ 330˚ 390˚

90˚ 120˚ 180˚ 240˚ 300˚ 360˚ 420˚

Table.2.1 Three phase full converter – triggering angles of

thyristor
 Fig.2.19. Voltage waveforms and conduction of thyristors for a 3 phase
full converter

At ωt = 30˚+α, thyristor T6 is already conducting when the thyristor T 1is turned on

by applying the gating signal to the gate of T 1. During the time period to ωt =
30+α to 90˚+α thyristors T 1and T 6 conduct together and the line to line supply
voltage Vab appears across the load. At ωt = 90 ˚+α , the thyristor T2 is triggered
and T6 is reverse biased immediately and T6 turns off due to natural
commutation. During the time period ωt = 90˚+α to 150˚+α , thyristor T1 and
T2 conduct together and the line to line supply voltage V ac appears across the
load. The thyristors are numbered in the circuit diagram corresponding to the order
in which they are triggered. The trigger sequence (firing sequence) of the
thyristors is 12, 23, 34, 45, 56, 61,12, 23, and so on. The figure shows the
waveforms of three phase input supply voltages, output voltage, the thyristor
current through T1 and T4 , the supply current through the line ‘a’.
We define three line neutral voltages (3 phase voltages) as follows

VRN = Van = Vm sin t

2 

VYN = Vbn = Vm sin  t − (
 = Vm sin t − 120
0
)
 3 
2 

VBN = Vcn = Vm sin  t + ( ) (
 = Vm sin t + 120 = Vm sin t − 240
0 0
)
 3 
  
VRY = Van = (Van − Vbn ) = 3Vm sin  t + 
 6
 
VYB = Vbc = (Vbn − Vcn ) = 3Vm sin  t − 
 2
 
VBR = Vca = (Vcn − Van ) = 3Vm sin  t + 
 2
2.9.1 THE AVERAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF THREE PHASE FULL CONVERTER
WITH HIGHLY INDUCTIVE LOAD ASSUMING CONTINUOUS AND CONSTANT
LOAD CURRENT
The output load voltage consists of 6 voltage pulses over a period of 2π radians,
hence the average output voltage is calculated as

120  +
1
 60+ ml
Vo = V sin t.dt
3

= ml − cos t 60+
3V 120  +


= ml − cos(120 +  ) + cos(60 +  )
3V

= ml − cos120 cos  + sin 120 sin  + cos 60 cos  − sin 60 sin  
3V

3V   − 1  3 1 3 
= ml −   cos  + sin  + cos  − sin  
   2 2 2 2 
3V
Vo = ml cos 

2.9.2 THE RMS OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF THREE PHASE FULL CONVERTER
WITH HIGHLY INDUCTIVE LOAD ASSUMING CONTINUOUS AND CONSTANT
LOAD CURRENT

1
 1 120 +  2

Vor = 
  60+
Vml sin t.dt 
2 2


 3 
1
3Vml  
120  +
1 − cos 2t
2
=   dt 
  60+ 2 
1
3Vml  120 +  sin 2t  
120  + 2

= ( t )60+ −   
 2   2  60+ 
1

( 120 +  − 60 −  ) − 1 (sin 2(120 +  ) − sin 2(60 +  ))
2
3Vml
=
2  2 
1
3  1  2
= Vml  − (sin( 2 + 240) − sin( 2 + 120) )
2  3 2 
1
3  1  1  2
= Vml  −  sin 2 cos 240 + cos 2 sin 240) + (sin 2 cos120 + cos 2 sin 120) 
2  3 2  2 
1
3  1  1  1 1  2
3 3
= Vml  −  − sin 2 − cos 2  +  − sin 2 + cos 2 
2  3 2  2 2  2 2 2 
1
3  1  2
3 1 3
= Vml  + sin 2 − cos 2 − sin 2 + cos 2 
2  3 4 4 4 4 
1
3  2 3  2
= Vml  + cos 2 
2  3 4 
1
3   2
3
Vo = Vml  + cos 2 
2  3 2 
2.9 A. THREE PHASE SEMICONVERTERS
A 3-phase semi-converters are three phase half controlled bridge controlled rectifiers
which employ three thyristors and three diodes connected in the form of a bridge
configuration. Three thyristors are controlled switches which are turned on at
appropriate times by applying appropriate gating signals. The three diodes conduct
when they are forward biased by the corresponding phase supply voltages. 3-phase
semi-converters are used in industrial power applications up to about 120kW output
power level, where single quadrant operation is required. The power factor of 3-phase
semi-converter decreases as the trigger angle increases. The power factor of a 3-
phase semi converter is better than three phase half wave converter.
The figure shows a 3-phase semi-converter with a highly inductive load and the load
current is assumed to be a constant and continuous load current with negligible ripple.
Thyristor T1 is forward biased when the phase supply voltage Van is positive and
greater than the other phase voltages Vbn and Vcn . The diode D1 is forward biased
when the phase supply voltage Vcn is more negative than the other phase supply
voltages.
Thyristor T2 is forward biased when the phase supply voltage Vbn is positive and
greater than the other phase voltages. Diode D2 is forward biased when the phase
supply voltage Van is more negative than the other phase supply voltages.
Thyristor T3 is forward biased when the phase supply voltage Vcn is positive and
greater than the other phase voltages. Diode D3 is forward biased when the phase
supply voltage Vbn is more negative than the other phase supply voltages.

