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Society for American Archaeology

Archaeology at Hatchery West

Author(s): Lewis R. Binford, Sally R. Binford, Robert Whallon and Margaret Ann Hardin
Source: Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology, No. 24, Archaeology at
Hatchery West (1970), pp. i-vii, 1-91
Published by: Society for American Archaeology
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ARCHAEOLOGY AT HATCHERY WEST
LEWIS R. BINFORD
and
Sally R. Binford, Robert Whallon, Margaret Ann Hardin

memoiRS
OFTHE
SOCIETY FOR AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY

NUMBER 24

STUART STRUEVER, Memoirs Editor

A report of work carried out under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Interior,
National Park Service, Northeast Region, Contract 14-10-0525-2720

John Cotter, Regional Archaeologist

Northeast Region U.S. National Park Service
Melvin L. Fowler, Project Director
Southern Illinois University Museum

Issued as ameRICAn Antiquity, Volume 35, Number 4, October, 1970.

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PREFACE
It is with both pride and regret that this manuscript has been selected for publication as a
Memoir for the Society for American Archaeology. My pride rests in the recognition that many of
the field techniques which were initially attempted at the Hatchery West site have since been used
in such places as Turkey, the American Southwest, California, and Greece. During subsequent
fieldwork, not under my direction, Southern Illinois University adopted many of the techniques
reported here as standard field procedures. Because of the interest expressed by many researchers
in the techniques attempted in the Carlyle project, I am glad to see this report receive wide
circulation.
My regrets are numerous, not the least of which is that the analysis of the artifactual, botanical,
zoological, and associational data has not yet been completed in spite of the seven years which
have passed since the fieldwork was conducted. Some progress has been made on the descriptive
analysis of the ceramics from Hatchery West. Much of the delay is the direct result of my having
been on the staff of four different universities since the fieldwork was completed as well as
engaged in extended investigations in Europe. In spite of these problems the major reason for the
lack of progress has been the lack of space and facilities available to me at the institutions where I
have taught since leaving the University of Chicago. At the present time it is unlikely that I will
have sufficient facilities to process the mass of data from Hatchery until our new Anthropology
building is completed here at the University of New Mexico (1972). It is my conviction that large
regional research programs are the most economical and potentially the most informative strategies
to be followed in archaeological research. Funding institutions as well as "sponsoring" institutions
rarely offer programmatic support, only project support at best. Archaeologists need to press for
institutional recognition that archaeological research must be programmatic in character and as
such it will generally be regional in scope. Support for analysis, laboratory work, and the aid of
specialists, are all necessary components of good archaeological research. Few archaeologists enjoy
the kind of support needed and it is up to us to sell sponsoring institutions on the advantages both
to research and student training of well designed and executed research programs not just projects
of limited scope executed with expediently arranged facilities.
Lewis R. Binford
March, 1970

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CONTENTS
1 Introduction. 1
2 Site Description . 3
Local Vegetation. 3
Locally Available Resources . 3
Summary of the Site Situation. 6
3 Site Definition: Surface Distribution of Cultural Items. 7
Ceramics. 7
Cracked Cobbles. 8
Chipping Debris . 9
Chipped Stone Artifacts and Manos. 9
Structure of the Site Defined by Surface Distributions . 9
Summary . 13
4 Cultural Features . 16
Structural Features. 16
Pit Features. 41
Human Burials . 66
5 Structure of the Site Defined by the Cultural Features
and Correlation with the Surface Distribution of Cultural Items. 70
6 Culture History of the Site. 72
Preceramic Occupations. 72
Early and Middle Woodland Occupation . 73
Late Woodland Occupations . 73
Mississippian Occupation . 76
7 Comparative Analysis of the Components:
Form and Spatial Arrangement of Classes of Features . 79
Domestic Architecture. 79
Orientation of Structures. 80
Treatment of Houses of Abandonment . 81
Mortuary Practices. 81
Form and Spatial Arrangement of Classes of Pits. 83
Size and Composition of Communities . 84
8 Conclusions. 88
Acknowledgments. 90
References. 91

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TABLES

I Inventory of Cultural Items Recovered

in the Surface Collection. 8
II Inventories of Cultural Items by Localization Area:
Counts, Percentages, and Cumulative Percentages. 13
III Summary Chi Square Data for Localization Comparisons . 14
IV Summary Information for Recognized
Formal Classes of Artifact Concentration. 14
V Summary Data, Postmolds, Structural Feature 9 . 17
VI Summary Data, Postmolds, Structural Feature 11 . 21
VII Class Frequency Distribution, Postmold Spacing, Structural Feature 11. 22
VIII Summary Data, Postmolds, Entryway, Structural Feature 11. 23
IX Summary Data, Postmolds, Structural Feature 7 . 23
X Comparative Statistics, Structural Features 6, 7,9, & 11 . 28
XI Summary Data, Postmolds, Structural Feature 10 . 30
XII Summary Data, Wall Trenches, Structural Feature 10 . 31
XIII Summary Data, Postmolds, Structural Feature 8 . 35
XIV Summary Data, Postmolds, Structural Feature 4 . 36
XV Summary Data, Postmolds, Structural Feature 5 . 38
XVI Summary Data, Rock Hearths. 42
XVII Summary Metrical Data, Deep Earth Ovens . 43
XVIII Summary Discrete Data, Deep Earth Ovens . 45
XIX Summary of Contents, Deep Earth Ovens . 46
XX Summary Data, Soil Colors, Deep Earth Ovens . 50
XXI Summary Metrical Data, Shallow Earth Ovens. 50
XXII Summary Discrete Data, Shallow Earth Ovens. 52
XXIII Summary of Contents, Shallow Earth Ovens. 53
XXIV Summary Data, Soil Colors, Shallow Earth Ovens. 55
XXV Summary Metrical Data, Compound Cooking Pits . 57
XXVI Summary Discrete Data, Compound Cooking Pits . 58
XXVII Summary of Contents, Compound Cooking Pits . 59
XXVIII Summary Data, Soil Colors, Compound Cooking Pits . 61
XXIX Summary Interpretations, Pit Features. 62
XXX Comparative Data from Pits of Recognized Components. 65
XXXI Summary Data, Burials. 67
XXXII Inventory of Feature Types of Localization Area. 71
XXXIII Comparative Densities, Features,
and Items by Localization Area . 71
XXXIV Comparative Data for Several Occupations. 80
XXXV Detailed Orientation Data . 85
XXXVI Comparative Settlement Data of La Motte
and Mississippian Components. 86

FIGURES

1 Master Archaeological Map: Hatchery and Dean Sites. 4

2 Hatchery Site West: Ceramic Distribution. 5
vi

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3 Hatchery Site West: Comparative Surface Distributions. 10
4 Locations of Lettered Sample Areas Superimposed
upon Surface Distributions . 11
5 Cumulative Graph of Activity Loci . 12
6 Summary Graph of Grouped Areas . 12
7 Structural Feature 9, Details . 19
8 Structural Feature 11, Details . 20
9 Structural Feature 7, Details . 25
10 Structural Feature 6, Details . 27
11 Structural Feature 10, Details . 29
12 Structural Feature 8, Details . 33
13 Structural Feature 4, Details . 34
14 Structural Feature 5, Details . 37
15 Distribution of Cultural Features, Area A. 48
16 Distribution of Cultural Features, Area B. 60
17 Distribution of Daub Percentages by Feature Cluster . 64
18 Details of Burial Area . 68
19 La Motte Component I . 74
20 La Motte Component II. 75
21 La Motte Component III . 77
22 Mississippian Component. 78
23 Sunrise Angles and House Orientation. 82

vii

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1
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this report is to provide a descriptive account of the cultural features recovered
from Hatchery West during the 1963 field season and to review some of the general results
obtained from the execution of a research design aimed at obtaining as complete a picture as
possible of the internal structure of an archaeological site. The general principles underlying the
field strategy have been outlined previously (Binford 1964). Field procedure was guided by the
assumption that an archaeological site is the fossilized remains of the operation of the extinct
cultural system participated in by the past occupants of the site. As such the archaeological site
should exhibit a complex formal-spatial structure in direct correspondence to the degree of
differentiation of activities and social units performing the various activities. The job of the
archaeologist is the dissection of this structure so as to recover information about the degree of
activity differentiation and corresponding social context. In seeking to specify the structure of a
site, one seeks to demonstrate the differential spatial clustering of implements and facilities which
remain as clues to the differentiated activities conducted at the location, as well as the indicators
of the cultural history for the location insofar as there were repeated occupations, each
representing different segments of the operation of extinct cultural systems.
Throughout the report our analysis will be directed toward the specification of the internal
structure of the various archaeological components, each representative of a different phase in the
complex culture history represented at the Hatchery site. We will hopefully be able to demon
strate, as a result of the particular controls which our data collection strategy provided, the utility
of certain field techniques employed, the degree to which certain field decisions were in post hoc
judgment appropriate to the accomplishment of research aims, and to evaluate our methodological
assumptions in light of the first attempt to my knowledge at the definition of the internal
structure of an archaeological site thus far attempted in Eastern North America.
The concentration of our analytical effort on Hatchery West (not the only site investigated
during the 1963 season) is justified by the following considerations: 1) houses of a form previously
unknown in the midwest were uncovered here, 2) to my knowledge this is the first complete
community of this general time period excavated in the midwest, and 3) the cultural materials are
assignable to the recently defined La Motte culture, known previously only from the Wabash River
Valley, pointing to heretofore unsuspected affinities for the societies of the central Kaskaskia
during the early Late Woodland period. These factors were judged of sufficient importance to
warrant the concentration of analytical attention to these materials, postponing the description of
data recovered from other locations during the 1963 season until a later date.
The data presented here are not to be viewed as complete in any sense, since all the artifacfs
remain to be descriptively reported as do the mass of correlational data relating artifact occur
rences with features and environmental data. In addition, there is a quantity of animal bone,
charred plant materials, pollen, and carbon-14 samples currently being processed or already in the
hands of specialists. These important data are not included in this report. What is reported are the
data regarding the form and distribution of cultural features as well as information regarding the
results of some of our methodological investigations.
The field work on which this report is based was conducted between the 15 th of June and the
10th of September, 1963. Field work was under the direct supervision of the senior author, the
work was executed by a crew varying in number from as few as 11 to as many as 26 persons. The
work schedule followed during the season was roughly as follows.
The first two weeks were spent finishing the excavations of the Sandy Tip site on Wassam Ridge
which was begun during the 1962 season (see Binford, Schoenwetter, and Fowler 1964). This was
elected as the first task because a) the site was unfinished at the completion ofthe 1962 season,

