Hot and cold

The difference between energy and temperature

The temperature tells us how hot or cold something is.
We use a thermometer to measure temperature.
A liquid inside a very narrow glass tube expands when it is
heated.
For a long time thermometers were made using liquid
mercury.
Mercury is poisonous so today the liquid used in
thermometers is alcohol.
 Heat

 Heat is defined as the amount of energy transferred from one object to

another because of a difference in temperature.
 In general, particles move slowest in a solid, faster in a liquid, and fastest
in a gas. This is the reason, that ice (solid state) has a lower temperature
than liquid water, and liquid water has a lower temperature than water
vapor (gas state).
Units of Heat
SI joule (J)

CGS erg

FPS foot-pound

Special unit calorie(cal), kilocalories, British thermal unit (Btu) (FPS)

-Heat is the transfer of energy between substances based on the difference in the
substances’ temperatures.

-Energy is always transferred from a substance with a higher temperature to a

substance with a lower temperature.

Eg: When an ice cube melts, energy from the warmer air flows into the cold
ice cube. This causes the ice cube’s particles to move faster, raising its
temperature and causing it to change from solid to liquid.
Temperature
Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold something is; specifically, a
measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object, which is a type
of energy associated with motion.
Units of temperature
SI kelvin (K)
CGS degree celsius (℃)
FPS degree fahrenheit ( ̊ F)
𝟓
TK = TC + 273 , TC = (TF -32)
𝟗
Thermometer
A thermometer is a device which is used to measure the temperature of a
body.
➢ Digital thermometers do not use a liquid – instead they
use a sensor to measure the temperature.

➢ We measure temperature in degrees Celsius (°C).

➢ Human body temperature is 37 °C.

➢ The coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth was –

89.2 °C, in Antarctica in 1983.

➢ The hottest temperature ever recorded was 56.7 °C in

Death Valley, USA in 1913.
Heating solids, liquids, and gases
The process of heating changes the motion of particles. If you heat a
solid the particles in the solid vibrate more. In liquids and gases the
particles move faster. The temperature has increased.

The individual particles in a solid,

liquid, or gas get hotter.
Each particle can only move or vibrate
faster. The temperature of a solid is a
property of the solid, not of the
individual atoms or molecules that
make up the solid.
How much energy does it take to raise the temperature of
an object?
It depends on three things.

1. The mass of the object.

2. What it is made of.

3. The temperature change that you want.

Hot to cold
• Thermal energy always moves from a hot object to a cold
object.
• If you put a cold object in contact with a hot object the
temperature of the cold object will increase, and the
temperature of the hot object will decrease.
• Thermal energy has been transferred.
• Thermal energy will be transferred from the water to the ice
and it will melt.
• If you put a hot pan in a sink of water the water will get
hotter. Thermal energy will be transferred from the pan to the
water.
• Eventually the pan and the water will end up at the same
temperature.
Notes
● Temperature is a measure of how hot something is,
measured in degrees Celsius.

● Thermometers are used to measure temperature.

● Temperature is independent of mass.

● When you heat up a solid, liquid, or gas the motion of

the particles changes.
1. Explain the difference between temperature and thermal energy.
Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold something is.
Thermal energy is heat.

2.Missing words in order:

2. Copy and complete these sentences.

When you heat up a liquid the particles in it move ___faster__. The same thing
happens when you heat up a __gas_____. When you heat up a ___solid____the
particles just vibrate more.
4 Why does it take more energy to heat up 1 kg of cold water than 0.5 kg of
cold water to the same temperature?

It takes more energy to heat up 1kg of water because it has a greater mass.
There are more particles in a greater mass, so more energy must be transferred
to get them all moving faster.

5 Why does it take longer to boil a kettle of water than to warm the same kettle
of water to a lower temperature?
I t takes longer to boil a kettle of water , than to heat the same kettle water to a
lower temperature because you need to transfer more energy to get the particles
moving even faster to reach the higher temperature.
10.2 Energy transfer: conduction
Conductors and insulators
Thermal energy is transferred through a solid byconduction.