Fig.2.20. Power circuit for a 3 phase semi converter feeding RLE load
The figure shows the waveforms for the three phase input supply voltages, the output
voltage, the thyristor and diode current waveforms, the current through the free wheeling
diode Dm and the supply current Ia . The frequency of the output supply waveform is 3fs
, where fs is the input ac supply frequency. The trigger angle can be varied from 0˚ to
180˚ .
During the time period 30˚ to 210˚ , thyristor T1 is forward biased. If T1 is triggered at
ωt = 30˚+α , T1 and D1 conduct together and the line to line supply voltage Vac appears
across the load. At ωt = 210˚, Vac starts to become negative and the free wheeling diode
Dm turns on and conducts. The load current continues to flow through the free wheeling
diode Dm and thyristor T1 and diode D1 are turned off.
If the free wheeling diode m D is not connected across the load, then T1 would continue
to conduct until the thyristor T2 is triggered at ωt = 150˚+α and the free wheeling action
is accomplished through T1 and D2 , when D2 turns on as soon as Van becomes more
negative at ωt = 210˚+α. If the trigger angle α< 60˚ ,each thyristor conducts for 210˚
and the free wheeling diode Dm does not conduct. The waveforms for a 3-phase semi-
converter with α< 60˚ as shown in figure.

THE AVERAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF THREE PHASE SEMICONVERTER FOR

α< 60˚

120  120  +
1
Vo =
2  Vml sin t.dt + V m sin t.dt
3 60+ 60 

=
3Vml
1 + cos  
2

THE AVERAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF THREE PHASE SEMICONVERTER FOR

α> 60˚ 180 
1
Vo =
2 V

ml sin t.dt
3

=
3Vml
1 + cos  
2

It is seen that average output voltage is the same for both the six pulse and three pulse
operating modes of a semi converter.
Fig.2.21. Three phase semi converter - Voltage waveforms, current
waveforms & conduction of thyristors for different firing angles

A three phase semi converter has the unique feature of working as a six pulse
converter for α< 60 ֯and as a three pulse converter for α>60 .֯
2.10 PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS


i (t ) = a0 +  (an cos nt + bn sin nt )
n =1, 2,3

1 2
where a 0 =
2 0
 i(t )d (t )

1 2 1 2
an =
 0
 i(t ) cos nt d(t) and bn =
 0
 i(t ) sin nt d(t)


is (t ) = I 0 +  (Cn sin( nt +  n )
n =1, 2,3

a 
where C n = a 2 n + b 2 n and  n = tan −1  n 
 bn 

1  + 2  + 
I0 =   I .d (t ) −  I 0 .d (t ) = 0
2  
0
 + 
 1  + 2  + 
an =   I cos n  td ( t ) −  I o cos nt.d (t )
 
0
 + 
4Io
=− sin n ............. for n = 1,3,5.....
n
= 0............................. for n = 2,4,6......

1  + 2  + 
bn =   I sin n  t .d ( t ) −  I o. sin nt.d (t )
 
o
n + 
4Io
= cos n ............. for n = 1,3,5.....
n
= 0............................. for n = 2,4,6......

1/ 2
 4 I 2
  4I  
2
C n =  − o sin n  +  o cos n  
 n   n  
4I o
=
n
n = tan −1 (− tan n ) = n

4I o
 sin( nt − n )
 i s (t ) =  n
n =1,3,5

DF = cos1 = cos(− ) = cos

 I S1 2 2 .I o 1 2 2
CDF = = = = 0.90032
IS  Io 

2 2
powerfacto r = CDF  DF = cos

1/ 2
 V 
2 
voltage ripple factor =  0 r  − 1
 V0  

Power input Pi = Vs .I s1. cos 1

= V0 .I o

Reactive Power Q i = Vs .I s1.sin 

2 2 .I o 2V .I
= Vs . sin  = m o sin 
 
Vo
Qi = I 0 sin  = Vo .I o tan 
cos

B) PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF SEMI CONVERTER

For this semi converter, the variation of input current isis continuous from α to
Π, (Π+α) to 2Π and so on. But is is not constant & assumed to be ripple free
with its amplitude Io.

1  2 
Io =   I .d (t ) −  I 0 .d (t ) = 0
2 
0
 + 
1  2 
Io =   I .d (t ) −  I 0 .d (t ) = 0
2 
0
 + 
 1  2 
an =   I cos n  td ( t ) −  I o cos nt.d (t )
 
0
 + 
2Io
=− sin n ............. for n = 1,3,5.....
n
= 0............................. for n = 2,4,6......

1  2 
bn =   I sin n  t .d ( t ) −  I o. sin nt.d (t )
 
o
n + 
2Io
= (1 + cos n )............. for n = 1,3,5.....
n
= 0............................. for n = 2,4,6......
1/ 2
 2 I 2
  2I  
2
C n =  − o sin n  +  o (1 + cos n )  
 n   n  
2 2
= (1 + cos n )1 / 2
n
4I n
= o cos
n 2

 an  sin n 
 n = tan −1   = tan −1  − 
 bn   1 + cos n 
n
=-
2
 4I o n  n 
 i s (t ) =  cos . sin  nt − 
n =1,3,5 n 2  2 
4I o n 2 2 I o n
i sn = cos = cos
2.n 2 n 2
2 2 .Io 
rms fundamenta l circuit, i s1 = cos
 2
 ( −  )   ( −  ) 
1/ 2 1/ 2
rms value of total input current Is =  I o 2 = I0 
     



