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MATHEMATICS IN
THE MODERN
WORLD
GNED 03
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The Language of Sets

Set – well-defined collection of distinct objects

Elements – objects that make up a set. They are usually

denoted by lower case letters. The symbol ∈ denotes
membership while the symbol ∉ denotes non-membership.
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The Language of Sets

Two Ways of Describing a Set

1. Roster/Tabular Method – elements in the given set are

listed or enumerated, separated by a comma, inside a pair
of braces.

2. Rule/Descriptive Method – the common characteristics of

the elements are defined. This method uses the set builder
notation where 𝑥 is used to represent any element of the
given set.
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The Language of Sets

Kinds of Sets

1. Empty/Null/Void Set – has no element(s) and is denoted by

∅ or by a pair of braces with no element(s) inside, i.e., {}

2. Finite Set – has countable number of elements

3. Infinite Set – has uncountable number of elements

4. Universal Set – totality of all the elements of the sets under

consideration, denoted by 𝑈
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The Language of Sets

Relationship of Sets

1. Equal Sets – sets that have the same element(s)

2. Equivalent Sets – sets that have the same number of

element(s)

3. Joint Sets – sets that have at least one common element

4. Disjoint Sets – sets that have no common element

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The Language of Sets

Relationship of Sets

5. Subset – a set every element of which can be found on a

second set. The symbol ⊂ means “a subset of”

If the first set is equal to the second set, then it is an improper

subset. The symbol ⊆ is used to mean an improper subset.

A null set is always a subset of any given set. Other than the set
itself, all are considered proper subsets.
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The Language of Sets

Relationship of Sets

The set containing all the subsets of a given set with 𝑛

elements is called the power set with 2𝑛 number of elements.
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The Language of Sets

Operations on Sets

There are four operations performed on sets. Suppose we

name the two sets as set A and set B:

1. Union of sets 𝑨 and 𝑩 (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) – set whose elements are

found in 𝐴 or 𝐵 or in both

2. Intersection of sets 𝑨 and 𝑩 (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) – set whose elements

are common to both sets
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The Language of Sets

Operations on Sets

3. Difference of sets 𝑨 and 𝑩 (𝑨 − 𝑩) – set whose elements are

found in set 𝐴 but not in set 𝐵

4. Complement of set 𝑨 (𝑨′ or 𝑨𝑪 ) – set whose elements are

found in the universal set but not in 𝐴
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The Language of Sets

Examples:

𝑈 = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18

𝐴 = 2, 3, 4, 5

𝐵 = 4, 5, 6, 7

𝐶 = 6, 7, 8, 9

𝐷 = 8, 9, 10, 11

𝐸 = {16, 18}
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The Language of Sets

Examples:

1. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 =
2. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 =
3. 𝐵 ∪ 𝐷 =
4. 𝐴∪𝐵 ∪𝐸

5. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 =
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The Language of Sets

Examples:

6. 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 =
7. 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) =
8. (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) =
9. 𝐴 − 𝐵 =
10. 𝐷 − 𝐸 =
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The Language of Sets

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The Language of Sets

Examples:

11. 𝐸 − 𝐷 =
12. 𝐸′ =
13. 𝐴′ =
14. 𝐴 − 𝐵 ′ =
15. (𝐷 − 𝐸)′ =
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The Language of Sets

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The Language of Sets

Venn Diagrams (Venn-Euler Diagrams)

– pictorial representation of relationship and operations of sets

The universal set is usually represented by a rectangle while

circles are within the rectangle usually represent its subsets.
The shaded region in the given diagrams illustrates the sets’
relation or operation.
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The Language of Sets

Disjoint Sets 𝑨 and 𝑩

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The Language of Sets

Set 𝑨 is a proper subset of Set 𝑩, 𝑨 ⊂ 𝑩

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The Language of Sets

𝐴 𝐵

Union of Sets 𝑨 and 𝑩, 𝑨 ∪ 𝑩

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The Language of Sets

𝐴 𝐵

Intersection of Sets 𝑨 and 𝑩, 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩

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The Language of Sets

𝐴 𝐵

Difference of Sets 𝑨 and 𝑩, 𝑨 − 𝑩

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The Language of Sets

Complement of a Set 𝑨, 𝑨′
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The Language of Sets

Example:

150 college freshmen were interviewed. 85 were registered for

a Math class. 70 were registered for an English class. 50 were
registered for both Math and English.

1. How many signed up only for a Math class?

2. How many signed up only for an English class?

3. How many signed up for Math or English?

4. How many signed up for neither Math or English?

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The Language of Sets

𝑀 𝐸
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The Language of Sets

Example:

47 employees were interviewed about their movie genre

preferences. 25 of them likes Action, 20 likes Comedy, 30 likes
Horror, 12 likes Action and Comedy, 14 likes Action and Horror,
11 likes Comedy and Horror, and 5 likes the three genres.

1. How many employees like Action only?

2. How many employees like Comedy only?

3. How many employees do not like Action?

4. How many employees like neither of the three genres?

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The Language of Sets

𝐴 𝐶

𝐻
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The Language of Sets

Cartesian Product

Given sets 𝐴 and 𝐵, the Cartesian product of 𝐴 and 𝐵, denoted

by 𝐴 × 𝐵 and read “𝐴 cross 𝐵” is the set of all ordered pairs (𝑎, 𝑏)
where 𝑎 is in 𝐴 and 𝑏 is in 𝐵. Symbolically,

𝐴 × 𝐵 = {(𝑎, 𝑏)|𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵}

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The Language of Sets

Cartesian Product

Let 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3} and 𝐵 = 𝑢, 𝑣 .

1. Find 𝐴 × 𝐵.

2. Find 𝐵 × 𝐴.

3. Find 𝐵 × 𝐵.

4. How many elements are in 𝐴 × 𝐵, 𝐵 × 𝐴, and 𝐵 × 𝐵?

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The Language of Sets

Cartesian Product

Let 𝑌 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐} and 𝑍 = 1,2 .

1. Find 𝑌 × 𝑍.

2. Find 𝑍 × 𝑌.

3. Find 𝑌 × 𝑌.

4. How many elements are in 𝑌 × 𝑍, 𝑍 × 𝑌, and 𝑌 × 𝑌?

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The Language of Sets

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The Language of Sets

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