Some solids conduct thermal energy better than others.

Metals are very good conductors of thermal energy.

Copper is a particularly good conductor of thermal energy, and

saucepans are often made of copper.

It quickly conducts the energy to the food in the saucepan.

Many non-metals are poor conductors of thermal energy.
They are insulators.

They do not conduct at all, but that thermal energy is

transferred very slowly through them.

Materials such as paper, cloth, wood, and plastic are all

insulators.

The handles of saucepans are often made of wood or plastic

so you do not burn yourself.
 Heat Conduction
Heat conduction is the transfer of heat energy through a material medium. The
individual parts of the medium do not move as a whole. In conduction, energy
will continue to be transferred until the temperatures of the two substances are
equal.
e.g., transfer of heat in teaspoon or iron rod
Heat conduction in solids, liquids and gases takes place due to temperature
difference.
Conduction in liquids and gases
• Liquids like water are poor conductors of thermal energy
compared with solids.
• Air is a very good insulator if it is trapped and cannot move.

• It is used in materials that are designed to keep people warm.

• Clothing and bedding can be made from materials that trap air.

• Gases such as air do not transfer thermal energy because their

particles are much further apart than the particles in a solid.
Notes
● Thermal energy is transferred through a solid by conduction.

● Metals are good conductors of thermal energy, but plastic and

wood are poor conductors.

● Liquids and gases that are not free to move around are poor
conductors of thermal energy.

● Poor conductors are called insulators.

1 Describe the difference between a conductor and an insulator.
A conductor transfers thermal energy very quickly.
An insulator transfers thermal energy slowly.

2 What would happen if you heated water in a saucepan made of a

material that is not a good conductor of thermal energy?
It would take a very long time to heat water in a saucepan that is
made of a material that is not a good conductor. To heat water
enough thermal energy must be transferred to make all the
particles move faster , if this is transferred at a slow rate it will
take a long time to reach this point.
 Heat Convection
Heat convection is the one mode of energy transfer .A very large
quantity of heat is carried through a fluid ( gas or liquid)by the motion
of the fluid itself.
Heat convection takes place in liquid and gases.
The water in contact with the bottom of
the pan gets warmer.
● The molecules in the warmer water
are moving faster than the molecules
in the cooler water above.
● The molecules in the warmer water
move further apart.
● The warmer water becomes less
dense.
● The warmer water rises (floats up).
● Cooler, denser water moves down to
take its place.
Convection in the atmosphere
If you live near the coast you might notice
that there is a breeze that comes off the sea
during the day, but changes direction at
night.
We can explain this using convection.
On a hot day the Sun heats the land. The
land is solid and heats up much more quickly
than the water. The air just above the ground
gets hotter than the air higher up.

The rising air is replaced with cooler air

from above the sea, so the breeze comes off
the sea.
Convection in the atmosphere
At night the ground cools down
quickly, much more quickly than the
sea. Now the air above the sea heats
up, expands, and rises. This pulls
cooler air from above the ground to
replace it so the breeze changes
direction.
Notes

● When a gas or liquid gets hot it expands and becomes

less dense.
● The less dense gas or liquid rises and is replaced by
cooler gas or liquid. This sets up a convection current.
● A convection current in the atmosphere is called
a thermal.
• Pg 209
• 1 What is the difference between conduction and convection?
Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy through a
substance by increasing the energy of particles.
Convection is the transfer of thermal energy by the movement
of the substance.
• 2 Explain what ‘hot air rises’ means, in terms of the particles in
a gas.
• When particle in a gas are heated they gain more energy
.These particles move further apart because they have more
energy and warm gas becomes less dense. A less dense
warmer gas will rise above a more dense or cooler gas.
Heat Radiation
Radiation is a one mode of energy transfer in which heat is transferred by means
of electromagnetic radiation.
Energy reaches us from the Sun as
infrared or thermal radiation.

● Infrared can travel through a

vacuum as a wave, like light.