1 = −
2

 
DF = cos 1 = cos(− ) = cos
2 2
 𝜋 𝜋−𝛼
= −1
4 1 + cos 𝛼
1/ 2
 
 1    ( −  ) 
1/ 2
HF or THD =  − 1 =  − 1
 CDF  2
2
 8 cos 
 2 

2 2 cos
I 2 2 .Io   2
CDF = S1 = cos =
IS  2 Io  −   ( −  )


2 2 cos
powerfacto r = CDF  DF = 2  cos 
 ( −  ) 2

2 𝛼 2
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝐶𝐷𝐹𝑥𝐷𝐹 = 2 𝐶𝑂𝑆 2 1 + cos 𝛼
𝜋 𝜋−𝛼 2 𝜋 𝜋−𝛼

Power input Pi = Vs .I s1. cos1

2 2 .Io   V .I . 2
= Vs . cos . cos = s o (1 + cos  )
 2 2 
Vm
= (1 + cos  ) = V0 .I o


2 2 .Io   V .I
= Vs . cos . sin = m o sin 
 2 2 
=
1
Re active power required in 1 phase full converter for the same Io 
2
Vm V Vo
Also, Vo = (1 + cos  ) or m =
  (1 + cos  )
Vo .Io 
Qi = sin  = Vo .Io tan
1 + cos  2
2.10.1 PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF THREE PHASE
FULLY CONTROLLED CONVERTERS
2.11 EFFECT OF SOURCE INDUCTANCE

In actual practice, the converter is connected to ac mains through a transformer.

In a converter, because of source inductance, the current in the outgoing thyristor cannot
change from full value to zero instantaneously and the current through the incoming thyristor cannot
increase from zero to full value instantaneously. Therefore after the triggering gate pulse is applied
to a thyristor, the current of the outgoing thyristor decreases from full value to zero over a time ωt =
µ. During this time interval the current through incoming thyristor rises from zero to full value.
During this period µ known as commutating period, both the outgoing and incoming thyristors
are conducting. µ is also known as overlap angle. The overlapping of currents causes a reduction
in output voltage. During this commutation period, the output voltage is equal to 0 in single phase

𝑣𝑎𝑛 +𝑣𝑏𝑛 𝑣𝑏𝑛 +𝑣𝑐𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑛 +𝑣𝑐𝑛

converter and is equal to or 𝑜𝑟 in three phase converter.
2 2 2

Fig.2.21 Single Phase Converter (a) Circuit Diagram (b) Equivalent Circuit

Figure shows a single phase fully controlled bridge convereter with source
inductance Ls. The load is assumed to be highly inductive so that load current
can be assumed to be constant and equal to I0. Let i1 and i2 be the currents
through Th1, Th2 combination and Th3, Th4 combination respectively.

During overlap period µ one of these currents decays to zero and the other
builds up from zero to full value. Four thyristors conduct together as shown in
Fig.(b)
 Fig.2.22. Waveform of the Effect of Source Inductance

During the overlap period, the two branches in fig(a) are in parallel. Therefore,

di1 di
v1 − Ls = v2 − Ls 2
dt dt
 di di 
or v1 − v 2 = L s  1 − 2 
 dt dt 
let v1 = V m sin t
then v2 = −V m sin t
 di di 
therefore L s  1 − 2  = v1 − v 2 = 2V m sin t
 dt dt 
sin ce i 1 + i 2 = I 0 = cons tan t
di1 di 2
+ =0
dt dt
di V sin t
i.e 1 = m
dt Ls
Th1, Th2 pair starts conducting at ωt = α and current through them builds up from
zero at ωt = α to I0 at ωt = α+µ. Therefore from t = α/ω to t = (α+µ)/ω the current
builds up from zero to I0. Therefore

0 𝐼 𝛼+𝜇 Τ𝜔 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡
‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑖1 = ‫𝛼׬‬Τ𝜔 𝐿𝑆
𝑑𝑡 or

𝑉𝑚
𝐼𝑜 = cos 𝛼 − cos 𝛼 + 𝜇
𝜔𝐿𝑆

The output voltage is zero from ωt = α to ωt = (α+µ). Therefore to find average

output voltage , the effective period of conduction is (α+µ) to (Π+α). Therefore

Vm  +
V0 =  sin t d(t)
  +µ

V0 =
Vm
cos( +  ) − cos( + )


or V0 =
Vm
cos( +  ) − cos  

Ls
cos( +  ) = − I 0 + cos
From above equation, Vm

Substituting the value of cos(α+µ) in the above equation we get,

2 𝑉𝑚 𝜔 𝐿𝑆
𝑉𝑜 = cos 𝛼 − 𝐼
𝜋 𝜋 𝑜

If the effect of source inductance is neglected , the average output voltage is

2 𝑉𝑚
cos 𝛼
𝜋

𝜔 𝐿𝑆
Thus the source inductance causes a voltage drop equal to 𝐼 .
𝜋 𝑜
2.11 A. Overlap in a three-phase, fully-controlled converter
During the commutation angle µ, current in the outgoing line falls gradually to zero,
while the current in the incoming line rises to 𝐼𝑑 .

Fig.2.23 Three Phase Fully Controlled Converter with L s

Without the effect of source inductance, only 2 thyristors conduct at any time, one
from positive group and other from negative group.