and b) I had a good understanding of the nature of the site and the soil conditions expected;
therefore, I could more economically train my crew on this site than in an entirely new situation.
This phase of the work was completed on schedule.
During the first week of work at the Sandy Tip site, the area of the Hatchery site was
photographed from the air and the fields were plowed preparatory to a controlled surface
collection to be made before excavation began. After plowing, a crew of three men was taken from
Sandy Tip and the fields of the Hatchery site were staked off in a grid of squares six meters on a
side. As we had hoped, there was sufficient rain during the first two weeks of the field season to
adequately wash down the freshly plowed field before beginning the surface collection.
On the completion of the second week, the crew was moved onto the Hatchery site and the
controlled surface collection was accomplished for the entire area in four days.
On the completion of the surface collection, the hand excavations of large blocks were begun;
the selection of locations for excavation was guided by the findings from the surface collection.
The North Field of Hatchery site was investigated in this manner from July 2 through July 18,
with the excavation by hand of 423 square meters of area to an average depth of 45 centimeters.
Once the block excavations were judged adequate to provide the desired controls on the
reliability of the surface collection as an index of the variety and numbers of cultural items
present, power equipment in the form of a road-grader and a bulldozer pulling a 20-yard scoop was
used to remove the plow zone over most of the area of occupation in the North Field.
One-hundred-foot rolls of black building plastic were used for covering the exposed soil surfaces to
prevent moisture loss prior to their being staked out and plotted on square sheets. Features, post
molds, and all identifiable soil disturbances were recorded over the entire exposed area. After this
was completed, the excavation ofthe features was begun.
Features were excavated in the following manner: a plan was drawn of the details of the surface
of the feature noting the position of artifacts, bone, soil discolorations, etc. After this, one-half of
the feature was excavated by traditional methods using a trowel, brush, etc., and isolating the
included items which were plotted on feature detail drawings on the appropriate square sheets.
The excavation of the pit or feature was taken below the base of the definition so that an accurate
cross-section could be drawn. The remaining half of the feature was removed by shovel and the
matrix screened in order to recover the included cultural items. This procedure was followed since
it facilitated the isolation of over 500 cultural features, a staggering number in light of an average
crew of 17 over a 3-month period. In addition to the excavation procedure outlined for features, a
large soil sample was recovered from each feature and saved and stored for future processing by
flotation for the recovery of plant materials.
On the 3rd of August part of the crew was moved from the North Field to the area of the West
Field where the block excavations by hand techniques were begun. Since there was a lower surface
density of cultural items recovered from the West Field, fewer block excavations were judged
necessary; further, more time had been spent on the excavations ofthe unexpectedly large number
of features in the North Field. Therefore, we had to sacrifice some ofthe controls in the form of
block excavation by time-consuming hand methods.
On the 14th of August the power equipment was brought in and stripping operations begun.
The result was a surprise since the density and richness of sub-surface features exceeded those of
the North Field, yet there had been a much higher density of cultural items recovered from the
surface of the North Field. The same general procedure was followed in the recording and
excavation of features in the West Field. However, the sifting of the "unexcavated" part of the pits
was left until the very end of the season, since we were never sure that we would finish the job of
recording the recognized features within the time limits set by our budget. Thankfully, due to the
dedication of the crew, we were able to investigate all the exposed features.
The quantity of material and recorded information obtained during the field season is enor
mous, and it will be some time before the analysis of all these data can be completed. For this
reason we may view many of the "conclusions" presented here as working hypotheses to be tested
further against other data not used in this analysis.

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2
SITE DESCRIPTION
Hatchery Site West is located on the east bank of the Kaskaskia River just east ofthe tow
Carlyle, Illinois, and immediately downstream from the location of the Carlyle Reserv
being constructed (Fig. 1). The site is located on the crest of the T-2 terrace where the riv
currently cutting into this old terrace system. The old terrace bends to the east just north
site while the present river channel continues north resulting in a broad, low T-0 terrace fo
just north of the site. The terrace on which the site is located is very broad and not
dissected and extends eastward joining with a fairly good-sized hill formed of glacial till c
trated in what was probably crevasse fill.
The accurate definition of the boundary of the site was made possible by the controlled
collection and is shown on Fig. 1. The total area of the distribution of ceramics definitive
site is approximately 1.23 acres. Within this distribution there are two distinct concentrat
ceramic debris (see Fig. 2). In addition, there was a recognizable difference in the color oft
within the area defined by the ceramic distribution with two distinct areas of heavy
content and brown coloration. These two areas corresponded well with the areas of high ce
concentration. These two areas will be described separately since, as will be shown, they re
distinct components ofthe several present on the Hatchery West site.
The soil cover on the site is a very fine loam, probably of eolian origin which overlies a
of quartz sand of fluvial origin. The upper 20-25 centimeters are disturbed by modern plo
The plow zone rests directly on a very compact loess which is gradually transformed into a
hardpan exhibiting a typical cubical structure.
LOCAL VEGETATION
The present vegetation in the area of the site is interesting. On the very swampy, poorly
T-0 terrace just north of the site is a dense forest of pin oak with willow along the river ban
minor stands of pignut hickory and maple, representing an association previously described
Palustrian oak-hickory-maple forest (Binford 1964:8). The cover of the terrace itself i
characterized by commensal plants growing over abandoned agricultural fields. However, ju
from the soil types and drainage of the terrace on which the site is located, a climax vege
would have been a mixed plant community ranging from hydrophytic forms in the l
drained area of the terrace near the toe of Corcoran hill to a more dense concentra
mesophytic forms along the rim of the terrace. The well-drained slopes of the Corcoran hi
have supported an upland oak-hickory forest. Thus, within a radius of four hundred meters
site all of the major floral communities ofthe region converged, for the prairie extended eas
from the crest of Corcoran hill. The cover most likely to have been present on the site itsel
have been a mesophytic oak-hickory association.
LOCALLY AVAILABLE RESOURCES
Survey of the general area of the site revealed two major sources of lithic raw materials
immediate vicinity. Several deposits of limestone are exposed along the current river bed;
were exploited by the inhabitants of the site as evidenced by the presence of large quantiti
this limestone in features on the site. Today these same deposits are commercially quarried
outcrop about two miles downstream from the Hatchery site on Stone Quarry Creek. Cher
in the production of stone artifacts as well as fine grained stones like granites, gabbr
quartzites used in the production of manos, metates, and axes were obtained locally fr
erosional gullies in the glacial till which contains rolled and rounded cobbles of a var
3

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V-* -"-""-"-" - " ; -~... Cabuvle Kbkkvoi? , Cumtom Coomtv, Iuuiwoi

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Binford] SITE DESCRIPTION 5

Jtt&Po (x^c^ujym ? vi Wulfa Jr I ^ * "' '' '''''' ''-\ ^y CabiWlR

* fr ^^^&{^^h?&hM fr'VS'* J;' *" ?i ' ^xT 6calc IM Mft

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Fig. 2

different raw materials. Currently boulder beds are located along the bed of Coles Creek some
three miles north of Hatchery site, as well as along an unnamed creek west ofthe site and directly
north of the town of Carlyle, approximately one mile from the site. Minor concentrations of till
cobbles are known from erosional gullies around Corcoran hill.
Water was readily available from the river as were a variety of aquatic resources such as
mollusks and fish.

SUMMARY OF THE SITE SITUATION

The site is located on a well-drained crest of the T-2 terrace of the Kaskaskia at a point along
the river where there occurs the first constriction in the width of the valley south of Shobonier, or
for a distance of approximately 18 miles. To the north the bottomlands average three miles in
width and support a dense growth of the Palustrian oak-hickory forest and are characterized by
many small ox-bow lakes and poorly drained swampy areas. At the Hatchery site the river valley
narrows to slightly less than a mile in width, then quickly expands again to a wide valley over three
miles wide, not narrowing again until about four miles south of Hatchery, in the vicinity of Pelican
Pouch. The river cuts through bedded limestone at the site resulting in shallows which served as a
major ford across the Kaskaskia for the early settlers in the region. These particular conditions
must have influenced the selection of Hatchery site as a location for settlement by the aboriginal
peoples of the area. The advantages of such a location would have been the great diversity of
resources available because of the localized juxtapositioning of numerous different environmental
forms. For example, the shallow, more swiftly flowing water characteristic ofthe section of river
just south ofthe Hatchery site contrasts markedly with the slow, sluggish, deeper riverbed north of
the site, typical of the entire river channel as it traverses the lowlands of the wide valley north of
the site. Certainly from a single site, one could easily exploit the resources of both types of aquatic
habitats. Similarly, the different floral communities converging at this location make possible an
economical exploitation of the widest range of resources.