● All objects emit thermal

radiation. They emit light only
if they are hot enough.
The electromagnetic spectrum

• All the waves of the electromagnetic spectrum travel at the

same speed, the speed of light, and they can all travel through a
vacuum.
• They have different wavelengths, frequencies, and energies.
• Radio has the longest wavelength, the lowest frequency, and the
smallest energy.
• Gamma has the shortest wavelength, the highest frequency, and
the highest energy.
• They all have different uses and some are more dangerous than
others.
Notes
● Energy reaches us from the Sun as infrared or thermal
radiation.

● Infrared can travel through a vacuum as a wave, like

light.

● All objects emit thermal radiation. They emit light only

if they are hot enough.
Pg 211
1 Look at the picture of the person holding the scorpion on page Pg
204.
a Why is the image of the person that we would see with our eyes
different from the thermal image?
The image is created using measurements of infrared radiation. We
cannot see infrared because the wavelength is longer than the
visible range.
b Why does the person not emit light?
The person does not emit light because they are not enough thermal
energy .On object will producing visible light if it is emitting
enough thermal energy as radiation.
Pg 211
2 If you stand near a fire on a cold night you feel warm even
though the air is cold. Why?
The fire is producing energy that is being transferred as
thermal radiation.

3 Does the atmosphere trap heat? Explain your answer.

The atmosphere does not trap heat, it absorbs and re-emits
thermal radiation that was emitted by the Earth’s surface , but
this has come from the Sun originally.

4 What is one consequence of climate change?

Icecaps melting , changes in weather patterns.
10.5 Cooling by evaporation
Why does water evaporate?
If you leave a dish of water out, it will evaporate.

Evaporation is the process that changes liquid water to

gaseous water (water vapor).
Pg 213
1 A student thinks that water evaporates because it boils away. What would
you say to him?

Liquid does not evaporate because it boils away.

A liquid only boils when the average temperature of a liquid reaches its
boiling point , but it can evaporate at much lower temperature.
This is because some molecules in a liquid have more energy than
others, some of these molecules have enough energy to leave the
surface of the water and become a gas molecule-they evaporate.
Pg 213

2 Why does water evaporate faster if the air around it is

warmer?

Water will evaporate faster if the air around it is warmer

because energy from molecules in the air will transfer to
water molecules when they collide .This increases the
number of molecules in the water with enough energy to
evaporate into the air.
Pg 213

3. Explain why your hands feel cool if they get wet.

Your hand feel cool if they get wet because thermal energy
from your skin will transfer to the molecules of water . Some
molecules will have enough energy to evaporate and when
they do the average temperature of the liquid will decrease
and the liquid will get cooler.

4. Evaporative coolers need a supply of electricity to work. Why?

Evaporative coolers need a supply of electrical energy to
power the fan.
10.7 Fossil fuel
A fossil fuel is a non-renewable energy source that was formed
from the remains of prehistoric plants and animals that were
buried under layers of rock and compressed over millions of
years.
The most common fossil fuels are coal, petroleum, and natural
gas.
Fossil-fuel power stations
● In the power station the coal, oil, or
gas is burned to turn water into
steam.
● The steam drives a turbine, which
is like a giant fan that spins round.
● The turbine is connected to the
generator. This produces a voltage in
the coils around it.
● The steam is turned back to water
in the condenser.
Page no 217

How were fossil fuels formed? (Home work)

Pg 217
1 Copy and complete these sentences.
When you burn coal in a power station the thermal energy is used to
turn into….. . This drives a…. , which drives a generator to produce
electricity.
Water, steam, turbine.

