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Tutorial 2

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Mallinath Ogirala
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20 views

Tutorial 2

Uploaded by

Mallinath Ogirala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Tutorial 2

Transient Conduction

1. A plate of thickness 2𝐿, surface area 𝐴𝑠 , mass 𝑀, and specific heat 𝑐𝑝 , initially at a uniform
temperature 𝑇𝑖 , is suddenly heated on both surfaces by a convection process (𝑇∞ , h) for
a period of time to, following which the plate is insulated. Assume that the mid-plane
temperature does not reach 𝑇∞ within this period of time.
a. Assuming 𝐵𝑖 ≫ 1 for the heating process, sketch and label, on 𝑇– 𝑥 coordinates,
the following temperature distributions: initial, steady-state 𝑡 → ∞, 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡0 ), and
at two intermediate times between 𝑡 = 𝑡0 and 𝑡 → ∞.
b. Sketch and label, on 𝑇– 𝑡 coordinates, the mid-plane and exposed surface
temperature distributions.
c. Repeat parts (a) and (b) assuming 𝐵𝑖 ≪ 1 for the plate.
d. Derive an expression for the steady-state temperature 𝑇(𝑥, ∞) = 𝑇𝑓 , leaving your
result in terms of plate parameters (𝑀, 𝑐𝑝 ), thermal conditions (𝑇𝑖 , 𝑇∞ , ℎ), the
surface temperature 𝑇(𝐿, 𝑡), and the heating time 𝑡0 .

2. The heat transfer coefficient for air flowing over a sphere is to be determined by observing
the temperature–time history of a sphere fabricated from pure copper. The sphere, which
is 12.7 𝑚𝑚 in diameter, is at 66°𝐶 before it is inserted into an airstream having a
temperature of 27°𝐶. A thermocouple on the outer surface of the sphere indicates 55°𝐶
69 𝑠 after the sphere is inserted in the airstream. Assume, and then justify, that the
sphere behaves as a space-wise isothermal object and calculate the heat transfer
coefficient.
3. Carbon steel (AISI 1010) shafts of 0.1 − 𝑚 diameter are heat treated in a gas-fired furnace
whose gases are at 1200 𝐾 and provide a convection coefficient of 100 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾. If the
shafts enter the furnace at 300 𝐾, how long must they remain in the furnace to achieve
a centerline temperature of 800 𝐾?

4. A metal sphere of diameter 𝐷, which is at a uniform temperature 𝑇𝑖 , is suddenly removed


from a furnace and suspended from a fine wire in a large room with air at a uniform
temperature 𝑇∞ and the surrounding walls at a temperature 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟 .
a. Neglecting heat transfers by radiation, obtain an expression for the time required
to cool the sphere to some temperature 𝑇.
b. Neglecting heat transfers by convection, obtain an expression for the time
required to cool the sphere to the temperature 𝑇.
c. How would you go about determining the time required for the sphere to cool to
the temperature 𝑇 if both convection and radiation are of the same order of
magnitude?
5. During transient operation, the steel nozzle of a rocket engine must not exceed a
maximum allowable operating temperature of 1500 𝐾 when exposed to combustion
gases characterized by a temperature of 2300 K and a convection coefficient
of 5000 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾. To extend the duration of engine operation, it is proposed that a
𝑊
ceramic thermal barrier coating (𝑘 = 10 𝑚𝐾 , 𝛼 = 6 ∗ 10−6 𝑚2 /𝑠) be applied to the
interior surface of the nozzle.
a. If the ceramic coating is 10 𝑚𝑚 thick and at an initial temperature of 300 𝐾,
obtain a conservative estimate of the maximum allowable duration of engine
operation. The nozzle radius is much larger than the combined wall and coating
thickness.
b. Compute and plot the inner and outer surface temperatures of the coating as a
function of time for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 150 𝑠. Repeat the calculations for a coating
thickness of 40 𝑚𝑚.

6. A long rod 35 𝑚𝑚 in diameter, fabricated from sapphire (aluminum oxide) and initially at
a uniform temperature of 800 𝐾, is suddenly cooled by a fluid at 300 𝐾 having a heat
transfer coefficient of 1600 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾. After 30 𝑠, the rod is wrapped in insulation and
experiences no heat losses. What will be the temperature of the rod after a long period
of time?

7. A sphere 30 𝑚𝑚 in diameter initially at 800 𝐾 is quenched in a large bath having a


constant temperature of 320 𝐾 with a convection heat transfer coefficient of
75 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾. The thermo-physical properties of the sphere material are: 𝜌 =
𝑘𝑔 𝐽
400 𝑚3 , 𝑐𝑝 = 1600 𝑘𝑔𝐾 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 = 1.7 𝑊/𝑚𝐾.
a. Show, in a qualitative manner on 𝑇– 𝑡 co-ordinates, the temperatures at the
center and at the surface of the sphere as a function of time.
b. Calculate the time required for the surface of the sphere to reach 415 𝐾.
c. Determine the heat flux (𝑊/𝑚2 ) at the outer surface of the sphere at the time
determined in part (b).
d. Determine the energy (J) that has been lost by the sphere during the process of
cooling to the surface temperature of 415 𝐾.
e. At the time determined by part (b), the sphere is quickly removed from the bath
and covered with perfect insulation, such that there is no heat loss from the
surface of the sphere. What will be the temperature of the sphere after a long
period of time has elapsed?

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