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3
SITE DEFINITION: SURFACE DISTRIBUTION
OF CULTURAL ITEMS
The initial problem in approaching an archaeological site as a structural entity is to define the
boundaries of the sampling universe within which the investigator must work. In the case of
Hatchery West, it was hoped that by following the procedures mentioned earlier (having the fields
especially plowed, waiting until there had been sufficient rain to settle the newly plowed earth,
laying out a grid over the entire plowed area, and collecting all items exposed on the surface and
bagging them by grid square) the analysis of the resulting data would permit definition of the
boundaries, as well as something of the internal structure of the site. Aside from the obvious
advantages of defining the universe in which we would work, we hoped to investigate the nature .of
the relationship between the structure of the site as defined by the surface distribution of cultural
items and the structure of the site as defined by the spatial configuration of sub-surface cultural
features. This kind of investigation was prompted by an awareness that certain general principles
of site selection as well as guide lines to selecting the locations on a site for excavation have been
traditionally employed for many years. It seems fair to say that archaeologists have tended to
select for excavation sites with the greatest yield of cultural items from surface collections and
have tended to excavate areas on such sites selected in terms of two general criteria: 1) where there
are above ground indications of cultural features, e.g., such things as mounds, house depressions,
walls, etc.; and 2) where there is the greatest density of cultural items observed in the surface
reconnaissance. I have previously addressed myself to the problem of obtaining an adequate and
representative sample of both cultural items and cultural features (Binford 1964). The work
reported here is an attempt to evaluate objectively the assertion that traditional methods of
selecting locations for excavation could lead to inadequate and misrepresentative data about the
site being investigated.
The plowed area of the West Field of Hatchery site consisted of 3.69 acres covered by 416
squares six meters on a side. Each of these squares was searched, all exposed items were recovered
and bagged by square. After having been catalogued by provenience unit, overall inventories and
distributional plots of gross categories of cultural items were made. Table I presents the inventory
of recovered items tabulated by gross category as separated at the time of cataloguing.
Of immediate interest is the striking abundance of introduced cobbles, presumably primarily
used in various indirect cooking or heating tasks (see Hough 1926 for discussion of types of
cooking). Second in frequency are unmodified by-products from knapping flint, indicative of tool
manufacture as a major task conducted at the site. If one eliminates these items which are not
manufactured artifacts (as well as other by-products such as daub), the inventory of normally
tabulated items is very small, such things as stone artifacts and sherds numbering far less than a
thousand. Bounded density of sherds was only 264.2/acre which is very low by midwestern
"standards" as to what are "good" archaeological sites. In short, this site is unimpressive in its
yield of cultural items in a very complete surface survey, and it is my opinion that under
traditional approaches to field work would have been recorded as an "insignificant" site not
worthy of investigation.
By plotting the varying frequency of occurrence of the different gross categories of cultural
items by grid square on topographic maps of the field, we can gain some impression of the form of
the site?its internal structure as defined by the differential distributions of cultural items.

CERAMICS
Of the 325 sherds recovered in the surface collection, all but forty are representative of a local
7

TABLE I
Inventory of Cultural Items Recovered in the Surface Collection

Class of item Number recovered Percentage of

_total

1. Bones 25 0.34%
2. Shells 14 0.19%
3. Hoe chips 11 0.15%
4. Chipped stone artifacts 182 2.48%
5. Chipping debris 2852 36.22%
6. Ground and/or pecked stone 120 1.64%
7. Daub 71 0.97%
8. Pottery sherds 325 4.17%
9. Introduced limestone 169 2.03%
10. Introduced sandstone 136 1.70%
11. Introduced unbroken cobbles 484 6.20%
12. Introduced broken cobbles 3428 43.90%
Total items 7817 99.99%

variant of two types known from the Wabash River Valley designated recently as Embarrass
Simple Stamped and Embarrass Cordmarked (see Winters 1963:101-104). The identity of the
ceramics from the Hatchery site as local examples of the Embarrass series has been verified by
Howard Winters, who commented that there was some minor difference between the ceramics
from the Hatchery site and the population serving as the type collections of the Embarrass series.
However, these were very minor indeed and were primarily in the nature of the paste and relative
frequency of varying modes of surface finish, e.g., lower percentages of simple stamped pottery on
Hatchery than on the analogous sites in the Wabash. Analogy is certainly also evident between
these ceramics and those of Southern Illinois known as Raymond (Maxwell 1951:278) and Lewis
(Cole et al. 1951:178-183). In the latter comparisons,certain features, such as dowel impressions in
the interior of the lip appear widely distributed in the midwest between A.D. 250 and A.D. 750
and taken together with thin vessel wall and generally undecorated fine cordmarked pottery are
"stylistic" diagnostics of the "Late Woodland" period. Future detailed analysis of the ceramics
from the Carlyle Reservoir and similar comparative study of extant collections from other areas
will make possible the definition of a ceramic tradition in the Illinois-Indiana area of magnitude
comparable to the increasingly well-defined Havana Tradition but which is areally distributed over
the area previously occupied by both the Crab Orchard and Havana Traditions (see Struever 1964
for a discussion of the areal distribution of these two traditions). The details of the form of the
ceramics must await future analysis, and for the moment we will concern ourselves with the
differential distribution of ceramics on Hatchery site.
A continuous distribution of ceramics was observed over 1.23 acres of the 3.69 acres investi
gated. Within this bounded distribution (as shown in Figs. 1 and 2) there were two minor areas of
concentration.
The greatest concentration is located in Area B (Fig. 2) where a density of over 16 sherds per
6-meter square was observed. Some thirty-five meters to the south of this cluster is a second minor
cluster of sherds where a density of 7 sherds per 6-meter square is reached.
Our observations suggest that there were two major areas of ceramic usage and that the
northern area was by far the locus of greatest activity. Judging from the relative homogeneity of
the form of the ceramics recovered, these two areas could represent two discrete occupations but
very closely spaced in time, or two major activity areas in which ceramics were in common use
within a single community.
CRACKED COBBLES
Items included in this class were all fine-grained rock not identifiable as sandstone and/or

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Binford] SITE DEFINITION 9

limestone. By far the major type of rock represented was crystalline rock (quartzite),but gabbro
and granite were also represented. These were introduced to the site since the deposits making up'
the site were of fine sedimentary origin, mainly fluvial silts overlain by loess. These were assumed
to have been primarily introduced to the site for use in various indirect cooking methods.
The observed distribution is very different from that seen for pottery. In the first place, cracked
cobbles are distributed over a much larger area and have a continuous distribution over the entire
3.69 acres investigated. Concentrations of cracked cobbles are shown plotted against the observed
ceramic distribution in Fig. 3(1). Several points should be made about this distribution: a) there
are 15 observable concentrations of cracked cobbles versus two observable concentrations of
ceramics; b) only nine ofthe concentrations of cracked cobble are within the limits ofthe ceramic
distribution; c) there is only one coincidence between a ceramic concentration and a concentration
of cracked cobbles, concentration 4, Fig. 3(1). The above observations suggest that there were
occupations of Hatchery West that were preceramic, and it seems quite likely that there were
numerous occupations involved in the accumulation of cultural items distributed in the West Field
ofthe site.
CHIPPING DEBRIS
Items included in this class were all fractured pieces of chert that did not exhibit any obvious
evidence of having been modified into tools; this class included cores, chips, flakes, and shatter, all
by-products of flint knapping. The observed distribution of chipping debris (Fig. 3) exhibits many
more analogies to the distribution of cracked cobbles than it does to the distribution of ceramics,
but there are analogies to both. There are 15 observable concentrations of chipping debris on the
site of which 13 are numbered. Concentrations which show no observable analogy in either the
ceramic or cracked rock distributions are number 5, located in the area of square N224 and
E68-74, as well as number 11, located in the vicinity of square N134 E68. In general there is a
good correspondence between areas of concentrated cracked rock and concentrated chippage;
however, the correlation between density of chippage and density of cracked rock at these
locations is not particularly striking. This suggests that many of them represent occupations where
there were different ranges of activities being carried out.
CHIPPED STONE ARTIFACTS AND MANOS
This is a very gross category in which there is no distinction made between projectile points,
end-scrapers, flake knives, etc. Thus as a functional category it has little utility. Nevertheless, it
should reflect intensity of activity and as such can be informatively compared with the distri
butions of ceramics, cracked cobbles, and chipping debris. The distribution is shown in Fig. 3.
There are ten localizations of chipped stone artifacts shown by the stippled areas. These simply
represent areas where chipped stone artifacts were recorded and do not imply any relative density
data. Again there is a strong analogy to the areas defined by the distribution of chipping debris as
well as to that of the cracked cobbles. On the same distribution are plotted the locations of finds
of manos and metates. There are four obvious concentrations, one coinciding with concentration 4
of cracked rock and chippage, which coincides with the area of greatest ceramic density. The
second concentration is in the area of cracked rock concentration 5, while the third is in the area
of cracked rock concentration 7 and chipping debris 9. There is also a minor concentration
adjacent to cracked cobble concentration 14, far outside the area of ceramic concentration.
STRUCTURE OF THE SITE
DEFINED BY SURFACE DISTRIBUTIONS
The plotting and comparison of the densities of these five classes of items should be sufficient
to demonstrate the following points: there are activity areas outside the bounds of the ceramic
distribution which are believed to reveal the presence of preceramic occupations of the site, and
there are strong analogies between the density plots of the cracked cobbles and chert debris,
suggesting that we can recognize at least 15 different locations on the site which were the seats of
spatially differentiated activity and in all probability represent numerous separate and discrete
occupations ofthe site.
In order to assess the historical meaning of the areas of localized activity on the site, the

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Binford J SITE DEFINITION 1!

^ x "t^yTXhX T T- "^'T i-ks?,-T.-T T T* T^ T^T^FI-i -

N 2j^4b J^ JbLIJa* ' i i rfL J "j jtF'' "/'". " ijln / "I t

JL. IP. BtM^otro

CtACKco Kocit Chckt ChipMwgc

Fig. 4 Locations of Lettered Sample A

Superimposed upon Surface Distribut
inventories of the squares covering the areas of the recognized 14 l
were made and are given in Table II. In addition to the counts, the t
and the cumulative percentages for each area of artifact concentratio
are plotted graphically in Fig. 5, resulting in two different graphs.
negligible percentage of ceramics with correspondingly low frequenc

second type exhibits appreciable quantities of pottery and higher incidences of hoe chips, daub,
limestone, and ground-stone tools. Within these generic types of graph, groupings can be observed,
leading to the question of whether the observed variability between the several samples con
tributing to the grouping of graphs might not reasonably be seen as simple sampling error. In order
to test this possibility, Chi Square calculations were made for the following groups of samples
(spatial clusters): ceramic graphs for areas F, D, and K and non-ceramic graphs for areas B,G> J,
and N, as well as areas M and 1. The results of the Chi Square calculations are given in Table III.
The Chi Square results indicate that observed differences between the relative frequencies of the
various classes of items recovered from the different areas grouped together as shown could have
arisen simply as a result of sampling error. Therefore, we are justified in asserting that the separate
samples in each of the three groups could have been drawn from a single population. Each group
does, however, represent a very different population as do the samples from areas A, L, H, C, and
E. Thus, we can recognize eight types of activity area of the 15 recognized localizations of cultural
items. Summary information concerning these recognized types of "areas'* on the site are given in
Table IV.