Suppose 𝑇5 and 𝑇6 were conducting and now 𝑇1 is triggered. Due to 𝐿𝑆 , current through
𝑇5 will slowly decrease and at the same time current through 𝑇1 starts increasing.
Now 3 thyristors, 𝑇5 𝑇6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇1 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟. At ωt= 30+μ, 𝐼5 = 0 and 𝐼1 = 𝐼𝑑 . ie
when +ve group thyristors are undergoing commutation 3 thyristors, two from +ve
group and 1 from -ve group conduct together for a period of μ and a fter 30+ μ, only 2
thyristors one from each group conduct.

For instance, when T1 is triggered with angle α, after the crossover of 𝑣𝑎𝑛 and 𝑣𝑐𝑛 , the

𝑣𝑎𝑛 +𝑣𝑐𝑛
output voltage vo is given by 𝑣𝑜 =
2

The average output voltage is reduced due to overlap. The reduction is

3 𝜇
𝑣𝐿𝑆 = 𝜋 ‫׬‬0 𝑣𝐿 𝑑𝜔𝑡

3 𝜇 𝑑𝑖 3𝜔𝐿 𝐼 3𝜔𝐿𝑆
𝑣𝐿𝑆 = 𝜋 ‫׬‬0 𝐿𝑆 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜔𝑡= 𝜋 𝑆 ‫׬‬0 𝑑 𝑑𝑖 = 𝜋
𝐼𝑑 where 𝐼𝑑 = 𝐼𝑜𝑎𝑣
Fig.2.23 Three Phase Fully Controlled Converter waveforms with Ls
Due to the effect of source inductance ,the reduction of voltage by an amount 𝟑𝝎𝑳𝒔/𝝅
2.12 TRIGGERING CIRCUITS
It consists of step down transformer, uncontrolled rectifier, comparator, differentiator,
mono stable multi vibrator, oscillator, AND gate, pulse amplifier and pulse transformer.

The complete circuit diagram of triggering circuit is shown in Fig. 2.24. A single-phase
transformer with center tapped secondary windings has been used. The main
purpose of this transformer is to step down 50Hz, 220 V to 6-0-6 V. The secondary
voltage of the transformer is compared with a dc reference signal using a 741C op-amp
comparator to produce an alternating rectangular waveform of a variable pulse width.
The output of the comparator ideally swings between +5 and -5 V at every crossing
transformer output dc reference voltage. Using a variable resistor, the dc reference
voltage can be altered and hence the rectangular waveform of variable pulse width is
obtained at output terminal.

A simple R-C differentiator is used to differentiate the rectangular voltage waveform. The
elements R and C are selected as 10KΩ and 0.01μF, respectively. Monostable
multivibrator often called a on shot multivibrator, is a pulse generating circuit in which
the duration of this pulse is determined by the RC network connected externally to the
555 timer. A 555 timer produces an output pulse using a positive going edge trigger to
produce a delay angle between 0º and 90º for the conversion mode of operation.

The differentiator is blocked by a connected diode. The number of comparators and

monostable blocks are 2 blocks to produce firing pulses for conversion and inversion
mode together. The values of R9 and C7 for the monostable are chosen so that the pulse
width is approximately 0.5ms. Once triggered, the circuit’s output will remain in the high
state until the set time elapses. The output will not change its state even if an input
trigger is applied again during this time interval. The output will remain in the low state
until a trigger is again applied. IC 555 timer is used as oscillator.

The square wave output waveform of of 20kHz by connecting suitable resistor and
capacitor. Pulse gating of thyristor is not suitable for RL loads, this difficulty can be
overcome by using continuous gating. However, continuous gating may lead to increased
thyristor losses and distortion of output pulse. So, a pulse train generated by modulating
the gate pulse at high frequency is used to trigger the thyristor. This high frequency
wave is known as carrier wave and is generated by using 555 timer.The outputs of
monostable multivibrator and oscillator are applied to the AND gate. IC 7408 two input
AND gate is used for this purpose. A long duration pulse may saturate the pulse
transformer and the firing pulse may be distorted so high frequency modulation is
necessary.

The duty cycle is kept less than 50 percent, so that the magnetic flux in the transformer
can be reset. The modulation pulse also reduces the gate dissipation.
 Fig.2.24 firing circuit for full converter

2.12 A

It includes UJT triggering, SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier), Load resistor. A

unijunction transistor (UJT) is an electronic semiconductor device that has only one
junction. The UJThas three terminals: an emitter (E) and two bases (B1 and B2). The
base is formed by lightly doped n-type bar of silicon. Two ohmic contacts B1 and B2
are attached at its ends. The emitter is of p-type and it is heavily doped. The
resistance between B1 and B2, when the emitter is opencircuit is called inter base
resistance.

Fig. 2.25 Synchronised UJT Triggering Circuit

A synchronized UJT triggered circuit using an UJT is shown in the figure. Diodes ‘D1’
to ‘D4’ rectify ac to dc. Resistor Rs lowers Edc to a suitable value for the zener diode
and UJT. Zener diode ‘Dz’ functions to clip the rectified voltage to a standard level,
‘Vz’ which remains constant except near the Edc zero. The voltage Vz is applied to the
charging circuit RC. Current ‘I’, charges capacitor ‘c’ at a rate determined by ‘R’
voltage across capacitor is marked by ‘Vc’ as shown. When ‘Vc’ reaches the
unijunction threshold voltage Vz, the t-B1 junction of UJT breaks down and the
capacitor ‘c’ discharges through the primary of pulse transformer sending a current ‘i2’
as shown. As the current ‘i2’ is in the form of pulse, windings of the pulse transformer
have pulse voltages at their secondary terminals. Pulse at the two secondary windings
feeds the same in phase pulse to two SCRs of a full wave circuits. SCR with positive
anode voltage would turn ON. As soon as the capacitor discharges, it starts to recharge
as shown. Rate of rise of capacitor voltage can be controlled by varying ‘R’.
2.13 DUAL CONVERTER

➢ Dual converter, the name itself says two converters.

