INSERT - inserts new data into a database UPDATE - updates existing data in a database DELETE - deletes data from a database CREATE DATABASE - creates a new database CREATE TABLE - creates a new table in a database ALTER TABLE - modifies an existing table structure DROP TABLE - deletes a table from a database TRUNCATE TABLE - removes all records from a table CREATE INDEX - creates an index on a table DROP INDEX - deletes an index from a table JOIN - combines rows from two or more tables based on a related column INNER JOIN - returns rows when there is a match in both tables LEFT JOIN - returns all rows from the left table, and the matched rows from the right table RIGHT JOIN - returns all rows from the right table, and the matched rows from the left table Yogesh Tyagi @ytyagi782
FULL JOIN - returns rows when there is a match
in one of the tables UNION - combines the results of two or more SELECT statements UNION ALL - combines the results of two or more SELECT statements, including duplicates GROUP BY - groups rows that have the same values into summary rows HAVING - filters records based on a specified condition ORDER BY - sorts the result set in ascending or descending order COUNT - returns the number of rows that satisfy the condition SUM - calculates the sum of a set of values AVG - calculates the average of a set of values MIN - returns the smallest value in a set of values MAX - returns the largest value in a set of values DISTINCT - selects unique values from a column WHERE - filters records based on specified conditions Yogesh Tyagi @ytyagi782
AND - combines multiple conditions in a WHERE
clause OR - specifies multiple alternative conditions in a WHERE clause NOT - negates a condition in a WHERE clause BETWEEN - selects values within a specified range IN - specifies multiple values for a column LIKE - selects rows that match a specified pattern IS NULL - checks for NULL values in a column IS NOT NULL - checks for non-NULL values in a column EXISTS - tests for the existence of any record in a subquery CASE - performs conditional logic in SQL statements WHEN - specifies conditions in a CASE statement THEN - specifies the result if a condition is true in a CASE statement ELSE - specifies the result if no condition is true in a CASE statement END - ends the CASE statement Yogesh Tyagi @ytyagi782
RESTRICT - restricts the deletion of a referenced
record if there are related records CASE WHEN - conditional expression in SELECT statements WITH - defines a common table expression (CTE) INTO - specifies a target table for the result set of a SELECT statement TOP - limits the number of rows returned by a query LIMIT - limits the number of rows returned by a query (used in some SQL dialects) OFFSET - specifies the number of rows to skip before starting to return rows FETCH - retrieves rows from a result set one at a time ROW_NUMBER) - assigns a unique sequential integer to each row in a result set RANK() - assigns a unique rank to each row in a result set, with gaps in the ranking sequence possible DENSE_RANK() - assigns a unique rank to each row in a result set, with no gaps in the ranking sequence Yogesh Tyagi @ytyagi782
PRIMARY KEY - uniquely identifies each record in
a table FOREIGN KEY - establishes a relationship between tables CONSTRAINT - enforces rules for data in a table DEFAULT - specifies a default value for a column NOT NULL - ensures that a column cannot contain NULL values UNIQUE - ensures that all values in a column are unique CHECK - enforces a condition on the values in a column CASCADE - automatically performs a specified action on related records SET NULL - sets the value of foreign key columns to NULL when a referenced record is deleted SET DEFAULT - sets the value of foreign key columns to their default value when a referenced record is deleted NO ACTION - specifies that no action should be taken on related records when a referenced record is deleted Yogesh Tyagi @ytyagi782
DATEPART - extracts a specific part of a date
GETDATE - returns the current date and time (similar to CURRENT_TIMESTAMP) GROUPING SETS - specifies multiple groupings for aggregation CUBE - generates all possible combinations of grouping sets for aggregation ROLLUP - generates subtotal values for a hierarchy of values INTERSECT - returns the intersection of two result sets EXCEPT - returns the difference between two result sets MERGE - performs insert, update, or delete operations on a target table based on the results of a join with a source table CROSS APPLY - performs a correlated subquery against each row of the outer table OUTER APPLY - similar to CROSS APPLY, but also returns rows from the outer table that have no matching rows in the inner table PIVOT - rotates a table-valued expression by turning the unique values from one column into multiple columns in the output Yogesh Tyagi @ytyagi782
NTILE() - divides the result set into a specified
number of equally sized groups LEAD - retrieves the value from the next row in a result set LAG() - retrieves the value from the previous row in a result set PARTITION BY - divides the result set into partitions to which the window function is applied separately ORDER BY - specifies the order of rows within each partition for window functions ROWS - specifies the window frame for window functions RANGE - specifies the window frame based on values rather than rows for window functions CURRENT_TIMESTAMP - returns the current date and time CURRENT_DATE - returns the current date CURRENT_TIME - returns the current time DATEADD - adds a specified time interval to a date DATEDIFF - calculates the difference between two dates Yogesh Tyagi @ytyagi782
UNPIVOT - rotates a table-valued expression by
turning multiple columns into unique rows in the output COALESCE - returns the first non-NULL expression in a list NULLIF - returns NULL if the two specified expressions are equal, otherwise returns the first expression lIF - returns one of two values based on a Boolean expression CONCAT - concatenates two or more strings SUBSTRING - extracts a substring from a string CHARINDEX - finds the position of a substring within a string REPLACE - replaces all occurrences of a specified substring within a string with another substring LEN - returns the length of a string UPPER - converts a string to uppercase LOWER - converts a string to lowercase TRIM - removes leading and trailing spaces from a string ROUND - rounds a numeric value to a specified number of decimal places Yogesh Tyagi @ytyagi782