100-r -r-rT-r~r*r-TT-r ~?&0?

90+ + + + + + + + + + JP^ i
80+ + + + + + + + + ylh- H
70+ + + + + + + +^J-III7+ H
P 60+ + + + + + +/j~^-'II + H
i c5o+ + -^t^-^*"t^*^/ + H
n 40-!I IV^04^^^+
-*=* -?/T+
^^^+/HlUU-r
inn -r-r-r-r-rn--r-r-r ~rv^
30h?hc-^- +- -r~+ +^4 + + + h I ? tfr
I 20J-r-H-k^T+ + + + + + H j It |
10+ + + 4- + + + + + + + A i 80+ + + + + + + + + +/t H
o+ + + + + + + + + + + h|70+ + + + + + + V/f+ "*!
1 2 3 4 5Tool
6 7 8 9Types
10 11 12p6Q+ + + + + + +y?_jJ + H
e ^-**^^~~~Z2--1\
i- r 50-i?i-x :i__ --gg^^-^^^
Cumulative Graph of Ceramic Activity Loci o . Q r-^^r-" lH"~'~'~lwt

100+ + + + + + + + + + ^t 30^^Y -r * -i- ~l^++^

90+ + + + + ++ + + 7^ I 20+-^^-^r~T+ +
80+ + + + + + + + + + AI+ HI
I 10-f- + + + + '+ + + + + +
70+ + + + + + + + + +///+ H |
i P a0+ + + + + + + ?-tHW + h 0+ + + + + + +
e 60+ + + + J^^T^l I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
c 50+_, + " + +^f^?>< + 4 + H Too, jyp
n 40+ +l + + jz^F-^r~T^T~\ + -I , -
r ?n_g^r^-^^^ -h ^ Summary Graph of Group
20+ + + + ^ + + + + + + ^ ; ?. ,
Fig. 6
10+ + + + + + + + + + + H ! i
0+ + + + + + + + + + + -J
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 : |
Tool Types
Cumulative Graph of
Non-Ceramic Activity Loci j

Fig. 5_|_,

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Binford ] SITE DEFINITION 13

TABLE II
Inventories for Crude Classes of Cultural Items Recovered in the
15 Recognized Areas of Activity Localization on Hatchery West

Class of
Item_ABCDEFGH IJKLMN
Chert 33 82 136 91 15 151 31 147 99 85 64 205 127 27
Shell 00000005 000000
Bone 00300101002100
Hoe chips 00200013002000
Daub 41212307052900
Artifacts 3 3 12 6111 2 9 6 5 3 10 61
Gr. artifacts 01 18 5230 12 401220
Pottery 1 2 90 14 4 36 0 29 5 0 10 13 6 0
Limestone 1 4 8 6 10 14 1 21 1 0 7 19 6 0
Sandstone 011001 14123 25 60
Crystalline 50 143 167 97 35 179 72 90 83 164 76 158 78 28
Pebbles 5 14 19 10 7 9 2 8 9 14 11 32 11 2
TOTAL 97 251 458 230 76 408 110
_CUMULATIVE PERCENTAGES_
Class of
Item ABCDEFGH IJKLMN
Chert 34.0 32.7 29.7 39.6 19.7 37.0 28.2 43.7 47.6 30.9 35.6 43.2 52.5 34.7
Shell 34.0 32.7 29.7 39.6 19.7 37.0 28.2 45.2 47.6 30.9 35.6 43.2 52.5 34.7
Bone 34.0 32.7 30.5 39.6 19.7 37.3 28.2 45.5 47.6 30.9 36.7 43.4 52.5 34.7
Hoe chips 34.0 32.7 30.8 39.6 19.7 37.3 29.1 46.4 47.6 30.9 37.8 43.4 52
Daub 38.1 33.1 31.2 40.0 22.4 38.0 29.1 48.5 47.6 32.7 38.9 45.3 52.5 34.7
Artifacts 41.2 34.2 33.8 42.6 23.7 40.7 30.9 51.2 50.5 34.5 40.6 47.4 55.0 36.7
Gr. artifacts 41.2 34.6 37.8 44.8 26.3 41.4 30.9 54.7 52.4 34.5 41.1 47.9 55.8 36.7
Pottery 42.3 35.4 57.5 50.9 31.6 50.3 30.9 63.7 54.8 34.5 46.9 50.6 58.3 36.7
Limestone 43.3 37.0 59.2 53.5 44.7 53.7 31.8 69.6 55.3 34.5 50.8 54.6 60.8 38.8
Sandstone 43.3 37.4 59.4 53.5 44.7 53.9 32.7 70.8 55.8 35.3 52.5 59.9 63.2 38.8
Crystalline 94.8 94.3 95.8 95.7 90.7 97.7 98.1 97.5 95.7 94.8 94.5 93.2 95.4 95
Pebbles 99.9 99.9 99.9 100.0 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 100.0 99.9 100.0 99.9 99.9 99.9
PERCENTAGES
Class of
Item_ABCDEFGH I JKLMN
Chert 34.0 32.7 29.7 39.6 19.7 37.0 28.2 43.7 47.6 30.9 35.6 43.2 52.5 34.7
Shell 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Bone 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.2 0.0 0.0
Hoe chips 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.9 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Daub 4.1 0.4 0.4 0.4 2.6 0.7 0.0 2.1 0.0 1.8 1.1 1.9 0.0 0.0
Artifacts 3.1 1.2 2.6 2.6 1.3 2.7 1.8 2.7 2.9 1.8 1.7 2.1 2.5 2.0
Gr. artifacts 0.0 0.4 4.0 2.2 2.6 0.7 0.0 3.6 1.9 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.0
Pottery 1.0 0.8 19.7 6.1 5.3 8.8 0.0 8.6 2.4 0.0 5.8 2.7 2.5 0.0
Limestone 1.0 1.6 1.7 2.6 13.2 3.4 0.9 6.3 0.5 0.0 3.9 4.0 2.5 0.0
Sandstone 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.9 1.2 0.5 0.7 1.7 5.3 2.5 0.0
Crystalline 51.5 56.9 36.4 42.2 46.0 43.8 65.4 26.7 39.9 59.6 42
Pebbles 5.2 5.6 4.2 4.4 9.2 2.2 1.8 2.4 4.3 5.1 6.1 6.8 4.6 4.1

SUMMARY
By collecting surface items in a controlled surface collection, it has been possible to discover
certain facts about the nature of Hatchery West prior to any excavation of the site. Significant
findings follow.
The surface distribution of various gross categories of cultural items are not isomorphic,
indicating that the location was occupied at different times, as evidenced by the localizations of
artifacts of different known forms, such as Mississippian pottery versus Embarrass series pottery,
and cracked rock and chippage in areas outside the limits of the ceramic distribution.
The quantitative variability exhibited between different areas of the site demonstrates that
different classes of cultural items may vaiy independently of each other, presumably as a function

TABLE III
Summary of Chi Square Data Localization Comparisons
Areas
Grouped B,J,G,N F,D,K M,I
Degrees of
Freedom 27.0 18.0 7.0
Level of
Probability .05 .05 .05
Expected Chi
Square Value 40.11 28.87 14.07
Observed Chi
Square Value 30.90 24.11 9.21
Conclusion not different not different not different

TABLE IV
Summary Information for Recognized Formal
Classes of Artifact Concentration

Artifact Percentage Area Characteristics Inferred Activity

Density Artifacts Designation
of Chippage
and Cobbles
only
Primarily Ceramic Components

.53 65.7 E Moderate freq. of pottery, Indirect heating

high limestone counts and and cooking, food
lot on chippage processing
.91 66.1 C Very high on pottery and Boiling and food
grinding stones preparation
.78 69.7 H High on chipping debris, Compound work area
low on crystalline rock, of boiling and
high limestone and indirect heating
moderate pottery food processing
Ceramic and Non-ceramic Components Compounded

.66 76.5 L High daub, limestone and Food processing

Mississippian pottery and Mississippian
localization

.61 80.3 D,F,K Moderate freq. of pottery, Graph appears to

and other artifacts be a compound of
a ceramic and a
non-ceramic graph

Primarily Non-ceramic Components

.45 85.5 A High in daub and chipped Tool use and food
artifacts, low in chert processing
debris

.59 86.0 M,I High in chippage, low in Tool manufacture

daub, ground stone, etc.

.52 91.1 B,G,J,N, Low in chippage and most Food processing

artifacts, high in
crystalline cobbles

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Binford] SITE DEFINITION 15

of the spatial differentiation of activity loci within communities and between different occupants
of the site; this makes the collection of a representative sample of cultural items from any one
location on the site impossible.
Eight generically different types of loci were recognized as representing different and distinct
populations of cultural items differentially distributed over the site; each would have to be
investigated as independent areas if one would hope to generalize about the site as a whole.
Each type of location was not equally represented on the site; some occurred only once while
others were observed to occur at as many as five separate locations; this suggests that certain types
of occupation or sequence of cultural events has occurred more often on the site than had others.
Judging from the surface distribution, the most intense and prolonged occupation was centered
in area "C" in the north part of the field, while the second most intense occupation was centered
in area "H" of the south part of the field.
These observations were the basis for our field decisions as to where to place our control hand
excavations. A block of 8 contiguous 3-meter squares was opened up in the center of the artifact
concentration in Area C. A block of 4 squares was excavated in the center of the chippage
concentration in Area H. Once these excavations were completed, the power equipment was used
in removing the upper plow-disturbed soil so that the features could be exposed over the entire site
and investigated.