➢ It is really an electronic converter or circuit which comprises of two converters. One

will perform as a rectifier and the other will perform as an inverter.
➢ Therefore, we can say that double processes will occur at a moment. Here, two full
converters are arranged in anti-parallel pattern and linked to the same dc load. These
converters can provide four quadrant operations.

The basic block diagram is shown below.

Fig.2.26 Block diagram of dual converter

Modes of Operation of Dual Converter

There are two functional modes: Non-circulating current mode and circulating mode.

Non Circulating Current Mode

•One converter will perform at a time. So there is no circulating current between the
converters.
•During the converter 1 operation, firing angle (α1) will be 0<α1< 90o; Vdc and Idc are
positive.
•During the converter 2 operation, firing angle (α2) will be 0<α2< 90o; Vdc and Idc are
negative.
Circulating Current Mode
•Two converters will be in the ON condition at the same time. So circulating current is
present.
•The firing angles are adjusted such that firing angle of converter 1 (α1) + firing angle of
converter 2 (α2) = 180o.
•Converter 1 performs as a controlled rectifier when firing angle be 0<α1< 90o and
Converter 2 performs as an inverter when the firing angle be 90o<α2< 180o. In this
condition, Vdc and Idc are positive.
•Converter 1 performs as an inverter when firing angle be 90o<α1< 180o and Converter
2 performs as a controlled rectifier when the firing angle be 0<α2< 90o In this condition,
Vdc and Idc are negative.

•The four quadrant operation is shown below.

 Fig.2.26 Four quadrant operation

The term ‘ideal’ refers to the ripple free output voltage. For the purpose of
unidirectional flow of DC current, two diodes (D1 and D2) are incorporated between
the converters. However, the direction of current can be in any way. The average
output voltage of the converter 1 is V01 and converter 2 is V02. To make the output
voltage of the two converters in same polarity and magnitude, the firing angles of the
thyristors have to be controlled.

Fig.2.27 IDEAL ONE

 Average output voltage of Single-phase converter = 2Vm cos𝛼/𝜋

Average output voltage of Three-phase converter =3Vml cos 𝛼/𝜋

For converter 1, the average output voltage,Vo1

For converter 2, the average output voltage,Vo2

Output voltage, Vo=VO1+VO2

The firing angle can never be greater than 180˚. So,

Types of Dual Converters

They are of two types: Single-phase dual converter and three-phase dual converter.

Single Phase Dual Converter

The source of this type of converter will be single-phase supply. Consider, the
converter is in non-circulating mode of operation. The input is given to the converter 1
which converts the AC to DC by the method of rectification. It is then given to the load
after filtering. Then, this DC is provided to the converter 2 as input. This converter
performs as inverter and converts this DC to AC. Thus, we get AC as output. The
circuit diagram is shown below.

Fig.2.28 Single phase Dual converter

Three Phase Dual Converter

Here, three-phase rectifier and three-phase inverter are used. The processes are similar
to single-phase dual converter. The three-phase rectifier will do the conversion of the
three-phase AC supply to the DC. This DC is filtered and given to the input of the second
converter. It will do the DC to AC conversion and the output that we get is the three-
phase AC. Applications where the output is up to 2 megawatts. The circuit is shown
below.

Application of Dual Converter

• Direction and speed control of DC motors.

• Applicable wherever the reversible DC is required.
• Industrial variable speed DC drives.

Fig.2.29 Three phase Dual converter

2.14 APPLICATIONS

2.14.1 LIGHT DIMMERS

Semiconductor dimmers switch on at an adjustable time (phase angle) after the start of
each alternating current half-cycle, thereby altering the voltage waveform applied to lamps
and so changing its RMS effective value. Because they switch instead of absorbing part of
the voltage supplied, there is very little wasted power. Dimming can be almost
instantaneous and is easily controlled by remote electronics. This development also made
it possible to make dimmers small enough to be used in place of normal domestic light
switches.

In the electrical schematic shown, a typical silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) based light
dimmer dims the light through phase-angle control. This unit is wired in series with the
load. Diodes (D2, D3, D4 and D5) form a bridge, which generates pulsed DC. R1 and C1
form a circuit with a time constant. As the voltage increases from zero (at the start of
every halfwave) C1 will charge up. When C1 is able to make Zener diode D6 conduct and
inject current into the SCR, the SCR will fire. When the SCR conducts, D1 will discharge C1
via the SCR. The SCR will shut off when the current falls to zero and the supply voltage
drops at the end of the half cycle, ready for the circuit to start work on the next half cycle.
This circuit is called a Leading-Edge Dimmer or Forward Phase Dimming.

Fig 2.30 An electrical schematic for a typical SCR-based light dimmer

Fig 2.31 phase control waveform of SCR-based light dimmer

 Waveform of the output voltage of a thyristor dimmer set for 60 volts RMS output,
with 120 V input. The red trace shows the output device switching on about 5.5 ms
after the input (blue) voltage crosses zero. Switching the thyristor on earlier in each
half cycle gives a higher output voltage and brighter lights.