2 Why do you need to build a fossil-fuel power station near a river

or the sea?
You need to build a fossil-fuel power station near a river or the
sea so that it has a constant and large supply of water.
3 .Describe one similarity in the formation of coal and of oil.
Describe one difference.
Coal and oil are both formed by thermal energy and pressure
transforming the remains of living things into a useful fuel.Coal
is created from the remains of plants and oil is created from the
remains of dead sea creatures.
4 .Why are coal, oil, and gas called fossil fuels?
Coal , oil and gas are called fossil fuels because they are created
from the remains of plants and animals that lived millions of
years ago.
10.9
Renewable energy: solar and geothermal
Solar cells
A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, converts the energy of light
directly into electricity.
Unlike a generator, a solar cell has no moving parts.
Each solar cell on its own does not produce a big voltage .
So you need to connect lots of solar cells together.
Geothermal power

The center of the Earth is very hot.

Some of the energy was there when the Earth was

formed and some of it comes from nuclear reactions
in the Earth.

If you drill down into the Earth the temperature rises about 25 °C for
every kilometer closer to the center of the Earth.

This temperature rise can be used to generate electricity.

Notes
● Solar energy can be used to produce electricity directly using
solar cells.

● The energy from the Sun can also be used to heat water.

● Energy from deep inside the Earth can be used to turn water
into steam.

● The steam can drive a turbine, which can drive a generator to

generate electricity.
Pg 221
1 Look at the photo of the solar power station. Why do you need to
connect lots of solar cells together?
You need to connect lots of solar cells together because each one
does not produce much voltage on their own.
2 What percentage of energy is wasted in a modern solar cell?
70% of energy is wasted in a modern solar cell.
3 How many times more efficient is a modern solar cell compared
with an old one?
A modern solar cell is six times more efficient than an older one.
Pg 221
4 What is the source of geothermal energy?

The source of geothermal energy is the thermal energy of

the Earth’s core and magma beneath the crust. Some of this
is stored energy and some is generated by nuclear
reactions.
Pg 221
5 Look at the coal-fired power station on page 216. Compare it with
the geothermal power station above.
a What are the similarities between the two power stations?
Both power stations use thermal energy from beneath the earth
or from burning coal, to heat water to produce steam that then
turns a turbine and generator to produce electricity.
b What are the differences?
The coal power station burns coal to produce the thermal energy
to boils the water to make steam.
But the geothermal power station heats the water by pumping it
down below the surface of the earth.
10.10 Renewable energy: using water and wind
Hydroelectricity
Hydroelectricity is another method of generating electricity that does
not use fossil fuels.
In hydroelectricity it is liquid water rather than steam
that moves a turbine. The turbine turns a generator to
generate electricity.
A river fills up a big lake or reservoir behind a dam.
To generate electricity the sluice gates are opened to
allow water from the reservoir to flow down pipes
inside the dam.
The water flowing in pipes drives the turbines.
The water in the reservoir is a store of gravitational
potential energy (GPE).
The GPE changes to the kinetic energy of the water
and turbines.
The Generator generates electricity which is used to
power homes and factories.
Wind
A wind turbine is a large windmill that is used to generate
electricity. Although it is called a wind turbine it contains a
turbine and a generator. Groups of wind turbines make wind
farms.
Wave power
Wave power works like wind power.
There is a chamber on the shoreline.
The waves force water up and down inside it.
The motion of the water forces air backwards and forwards through a
turbine, which makes a generator spin to generate electricity.
Tidal power
The largest tidal power station in the world is the Sihwa Lake tidal
power station in South Korea.
Pg223
1. What are the similarities between tidal power and hydroelectric power?
What are the differences?
Tidal power and hydroelectric power both generate electricity from water
trapped behind a dam or barrage flowing through turbines and turning a
generator.
2. Are wind power and wave power ‘free’? Explain your answer.
Wind power and wave power are not free . There is a cost to building a wind
farm or a wave power station.
Pg223
1 What are the similarities between tidal power and hydroelectric power?
What are the differences?
2 Are wind power and wave power ‘free’? Explain your answer.
3 All methods of generating electricity have advantages and disadvantages.
a What are the main advantages and disadvantages of wind power?
b What are the main advantages and disadvantages of hydroelectric power?
4 Do any of these methods of generating electricity produce greenhouse gases
such as carbon dioxide? Explain your answer.