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4
CULTURAL FEATURES

It should be pointed out that, in general, cultural features are types of facilities represe
major investment of a social unit and as such are extremely important indicators of the nat
the activities conducted at a given location. For this reason we planned our recovery progra
to obtain as much information about cultural features as possible. The following analysis h
conducted with the aim of maximizing information on functional and temporal diffe
between the formal variants of the recovered sample.
STRUCTURAL FEATURES
KEYHOLE HOUSES-LA MOTTE CULTURE
One of the most significant aspects of the 1963 field season in the Carlyle Reservoir was
discovery of a house type previously unknown in the Middlewest. There were four such stru
located in the southernmost end of the West Field of Hatchery site. They were "key
shape, and consisted of a round, semi-subterranean floor and an extension, subrectang
shape, which angled off toward the east-southeast.
A detailed description of the structures follows. The description will in turn be followed
comparison between and an interpretation of the four structures. The order of description
not proceed on the basis of feature numbers or inferred chronology of occupancy. The des
tions follow the order of completeness of information, beginning with the structure abou
the most data was obtained and ending with the least well known.
STRUCTURAL FEATURE 9. This structure is in the southeast portion of the West Field an
characterized by a circular living area and a long extended entryway (see Fig. 7). The entry
oriented in an east-southeasterly direction. The first scraper cut revealed the entryway
subsequent deeper cut showed the circular house area clearly, as a darkly discolored area. Th
was a semi-subterranean excavated floor, surrounded by a circle of postmolds. The area encl
the circular house is 14.03 square meters, and the extended entryway is 4.46 meters long an
the average, a little under one meter wide.
Elements in direct association with the house were: two projectile points; one untem
sherd, 3 "grass" sherds, and one grit-tempered sherd; and small items of cultural debris (e.g.,
chips, bits of daub, etc.). Elements of the feature included the circular house area (outer ri
postmolds, prepared floor, fire basin, burned superstructure) and the extended entryway (
molds, raised sill at point of juncture with house proper).
The outer ring of postmolds around the circular house area was quite easily recognizable
differentiated rather sharply from the base soil in color. Due to the fact that the house was
toward the very end of the field season, there was not time to section all the postmolds, so
were obtained for only 14. The diameters of the postmolds for house proper have a mean o
centimeters, and they were spaced at a mean distance of 34 centimeters. This last fig
probably misleading, however, as the spacings (see Table V) have a bimodal distributio
means of the two modes are 23 and 56 centimeters, which suggests that the 56 centimeter
represents a situation where postmolds were missed during excavation and recording, and th
23 centimeter figure is probably most accurate.
The posts were probably set into the perimeter of the prepared floor, then lashed togeth
make a dome-like structure. This interpretation is supported by the relatively small mean dia
of the postmolds.
The floor was excavated down to the basal clay and undoubtedly extended to the pos
gap in the drawing (see Fig. 7) between the floor and the postmolds is an archaeological art
16

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Binford ] CUL TURA L FEA TURES 17
TABLE V
Summary Data
Postmolds
Structural Feature 9
Circular House

Postmold No. Diam. Depth Spacing_Postmold No. Diam. Depth Spacing

1 .07 .06 .33 47 .07 .38
2 .06 .04 .23 48 .07 .44
3 .05 .05 .60 49 .07 .40
4 .06 .03 .37 50 .07 .43
5 .07 .05 .28 51 .06 .52
6 .08 .04 .28 53 .06 .42
7 .10 .07 .35 54 .06 .51
8 .11 .07 .30 56 .07 .28
9 .08 .14 .44 57 .06 .17
10 .08 .11 .26 58 .06 .14
11 .06 .04 .59 59 .06 .21
12 .07 .05 .42 60 .06 .20
13 .11 .05 .20 61 .07 .18
14 .07 .07 .43 62 .06 .33
15 .07 .19 63 .06 .30
16 .08 .41 64 .07 .32
17 .07 .36 65 .07 .29
18 .11 *** 66 .06 _
N=36 N=34
X=0.71 X=.34*

All Measurements in Meters

* Spacings have a bimodal distribution. The mean of the lowest
** All postmolds not cross-sectioned. These are the only data av
*** En trance-way.

Summary Data
Postmolds
Structural Feature 9
Extended Entryway

Postmold No. Diam._Spacing_Postm

19 .07 .50 32 .06 .13
20 .07 .38 33 .07 .29
21 .08 .56 34 .07 .32
22 .08 .17 35 .06 .30
23 .07 .20 36 .09 .27
24 .08 .19 37 .05 .22
25 .09 .59 38 .06 .30
26 .06 .18 40 .07 .12
27 .06 .51 41 .06 .20
28 .06 .58 43 .07 .18
29 .11 .24 44 .08 .56
30 .09 .67 45 .09 .38
31 .06 .48 46 .07
N=26 N=25
X= .72 X- .34*

AH Measurements in Meters
Data on depths not available.
*Spacings have a bimodal distribution. The mean of the lowest mode is probably most accu

that at the level of the scraper cut, the portion of the floor extending to the wa
In the center of the prepared floor is a fire basin (Pit Feature "A," Fig. 7) w
into the midden of a pit from an earlier occupation of the site. The pit is stra
bottomed, and measures 135 centimeters long, 125 centimeters wide, and a
deep. Approximately the lower half of the pit is filled with debris from the ear

the upper half, used as a fire basin, is directly related to the occupation of Structural Feature 9. In
cross-section it can be seen clearly that a fire pit was excavated into the midden of the earlier pit
(see Fig. 7). The burned clay in the upper half of the pit derived in part from burning within the
basin during the occupation of the house and in part from the burning of the house itself.
The house fill yielded large pieces of burned wood, and there were also portions of the clay
floor which showed evidence of intense burning. The fact that two structures of this type showed
such traces of burning reduces the probability that this was a chance occurrence. One intriguing
aspect of the burning of the houses is that the ceramics and projectile point material, together with
radiocarbon dates, demonstrate that the occupation of these extended entryway houses falls
within the Late Woodland range. There is a Mississippian component on the site (Structural
Feature 10), but this structure was not burned after occupation. Such post-occupation burning of
houses has generally been considered a Mississippian "trait," and certainly characterizes most of
the later Mississippian occupations known.
The same general attributes which characterize the postmolds of the house proper also apply to
those associated with the extended entryway. The mean diameter of the postmolds here is 7.2
centimeters, and the mean spacing is 34 centimeters. Once again, however, the mean of the spacing
masks a bimodal distribution, the mean of the first mode being 56 centimeters and ofthe second
24 centimeters. As in the case of the house proper, this would seem to indicate that some
postmolds were not observed during excavation and that the mean of the lower mode represents
the real spacing. The only exception in the entryway is the spacing between postmold 29 and 30
and 31 (see Fig. 7). Presumably postmolds 29 and 30 were supports at the end of a structure
covering the entryway, and spaces between 29 and 28, and 29 and 30 were left for "doors" or
crawl-spaces for access to the house.
At the juncture of the entryway and the house, sectioning revealed a raised sill of 40
centimeters width at the level of excavation (see section, Fig. 7). This sill could have served two
functions: as a means of keeping moisture out of the house floor and/or as an "air trap."
Interpretation. This "keyhole" house can be referred to the Late Woodland period on the basis
of ceramics; its size would indicate occupation by a nuclear family group.
The architectural style appears to be modification of the arbor roof type of construction
(Binford, Schoenwetter, and Fowler 1964:50), with relatively thin posts bent, lashed, and then
covered. The absence of substantial amounts of daub in or around the houses and the absence of
any burned thatch lead to the hypothesis that matting of some kind was used to cover the frame.
This interpretation is supported by the presence of a fragment of charred mat on the floor of
Structural Feature 7. After occupation the house was burned.

STRUCTURAL FEATURE 11. Of the four houses of this type on the site, Structural Feature
11 is the most complex (see Fig. 8). As in the case of the others, the extended entryway appeared
first, and the floor of the house proper after another small cut by the scraper. The circular area of
the house comprises 14.60 square meters of floor space. The extended entryway is 4.20 meters
long by an average of .85 meters wide. The remains ofthe structure were clearly definable on the
basis of color, contrasting sharply with the surrounding base soil. On the Munsell Color Chart, the
structure read 10 YR 3/4 and the sub-soil 10 YR 4/4. The house is located in the eastern portion
ofthe south end ofthe West Field and is oriented in an east-southeasterly direction.
Elements found in direct association with the house were: 29 fragments of fire-cracked
crystalline rock, 5 fragments of burned sandstone; many pieces of charcoal both within the house
fill and on the house floor; 5 bits of burned daub; 7 flint chips; and 7 quartz-tempered sherds and
3 "grass"-tempered sherds. Elements of the feature included the circular house area (three
concentric rings of postmolds-Types "X," "A," and "B," prepared floor, fire basin, concentration
of charred nuts) and the extended entryway (postmolds, prepared floor, raised sill at point of
juncture with circular house).
Of the three concentric rings of postmolds around the circular house area, the postmolds of
Type X form the innermost ring. They occur more or less along the perimeter of the house floor at
the level of excavation; this is probably well within the house as it existed. The distribution of the
postmolds suggests that they may represent a bench along the wall. These postmolds are the largest

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Binford ] CUL TURA L FEA TURES 21
TABLE VI
Summary Data
Postmolds
Structural Feature 11
Circular House

Type "X" Type "B"