2.14.2 EXCITATION SYSTEM

The system which is used for providing the necessary field current to the rotor
winding of the synchronous machine, such type of system is called an excitation
system. In other words, excitation system is defined as the system which is used for
the production of the flux by passing current in the field winding. The main
requirement of an excitation system is reliability under all conditions of service, a
simplicity of control, ease of maintenance, stability and fast transient response. The
amount of excitation required depends on the load current, load power factor and
speed of the machine. Static Excitation System in a Generator is essential for the
production of working magnetic flux in the air gap. It is usually provided by having
filed winding on the rotor in case of Synchronous Generator. Providing field winding on
the rotor possess certain advantages over field winding on the stator. It shall be noted
at this point that DC current flows in the field winding to create working magnetic
flux.

Thus for any excitation system, the main aim shall be to flow DC current in
the field winding. Static Excitation system is one such method.

Static Excitation System, power for providing field excitation is derived

from the Generator output terminals. A transformer know as Excitation
Transformer, is connected to the output terminals of Generator to step
down the voltage to required voltage level usually 415 V AC. As we need
DC supply, therefore Transformer output is connected to a Thyristor Full
Bridge Rectifier.

The firing angle of thyristor Full Bridge Rectifier is controlled by a Regulator so that
required field excitation may be provided. Secondary terminal of CT and PT
connected to Generator output terminals is fed to regulator. On the basis of
Generator terminal voltage, the regulator adjusts its firing angle.

Therefore, regulator increases the firing angle so that average value of DC current
may reduce. Similarly, if the Generator terminal voltage goes below its rated value
then field current must be increased. Therefore regulator decreases the firing angle
to increase the average value of the field current.
Fig 2.30 simplified block diagram of static excitation system
2.14.3 Power Electronics in PV Systems
The power generation based on photovoltaic and its implication on the related power
electronic circuits is seen here . In applying power electronics, the system engineering
is indispensable for improving the performance of the whole system.
The major role of Power Electronics is as follows:
• To interconnect the individual solar panels in series and parallel according to
requirement. A dc-dc converter interfacing the two solar panels that cannot be
identical will help to maintain the required current and voltage, and with regulation
improve the overall efficiency. Several non-isolated dc-dc converters have been
employed. Buck, buck-boost, boost and Cuk topologies with suitable modifications can
be employed for this purpose .
• Interfacing the dc output of the PV system to the grid or the load, this
includes dc-dc-ac and dc-ac-ac con-version . Where the grid is not present and
the use of batteries to store energy is required, off-grid PV systems are used, in
order to cover the demand during the night or whenever energy is needed. To prevent
the batteries to dis-charge on the modules during the night, blocking diodes are used
which also protect the batteries from short circuit. They also provide over-current
protection of the strings in case of short circuits, if more than one string is used.
Charge regulators control the charging of the batteries . There is the need to use dc
voltage and current with stable characteristics, independent from irradiance
fluctuations, in off-grid systems. Hence, a DC-DC conversion topology is used.
Switch mode DC-DC converters are used to match the dc output of a PV generator to a
variable load. The system types can be used as grid-direct and battery-based systems.
The grid-direct systems use inverters to connect the PV array to the electric utility
grid. Battery based systems acts as energy storage systems. Battery-based systems are
divided into two subsystems: a stand-alone system and electric utility backup system.
The classification utility-interactive system is used to analyze these systems.
• Utility-interactive is a general term; it can apply in grid-direct and backup systems as
well, that are in parallel with the electric utility. In photovoltaic systems, PV array is
connected directly to an inverter .

Fig 2.31 simplified block diagram of SOLAR PV system to utility grid

 ASSIGNMENTS
1.Fill in the blank(s) with appropriate word(s)
i) In a single phase fully controlled converter the _________ of an uncontrolled converters
are replaced by ____________.
ii) In a fully controlled converter the load voltage is controlled by controlling the _________
of the converter.
iii) A single phase half wave controlled converter always operates in the ________
conduction mode.
iv) The voltage form factor of a single phase fully controlled half wave converter with a
resistive inductive load is _________ compared to the same converter with a resistive
load.
v) The load current form factor of a single phase fully controlled half wave converter with a
resistive inductive load is _________ compared to the same converter with a resistive
load.
Answers: (i) diodes, thyristors; (ii) firing angle; (iii) discontinuous (iv) poorer; (v) better.

2.Practice Problems and Answers

Q1. Is it possible to operate a single phase fully controlled half wave converter in the
inverting mode? Explain.

Q2. A 220V, 20A 1500 RPM separately excited dc motor has an armature resistance of 0.75Ω
and inductance of 50 mH. The motor is supplied from a single phase fully controlled
converter operating from a 230 V, 50 Hz, single phase supply with a firing angle of α =
30°. At what speed the motor will supply full load torque. Will the conduction be
continuous under this condition?

Q3. The speed of the dc motor in question Q2 is controlled by varying the firing angle of the
converter while the load torque is maintained constant at the rated value. Find the
“power factor” of the converter as a function of the motor speed. Assume continuous
conduction and ripple free armature current.