Postmold No. Diameter_Spacing_
1 .10 .58 1 .07 .32
2 .10 .53 2 .07 .40
3 .08 .47 3 .08 .45
4 .09 .41 4 .06 .39
5 .11 .50 5 .08 1.32
6 .08 .72 6 .05 .91
7 .13 .37 7 .06 1.02
8 .13 .75 8 .08
9 .13 .58 9 *
10 .09 .70 10 *
11 .11 .91 11 *
12 .10 .46 12 *
13 .12 .59 13 .07 1.30
14 .12 _ 14 .06 .82
N= 14 N= 1'3 ^ "^ '^
v_ -,! v_ <-Q 16 .06 .72
A-.ll X-05 1? 0? 69
18 .09 .65
19 .06 .36
20 .06 _
N= 16 N= 14
X=09 X=.72**

Type "A"

Postmold No. Diameter_Spacing_Postmold No._Diameter_Spacing

1 .07 .38 16 .08 .48
2 .09 .60 17 .07 .81
3 .07 .27 18 .07
4 .06 .44 19 *
5 .05 .40 20 *
6 .06 .95 21 *
7 .08 .26 22 *
8 .06 .70 23 *
9 .05 .88 24 *
10 .05 .84 25 *
11 .07 1.32 26 *
12 .07 .63 27 .06 .40
13 .06 .31 28 .08 .42
14 .06 .16 29 .06 .37
15 .06 .60 30 .06 .64
31 .05 _
N= 23 N= 21
X=.06 X=56

All Measurements in Meters

*Data not available.
**Spacings have trimodal distribution. Lowest mode most accurate;

in diameter of the three types, with a mean diameter of 11

time to section more than three of them, so data on depth
between the posts is 58 centimeters, but an examination of
figures fall within three modes which are multiples of each
lower mode represents the range of actual spacing and that
observed during excavation.

TABLE VII
Class Frequency Distribution
of Postmold Spacing
Structural Feature 11
Circular House

Size of Class in
Centimeters Type "X" Type "B" Type "A"
10-19 1
20-29 11
30-39 111 111 111
40-49 11 11 1111
50-59
60-69 111 111
70-79 1 1 1111
80-89 1 1 1
90-99 1 1 111
100-109 1 1
110-119
120-129 1
130-139 11 11 1

The postmolds of Typ

of the structure. If w
appear to coincide at
centimeters, and the
spacings for Type B
conclusions are sugges
The postmolds of Typ
They fall outside any c
elements of the struct
of a wall. The only oth
function was remain
spaced at a mean dista
which are multiples of
reality.
The floor was excavated into the basal hardpan, forming a dish-shaped depression. The area
covered by the prepared floor was 14.60 square meters, and this figure includes the area removed
by the scraper cut around the periphery.
As in the case of Structural Feature 7, the firepit appeared only as a rim of burned clay at
about floor level. This suggests a rather shallow basin and one which was used only for heating
and/or lighting. The remaining rim of burned clay measured 45 centimeters long by 54 centimeters
wide. This is the only fire basin of the three round houses in which such a feature was found which
is not in a central position but lies well within the southern half of the floor.
A concentration of charred nut fragments appeared during the excavation of the house fill, and
turned out to have a maximum length of 95 centimeters and a width of 80 centimeters. Its
maximum depth was 14 centimeters. A few larger shell fragments were identifiable as shagbark
hickory, but most of the remains were in rather small pieces and at this writing are being identified
by a botanical expert.
The postmolds around the extended entryway were not easily definable by color, but their
slightly mottled appearance plus the textural differences apparent in sectioning helped to clarify
their distribution. The postmolds associated with the extended entryway have a mean diameter of
7 centimeters, a mean depth of 6 centimeters, and the mean distance between the postmolds is 35
centimeters.
The entryway floor was dug into the basal hardpan and lay at about the same depth beneath
the surface as the house floor. In the easternmost end, the floor forms an almost 90? angle where

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Binford] CULTURAL FEATURES 23

it rises to the surface. At the point of juncture with the house, however, it rises much more gently,
to form the raised sill.
The sill is about 20 centimeters high and 45 centimeters wide, the maximum height being
toward the circular house area. It then slopes rather gently toward the east, until it joins the
prepared floor of the extended entryway.
Interpretation. This structure served as a dwelling place for a nuclear family group, the floor
space being inadequate to sleep a larger social unit. The architecture suggests a domed structure of
the arbor roof type, and the evidence from Structural Feature 7 indicates that the frame was
covered with matting. This house had an internal partial ring of posts, which might well have
served to support a bench along the perimeter of the circular portion of the house.
The outer ring of postmolds is poorly understood, but the present evidence suggests that it is
unrelated to the living space and might have been a fence of some kind.
The interior of the house proper contained a fire basin, ringed by clay, and which yielded no
traces of cooking. The suggestion is made that it served primarily as a heating and/or lighting
firepit.
After occupancy, the structure was burned, as can be seen in the large quantities of charcoal in
the house fill and traces of burning in the postmolds.
TABLE VIII
Summary Data
Structural Feature 11
Postmolds
Extended Entryway

Postmold No. Diameter Depth Spacing_Postmold No. Diameter Depth Spacing

13 .06 .05 .24
1 .07 .06 .19 14 .05 .06 .24
2 .07 .10 .17 15 .08 .05 .13
3 .05 .05 .73 16 .07 .04 .19
4 .06 .07 .52 17 .05 .06 .14
5 .07 .04 .50 18 .07 .05 .22
6 .06 .03 .36 19 .06 .04 .18
7 .07 .06 .32 20 .08 .07 .61
8 .07 .03 .41 21 .07 .08 .40
9 .08 .05 .29 22 .09 .08 .13
10 .07 .09 .23 23 .05 .05 _
11 -07 06 -51 xt-o? KT_ ~ XT_01
12 06 05 N
1Z Ub ^ X=.07 X=.06 23 N" 23 N 21
X=35
All Measurements in Meters
TABLE IX
Summary Data
Postmolds
Structural Feature 7

Postmold No. Diameter_Spacing_Postmold No. Diameter_Spacing

12 X)9 31
1 .10 .11 13 .08 .36
2 .11 1.11* 14 .08 .78
3 .13 15 .08 .35
4 .09 .65 16 .07 .35
5 .09 .62 17 .09 .48
6 .09 .55 18 .08 .46
7 .08 .55 19 .08 .48
8 .09 .49 20 .07 .41
9 .08 .30 21 .09

1? :8S il ~^~ ~WiT x=.088 x=.50

^ A , ^ M , . All Measurements in Meters
Data on depths not available.
* Excluded from mean because it is outside the range of availability of the rest of the sam

STRUCTURAL FEATURE 7. This structure was the first house of this type to appear when
the area was scraped (see Fig. 9). The extended entryway showed up first; then, when the scraper
cut a little deeper, the circular house itself became apparent; the structure is oriented in an
east-southeasterly direction. All portions of the structure were clearly differentiated in color from
the base soil. On the Munsell Color Chart the base soil read 10 YR 5/3 and the structure 10 YR
3/4. The structure is located in the westernmost portion of the south end of the West Field, an
area which began to slope down toward the river (see Fig. 1).
Elements found in direct association with the structure were: burned limestone (22 fragments),
burned sandstone (19 fragments), and 6 pieces of fire-cracked crystalline rock, chips of flint, 30
sherds of quartz-tempered pottery, two sherds of "grass"-tempered, bits of daub, deer bone, shell,
charcoal, charred mat. Elements ofthe feature included the circular house area (ring of postmolds,
wall trench, prepared floor, central fire basin), and the extended entryway.
The ring of postmolds around the circular house area was easily recognizable from the sub-soil
by color, the sub-soil reading 10 YR 5/3 on the Munsell Scale and the postmolds either 10 YR 3/4
or 4/4. Due to the pressures of time during the last two days of the season, they were not
sectioned and thus, data on depths were not obtained. The diameter of these postmolds contrasts
with the means obtained for the more westerly circular houses, as does the mean in spacing. The
postmolds in this structure have a mean diameter of 8.8 centimeters and the mean spacing of 50
centimeters. The posts here were larger and more widely spaced than in Features 9 and 11. The
architectural implications of this will be discussed below in comparing the four circular structures.
This structure was the only one of its type in which a wall trench was identified, and in this
case the trench is observable only in the northeast quadrant of the house. The trench was partially
sectioned and had a mean depth of 11 centimeters and a mean width of 16 centimeters.
The floor was dug into the basal hardpan, forming a dish-like depression, which rose along the
edge of the house to the posts. It rose more steeply in the eastern part of the circular area, forming
a rather steep angle where the extended entryway appeared. This cannot be termed a true "sill" as
in the case of Feature 9, but it is clear from Fig. 9 that the floor lay a good deal deeper in the
house proper than in the extended entryway.
The shallow central fire basin appeared only as a circle of burned clay 44 centimeters in
diameter. The fill was indistinguishable from that of the house itself. It therefore seems unlikely
that cooking was done in this pit, and most probably it served as a lighting and/or heating fire.
The extended entryway is 3.80 meters long and, on the average, 70 centimeters wide. There
were no postmolds observable in or around the area. When seen in section (Fig. 9), the most
striking difference between this entryway and that of Structural Feature 9 is that in this house, the
entryway is clearly less deep than the house floor; this is undoubtedly a function of the slope
where this house is located versus the flatter ground where Structural Feature 9 is located.
Interpretation. This structure probably served as a dwelling place for a group no larger than a
nuclear family, the floor space within the circular area being 10.17 square meters. The absence of
significant amounts of cultural debris within the house fill, together with the densities of debris
associated with the pits, indicates that the house seems to have served primarily for sleeping space.
The presence of a fragment of charred mat on the floor is the best positive evidence we have for
reconstructing the covering of the frame of the structure.
STRUCTURAL FEATURE 6. Of the four "keyhole" houses on the site, this is the one which
yielded the least data (see Fig. 10). There were no traces of postmolds, which is probably
explicable in terms of the location of the structure. It is in the southwest corner of the excavated
portion of the West Field, an area where there is a good deal of slope (see Fig. 1) and hence
erosion. It is the only one of these houses without a fire basin, and it does not show any traces of
post-occupation burning. Like the others it is oriented in an east-southeasterly direction.
The structure was identified by a dark area, clearly definable and distinct from the surrounding
sub-soil. The circular portion which was stained covered 6 square meters of surface area; this figure
is undoubtedly less than the floor space of the house, since the edges were sliced off by the
scraper. However, without postmolds as a guide, any accurate estimate of the space enclosed by
the structure is not possible.