Q4. Find the load torque at which the dc motor of Q2 will operate at 2000 RPM with the field
current and α remaining same.
3.Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
i) A single phase fully controlled bridge converter can operate either in the _________ or
________ conduction mode.
ii) In the continuous conduction mode at least _________ thyristors conduct at all times.
iii) In the continuous conduction mode the output voltage waveform does not depend on the
________ parameters.
iv) The minimum frequency of the output voltage harmonic in a single phase fully controlled
bridge converter is _________ the input supply frequency.
v) The input displacement factor of a single phase fully controlled bridge converter in the
continuous conduction mode is equal to the cosine of the ________ angle.
Answer: (i) continuous, discontinuous; (ii) two; (iii) load; (iv) twice; (v) firing.

4. Fill in the blank(s) with appropriate word(s)

i. The internal impedance of an ac source supplying a converter is largely ______________
in nature.
ii. Due to the presence of source ______________ commutation in a converter is not
______________.
iii. The period over which the commutation process continues is called the ______________
period.
iv. Length of the overlap period depends on the valve of the source inductance and load
______________.
v. In a single phase converter ______________ thyristors conduct during the overlap
period.
vi. In a three phase converter ______________ thryistors conduct during the overlap period
provided the overlap angle is less than ______________ degrees.
vii. The average output voltage of a ac-dc converter ______________ as a result of
commutation overlap.
Answer: (i) inductive; (ii) inductance, instantaneous; (iii) overlap; (iv) current ; (v) four; (vi)
three, sixty;
 PART A - Q & A
UNIT- II Phase controlled converters
1. What is meant by phase controlled rectifier? CO2/K1
It converts fixed ac voltage into variable dc voltage.
2. Mention some of the applications of controlled rectifier. CO2/K1
Steel rolling mills, printing press, textile mills and paper mills employing dc motor drives. DC
traction, Electro chemical and electro-metallurgical process, Portable hand tool drives, Magnet
power supplies HVDC transmission system
3. What is the function of freewheeling diodes in controlled rectifier? It serves two process.
CO2/K1
• It prevents the output voltage from becoming negative.
• The load current is transferred from the main thyristors to the freewheeling diode, thereby
allowing all of its thyristors to regain their blocking states.
4. What are the advantages of freewheeling diodes in a controlled in a controlled rectifier?
CO2/K1
• Input power factor is improved.
• Load current waveform is improved and thus the load performance is better.
5. What is meant by delay angle? CO2/K1
The delay angle is defined as the angle between the zero crossing of the input voltage and the
instant the thyristor is fired.
6. What are the advantages of single phase bridge converter over single phase mid-point
converter? CO2/K1
SCRs are subjected to a peak-inverse voltage of 2Vm in a fully controlled bridge rectifier. Hence
for same voltage and current ratings of SCR s, power handled by mid-point configuration is
about In mid-point converter, each secondary winding should be able to supply the load power.
As such, the transformer rating in mid-point converter is double the load rating.
7. What are the different methods of firing circuits for line commutated converter?CO2/K1
• UJT firing circuit.
• The cosine wave crossing pulse timing control.
• Digital firing schemes.
8. Give an expression for average voltage of single phase semiconverters.CO2/K1
Average output voltage Vdc = (Vm / π) (1 + cos α ).
9. What is meant by input power factor in controlled rectifier? CO2/K1
The input power factor is defined as the ratio of the total mean input power to the total RMS
input volt-amperes.
PF = ( V1 I1 cos φ1 ) / ( Vrms Irms) where V1 = phase voltage, I1 = fundamental component of
the supply current, φ1 = input displacement angle, Irms = supply rms current.

10. What are the advantages of six pulse converter?CO3/K2

• Commutation is made simple.
• Distortion on the ac side is reduced due to the reduction in lower order harmonics.
• Inductance reduced in series is considerably reduced.

11. What is meant by commutation? CO2/K1

It is the process of changing the direction of current flow in a particular path of the circuit. This
process is used in thyristors for turning it off.

12.What are the types of commutation? CO2/K1

• Natural commutation
• Forced commutation

13. What is meant by natural commutation? CO2/K1

Here the current flowing through the thyristor goes through a natural zero and enable the
thyristor to turn off.

14. What is meant by forced commutation? CO2/K1

In this commutation, the current flowing through the thyristor is forced to become zero by
external circuitry.
 PART-B
QUESTIONS
S PART-B QUESTIONS CO K
NO level level
1. Draw and Explain the necessary circuit and waveforms of a single CO2 K2

phase full converter with RL load working under discontinuous

conduction mode. Obtain the expressions for average and RMS
output voltage.

2. Draw and Explain the necessary circuit and waveforms of single CO2 K2
phase Semi converter with RL load and explain its operation. Obtain
the expression for average output voltage and RMS output voltage.

3. Draw and Explain the necessary circuit and waveforms of a single CO2 K2

phase semi converter with R load working under conduction α=90°

and α=60° modes Obtain the expressions for average and RMS
output voltage

4. Draw and Explain the necessary circuit and waveforms of a single CO2 K2

phase full converter with R load working under conduction α=90°

and α=60° modes .Obtain the expressions for average voltage and
current.

5. Explain the rectifying and inverting mode operation of single phase CO2 K2

full converter. Also derive the expressions for average and RMS
output voltage.

6. Draw and Explain the necessary circuit and waveforms of a three CO3 K2

phase full converter with RLE load working under continuous

conduction mode and explain its operation under rectification and
inversion mode. Obtain the expressions for average and RMS output
voltage.
 S PART-B QUESTIONS CO K
NO level level
7. Explain the rectifying and inverting mode operation of 6 pulse CO3 K2

converters. Also derive the expressions for average and RMS output
voltage.