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The extended entryway (3.65 meters long and, on the average, 70 centimeters wide) also seems
disproportionately large for a structure with 6 square meters of floor space, when we compare the
entryway/circular area ratios of all the structures (see Table X).
The elements associated with the structure were: 29 pieces of fire-cracked crystalline rock, 5
pieces of burned sandstone, 5 bits of daub, 7 flint chips, a projectile point fragment, 7 quartz
tempered sherds, 2 "grass"-tempered sherds, charcoal. Elements of the feature included the
circular house depression and an extended entryway.
The circular house depression consists in this feature simply of a prepared floor excavated into
the basal hardpan. The floor space remaining at the level of plotting was 6 square meters, although
this figure is probably too low (see above). On the basis of comparison with the other "keyhole"
houses, it seems very likely that the structure was framed by posts which were then lashed
together to form a dome-shaped house, but no postmolds remained at the time and level of
excavation.
The extended entryway was excavated into the sub-soil in much the same manner as the house
depression. The only unique aspect of this entryway is the depression or dip at the easternmost
end.
Interpretation. Because of the paucity of data, inferences as to the specifics of this structure
must be made by comparison with the other structures of similar type.

COMPARISONS BETWEEN AND INTERPRETATION OF STRUCTURAL FEATURES 9, 11,

7, AND 6. Table X presents summary comparative data for the four structures in question. Since
information is lacking or unreliable with regard to floor space and, therefore, of the ratio of
diameter to entryway length for Structural Feature 6, and since postmold data are lacking or
incomplete for Structural Features 6 and 7, comparisons will be made with regard to: length of
extended entryway, width of extended entryway, orientation, and depth below surface.
Examination of Table X shows that with respect to all the attributes except orientation,
Structural Features 7 and 6 are more alike than either is to 9 or 11, and that Structural Features 9
and 11 are strikingly similar, except for the depth of the house floor below ground surface. The
kind of variability exhibited by the orientation is not considered significant, since without modern
technological means an error of four or five degrees might well be chance.
Structural Features 9 and 11 also share an attribute not seen in 6 and 7?i.e., post-occupation
burning of the houses. In the case of Structural Feature 9, actual pieces ofthe superstructure were
preserved. In Structural Feature 11, there were clear signs that many of the posts were burned in
place, and the quantities of charcoal on the floor strongly indicate such burning. There is no
indication of burned posts in Structural Features 6 or 7, and such charcoal as exists was found in
small pieces in the fill and not on the floors of the houses.
On the basis of the observable similarities between Structural Features 6 and 7 on the one hand
and 9 and 11 on the other, together with the very persuasive corroborating evidence from the
other features on the site, it appears that the two pairs of houses represent two distinct
occupations of the site. Both occupations are of the same period, and the lapse in time between
the two was probably of a very small order.
It is further argued that there were late fall or early winter occupations. The best supporting
evidence for this hypothesis comes from the contents of the pits?deer bone and quantities of nuts.
But it can also be reasoned that a small, compact structure of the type represented by the
"keyhole" houses would be very efficient for heat retention in the colder months and that at the
latitude of Carlyle, it would be an extremely uncomfortable kind of house for the summer
months. If we consider the angles of orientation and plot the angle of sunrise at this latitude, it
turns out that the "entryways" would have been almost perfectly oriented toward the sunrise
angle in late November. Since there is a consistent patterning of house orientation with respect to
sunrise during a slightly later period, it seems reasonable to assume that this orientation at
Hatchery is purposeful.
A word should be added about the extended "entryways." During the excavation, these
appendages to the circular houses received the name of "extended entryways" and have since been
referred to in this way. This is probably unfortunate, since in the analysis of the data from the

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Structural Feature No. Diameter of Floor Space Length of Width of Ratio of House
Circular House of Entryway Entryway Diam. & Length
(longest axis) Circular House of Entryway

6 2.90*10.17m*
7 3.70 6.00m2,* 3 65
3.80 .7070
.9740*
9 4.86 14.03m2 4.46 .95 1.09
11_3.70 14.60m2_^20_.85
This figure probably too low; see page 24.

Structural Feature No. House Postmolds Entry Postm

Mean Mean Mean Mean Pit to Surf
Diam. Spacing Diam. Spacing Tru
6 no 107?13' .59
7 .088 .50 yes Hlo05' .57
9 .071 .23 .072 .24 yes 11026' .49
11 .072 .38 .071 .35 yes 107 15' .63
All Measurements in Meters

field, it became clear that another interpretation of these appendages is possible. In

Feature 11, for example, the inner ring of posts (Type "X") lies directly across the
this house, an alternative "doorway" can be proposed: in the southwest quadrant of
just below the axis formed by the line of the "entryway," all three rings of postm
area of side spacing (see Fig. 8). In Structural Feature 9, on the west side of th
directly across from the "entryway," there is also a gap in the postmolds whic
interpreted as a "doorway." In Structural Feature 7, in the southernmost portion o
circle, there are the two largest postmolds, again widely separated, and again offerin
interpretation as a "doorway."
It is suggested here that these "appendages" might be interpreted as storag
occupations of the site were late fall and winter, such storage facilities would have b
and there is little to suggest that any of the sub-surface pits on the site were for
WALL TRENCHHOUSE-MISSISSIPPIANCULTURE
STRUCTURAL FEATURE 10. This structure is located in the south end ofthe W
was oriented in a slightly east-northeast, west-southwest direction, the angle of or
85?03' east, or about 5? off due east. The house appeared as a large discolored
scraper cut was made, and subsequent trowelling showed well-defined wall trenche
postmolds (see Fig. 11). There was a prepared semi-subterranean clay floor, exc
basal hardpan to an approximate depth of 14 centimeters. This floor was appar
prior to the excavation of the trenches, and extends beyond the wall trenches on all
discussion below).
Elements in direct association with the house were: a cluster of sherds in the south
of the house, and a single sherd in the north-central portion; the sherds are shell-te
identified as Powell Plain; two fragments of split deer bone in the southwest q
house; a sandstone abrader, lying just northeast of the central hearth; two manos (
between the hearth and the west wall trench, and one bi-pitted form immedia
cluster of sherds); and 3 clay spheres or "Poverty Point Objects" (one on the prepar
outside the north wall trench, and two just beyond the prepared floor)-it should b
the same kind of objects were found associated with Structural Feature 6 at the To

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Binford] CULTURAL FEATURES 29

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(Binford, Schoenwetter, and Fowler 1964:30) and in Pit Feature 21 at the Sandy Tip site,
associated also with shell-tempered sherds.
Pit Feature 360, although within the wall trenches, is earlier than Structural Feature 10 and is
unrelated to it. This can be seen in the manner in which the west wall trench partially intrudes into
the pit and by the presence of a lens of house floor clay overlying the pit fill. Supporting negative
evidence for this interpretation is the absence of Mississippian pottery in the pit.
Elements of the features included 4 wall trenches, two of which (south and west) are joined to
form a continuous curve; postmolds within the wall trenches; prepared clay floor; and a central
fire basin.
The mean width of the upper margins of the wall trenches is 15.6 centimeters, and they thin
toward the bottom to a mean width of 10 centimeters. The bottoms ofthe east and west trenches
are flat; those of the north and south trenches are round. The size and shape of the trenches
suggest that they were all dug by hand; the difference in the shape of the bottoms might reflect
the use of some implement like a shell along the bottom ofthe east and west trenches. The color
ofthe trench fill was 10 YR 3/4 on the Munsell Color Chart while that ofthe surrounding base soil

Depth Diameter Spacing Depth Diamet

.14 .08 .19 .09 .10
.09 .08 .20 .06 .11
.06 .08 .19 .08 .07
.05 .08 .30 08 .06
06 .07
.09 ?7 22
.1511
_ 09
:!l 22
-ll
.02 .08 .20 N=5 N=5
06 .08 .22 ^.084 x-=.886
.04 .07 .21
.09 .08 .17
.06 .08 .16
.02 .07 .10
.01 .07 .11
.03 .09 .06
.04 .08 .32
.09 .09 .56
.06 .10 .23
.15 .11 _
N=17* N=19 N=18
x=.Q53 x=.Q81_x=.211_
SOUTH WALL WEST WALL

Depth Diameter Spacing Depth Diam

.06 .07 .22 .08 .11 .40
.04 .10 .28 .10 .09 .46
.07 .10 .25 .07 .08 .26
.09 .07 .20 .07 .07 .22
.08 .07 .33 .08 .08 .32
.06 .08 .28 .06 .07 .30
.06 .07 .29 .08 .07 .26
.07 .07 .32 .10 .09 .27
.07 .08 .09 .08 .09
.07 .07 .39 ? ? ?
.10 .10 .28 N=9 N=9 _N=8
.08 .07 .41 x=.08 x=.082 x=.311
.15 .10

N^12* 1^13 N~2 23 Outride

x=.071 x=.081 x=.378
Inside South Wall
.36 .19
All Measurements in Meters
*Excluding end depth(s) which are obviously
Postmolds listed west to east and north to so

was 10 YR 4/4, only a slight difference

time of the construction of this house.
house is the lack of opening between th
in Structural Feature 6 at the Toothsom
Summary metrical data on the wall tren
The postmolds within the wall trenches
base soil in color, but there were marke
sandier and less compacted than the bas

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Binford] CULTURAL FEA TURES 31