8. Draw and Explain the necessary circuit and waveforms of a three CO3 K2

phase semi converter with R load working under conduction α=90°

and α=60° modes Obtain the expressions for average and RMS
output voltage

9. With necessary circuit and wave forms, explain the principle of CO2 K2

operation of single phase Dual-converter. Derive the expression for

average output voltage.

10. With necessary circuit and wave forms, explain the principle of CO3 K2

operation of three phase Dual-converter. Derive the expression for

average output voltage.

11. Explain the principle of operation of single phase dual converter CO2 K2

with two functional modes.

12, Explain the effect of source inductance in the operation of single CO2 K2
phase fully controlled converter with a neat sketch.

13. Derive expression relating the effect of source inductance in the CO2 K2

operation of single phase fully controlled converter.

14. Draw the necessary circuit and waveforms of 6 pulse converter with CO3 K2

RLE load working under continuous conduction mode and explain

its operation. Obtain the expression for average output voltage

15. A 3-phase 6 pulse converter is connected to a resistive and CO3 K2

inductive load of 10 ohm and 1H respectively from 3-phase, 415V,
50 Hz Y- connected supply. For firing angle of 30 degree,
Determine(i)Average output voltage
(ii)Average output current
(iii)RMS output current
 ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSES
SWAYAM
Power Electronics
By Prof. G.Bhuvaneshwari | IIT Delhi
SUMMARY
Course Status :Upcoming
Course Type :Core
Duration : 12 weeks
Start Date : 14 Sep 2020
End Date : 04 Dec 2020
Exam Date : 20 Dec 2020
Enrollment Ends :21 Sep 2020
Category :
Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engineering
Power Systems and Power Electronics
COURSE ERA
Enrolled from JULY 2020
•Introduction to power electronics
•Converter control
•Power electronics specialization
 REAL TIME APPLICATION IN DAY TO DAY LIFE
AND INDUSTRY
Applications and Uses of Rectifiers
The primary application of the rectifier is to derive DC power from AC power. Rectifiers are used
inside the power supplies of almost all electronic equipment. In power supplies, the rectifier is
normally placed in series following the transformer, a smoothing filter and possibly a voltage
regulator. Below, we have discussed a few rectifier applications:

Rectifier is used for powering appliances

As we are aware that all electrical appliances uses DC power supply to function. Using a rectifier
in the power supply helps in converting AC to DC power supply. Bridge rectifiers are widely used
for large appliances, where they are capable of converting high AC voltage to low DC voltage.

These are used with transformers

Use of a half wave rectifier can help us achieve the desired dc voltage by using a step down or
step up transformers. Full wave rectifiers are even used for powering up motor and led, which
works on DC voltage.

Uses of rectifier while soldering

Half wave rectifier are used in soldering iron types of circuit and is also used in mosquito
repellent to drive the lead for the fumes. In electric welding, bridge rectifier circuits are used to
supply steady and polarized DC voltage.

It is also used in AM radio

A half wave rectifiers are used in AM radio as a detector because the output consists of an audio
signal. Due to the less intensity of current, it is of very less use to the more complex rectifier.

Uses of Rectifier in circuits

A half wave rectifier is used in firing circuits and pulse generating circuits.

It is used for modulation

For demodulating the amplitude of a modulated signal, a half wave rectifier is used. In a radio
signal, to detect the amplitude of a modulating signal, a full wave bridge rectifier is used.

It is used in voltage multiplier

For the purpose of voltage multiplier, a half wave rectifier is used.
 CONTENT BEYOND SYLLABUS

S CONTENT DATE OF DELIVERY QUESTION OUT COME

No DELIVERY RELATED TO THE
DELIVERY
1. Power electronics 13.7.2020 to 1.Application of Improving computer
circuit simulation 17.7.2020 pulses to a single skills of applying
and its analysis thyristor and circuits in real time
variation of load data.
voltage Platform used
2.Design of Single Mat lab simulation
thyristor firing software
circuit
3.Application of
pulses to bridge
type thyristor and
analyzed with
different type of
load.
 PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS & REFERENCE
BOOKS
TEXT BOOKS:

1. M.H. Rashid, ‘Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices and Applications’, Pearson

Education, Third Edition, New Delhi, 2004.

2. P.S.Bimbra “Power Electronics” Khanna Publishers, third Edition, 2003.

3. Ashfaq Ahmed ‘Power Electronics for Technology’, Pearson Education, Indian

reprint, 2003.

REFERENCES

1. Joseph Vithayathil,’ Power Electronics, Principles and Applications’, McGraw Hill

Series, 6th Reprint, 2013.

2. Philip T. Krein, “Elements of Power Electronics” Oxford University Press, 2004

Edition.

3. L. Umanand, “Power Electronics Essentials and Applications”, Wiley, 2010.

4. Ned Mohan Tore. M. Undel and, William. P. Robbins, ‘Power Electronics:

Converters, Applications and Design’, John Wiley and sons, third edition, 2003.

5. S.Rama Reddy, ‘Fundamentals of Power Electronics’, Narosa Publications, 2014.

6. M.D. Singh and K.B. Khanchandani, “Power Electronics,” Mc Graw Hill India,
2013.

7. JP Agarwal,” Power Electronic Systems: Theory and Design” 1e, Pearson

Education, 2002.
 Thank you

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