TABLE XII
Summary Data
Structural Feature 10
Wall Trenches

Location Basal Upper Basal Floor Surface* Depth Below Depth Below Length of
Width Width Elev. Elev. Elev. Floor Surface Trench
North Trench: 3.71
west end .11 .16 133.91 134.01 134.37 .10 .46
center .09 .16 133.85 134.00 134.37 .15 .37
east end .09 .14 133.88 134.01 134.37 .13 .36
South Trench: 3.65
west end 133.84 133.97 134.37 .13 .40
center .08 .16 133.79 133.94 134.37 .15 .43
east end 133.89 134.02 134.37 .13 .35
East Trench: 2.32
north end .13 .15 133.88 134.01 134.37 .13 .36
center .12 .14 133.84 133.99 134.37 .15 .38
south end 133.89 134.04 134.37 .15 .33
West Trench: 2.50
north end .09 .15 133.91 133.99 134.37 .08 .38
center .09 .19 133.88 134.02 134.37 .14 .35
southend _ _ 133.84 133.96 134.37 .12 .41
Mean 10 156 .13 .382

All Measurements in Meters

*Surface elev. read at center of house floor; 134.37 is average surface elev. of the house

mottling of color, in most cases. They were undisturbed, apart from slight pocketing around some
ofthe postmolds in the west wall trench, which was interpreted as the result of rodent action.
The spacing between the postmolds in the four trenches shows some interesting differences. The
means are: for the north wall 21.1 centimeters, for the south wall 27.8 centimeters, for the west
wall 31.1 centimeters. Some postmolds were probably missed in the excavation ofthe east wall, so
the mean spacing was not calculated. It also seems probable that the very broad space between the
two central postmolds in this wall trench represent the placement of the door, since there was a
large discolored stain outside the house at this point. The observed differences in spacing between
the posts in the west and north walls are explicable in terms of the architectural interpretations
made (see below); in this type of house, it is expected that the spacing will be wider in the short
wall. The slightly large spacing in the postmolds of the south wall, as compared with the north,
probably indicates that some postmolds were not observable during the excavation.
A unique feature ofthe postmolds in Structural Feature 10 is that they extend in depth beyond
the bottoms of the wall trenches. This was not observed to occur in any of the other Mississippian
houses excavated at Toothsome site or Sandy Tip site.
The extent of the clay floor and its relation to the wall trenches suggest that the floor was
excavated first, then the trenches were dug. As has been noted above, there was a rather
amorphous extension of discoloration, mixed with clay, just outside the east wall trench. This
appears to be the result of "walking out" action through the suggested doorway.
The central fire basin was an oval pit in the center of the house floor, 54 centimeters long, 40
centimeters wide, and 38 centimeters deep. The lining of the pit was heavily oxidized as a result of
repeated burning charcoal fragments, and the rest of the fill yielded bits of bone, flint, and burned
clay. This feature is interpreted as having served as a lighting and heating firepit, which was
subsequently filled in with midden material.
Interpretation. This structure appears to have served as a temporary sleeping house for a small
social unit, no larger than a nuclear family. The small floor space would have severely limited
activities within the structure itself, and there is no evidence to suggest that any specific work
activities took place in the house.

The architectural form is most like that of Structural Feature 6 at Toothsome site, the earliest
of four Mississippian occupations on the same location (Binford, Schoenwetter, and Fowler
1964:42-47). These two structures have in common continuous wall trenches along two or more
walls and a total lack of any evidence of burning, an attribute highly characteristic of later
Mississippian houses. This structure is interpreted as an arbor roof construction type (Binford,
Schoenwetter, and Fowler 1964:50), which also suggests an earlier Mississippian period. This
evaluation is supported by the "Old Village" ceramics on the house floor.

RECTANGULAR POLE HOUSES-LA MOTTE CULTURE

STRUCTURAL FEATURE 8. This structure was defined by a pattern of postmolds, forming a
roughly rectangular house (see Fig. 12). There was no "floor" in the sense of a prepared, excavated
surface. The postmolds were plotted and sectioned at a depth of 37 centimeters below the surface.
The floor included 17.9 square meters of space.
Elements of the feature included postmolds defining the walls, internal postmolds, and two
internal hearths (A and B).
There were 34 postmolds which defined the walls ofthe house; the summary data is presented
in Table XIII. They had a mean diameter of 14 centimeters and a mean depth of 8 centimeters.
They were spaced at a mean distance of 48 centimeters. Only one of the postmolds associated with
the external walls contained charcoal.
The internal postmolds were quite variable in diameter, ranging from 9 to 24 centimeters, with
a mean diameter of 13 centimeters. The mean depth of this class was 10 centimeters. Apart from
the probable bench in Fig. 12, there did not appear to be any easily interpretable patterning to
these posts. Seven of the 11 of this class did contain charcoal.
Both of the internal hearths were irregularly shaped pits which yielded evidence of burning
fire-cracked rock, bits of burned clay, and charcoal. Hearth A is 54 centimeters long and has a
maximum width of 29 centimeters; hearth B is larger, 62 centimeters long and 40 centimeters
wide. Neither hearth contained any ceramic or projectile point material.
Interpretation. This structure is the least well understood house on the site. The significance of
the traces of burning in the internal postmolds is not understood, nor are the authors firmly
convinced about the validity of the structural interpretation made in the drawing of the structure
(Fig. 12). It is possible, for example, that one could project a line from postmolds 32 to 39, to 22
and join it up with postmolds 19, 18, and 17, interpreting this as the south wall ofthe house and
the other postmolds to the south as remains of a shed of some kind or of rebuilding.
The lack of associated cultural material also makes assignment to any one culture phase
difficult.

STRUCTURAL FEATURE 4. This structure appeared in the central part of the northern West
Field. It was defined by very clear, well-defined postmolds which in both plan and section
contrasted with the base soil (see Fig. 13). At the time of excavation, the soil was very dry, and
read 10 YR 7/4 on the Munsell Scale. The postmolds read 10 YR 3/4 and 4/4. The postmolds
enclosed a large rectangular area?52.80 square meters.
Elements of the feature included postmolds defining the outer wall, postmolds defining internal
partitions, postmolds forming a "bench," two central support postmolds, and two large stained
areas.
Summary data on the postmolds defining the outer wall is presented in Table XIV. The mean
diameter of this series is 16 centimeters, the mean depth 21 centimeters, and they are spaced at a
mean distance of 84 centimeters. Of the 30 postmolds defining the external wall, 24 yielded
charcoal, bits of burned limestone, or bits of burned clay, and most frequently two or more of
these items. Two of the postmolds forming the southeastern part of the outer wall yielded charred
nut fragments. The significance of these distributions will be discussed below.
The postmolds defining the internal partitions had a mean diameter of 18 centimeters and a
mean depth of 13 centimeters. They were spaced at a mean distance of 85 centimeters. In making
comparisons with the first series, it is evident that the two classes of postmolds are strikingly
similar in diameter and spacing but different with respect to depth?13 versus 21 centimeters.

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Binford] CULTURAL FEA TURES 33

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6TRUCTURAL FE/\TUie.E *S
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Carlyle REdERVOie^ lLLiKiOi6
6CALE IN MiTKiea
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1 Z-./g. &lhJF-QBO_J
Fig. 12
Eight of the 17 postmolds in this series contained charcoal, burned limestone, bits of burned clay
in varying combinations.
The 7 postmolds forming a "bench" lie between an internal partition and the outer wall,
parallel to both, in the southeast corner of the house. Their mean diameter is 15 centimeters, their
mean depth is 11 centimeters, and their mean spacing is 52 centimeters. It is in the spacing that
they differ most strikingly from the other two series. Of the 7 postmolds forming the bench, 4
yielded burned nut fragments, often along with bits of burned clay and flecks of charcoal.
The two central support postmolds (34 and 54) differ strikingly from all the other postmolds
associated with the house in their depths-41 centimeters and 49 centimeters respectively. Only
one, 54, contained charcoal and burned limestone.

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Fig. 13
The two large stained areas are in the southwestern corner ofthe house. The southernmost area
is 90 centimeters long and 50 centimeters wide; the northernmost area is 90 centimeters long and
75 centimeters wide.
Interpretation. This large rectangular structure is, on the basis of sherds found in 5 postmolds,

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Binford] CULTURAL FEA TURES 35

TABLE XIII
Summary Data
Structural Feature 8
Postmolds
Wall Postmolds

Post. No. Diam. Depth Spacing Post. No. Diam. Depth Spacing
1 .09 .06 .53 18 .14 .10 .76
2 .10 .08 .35 45 .12 .14 *
3 .18 .05 .82 23 .16 .13 .35
4 .16 .04 .38 24 .17 .14 .30
5 .13 .04 .38 25 .15 .12 .61
6 .14 .05 .40 26 .17 .13 .63
7 .16 .05 .69 27 .16 .11 .67
8 .11 .04 .58 28 .18 .02 .65
9 .15 .04 .51 29 .14 .12 .46
10 .18 .02 .40 30 .12 .08 .41
11 .15 .02 .42 31 .13 .09 .42
12 .14 .39 32 .14 .07 .70
13 .16 .10 .43 33 .10 .06 .40
14 .13 .07 .24 34 .14 .09 .32
15 .13 .10 .38 35 .11 .07 .49
16 .13 .06 .36 36 .15 .15 .39
17 .11 .07 .65 37 .16 .05 _
N=34 N=33 N=32
x=.14 x=.08 x=.48

* Probable entryway
Internal Postmolds

Post. No._Diam. _Depth _Post. No._Diam._Dep

39 A3 AS
19 .12 .10 40 .08 .05
20 .15 .10 41 .11 .12
21 .14 .13 42 .10 .12
22 .15 .06 43 .12 .11
38 .24 .11 44 .09 .06
N=ll N=ll
x=.13 x=.10

All Measurements In Meters

referred to the Late Woodland period. It is by far the mo

only one which seems to be designed to accommodate a grou
The most difficult elements to interpret are the two
remains of some feature, but their association with the hou
is far from clear.
The overwhelming evidence from the contents of the po
burned limestone in most?is that the house was burned. F
in the postmolds of the southeastern corner of the house s
internal and external walls which contain the bench was e
the processing of nuts.
Architecturally, the house probably represents the hip r
postmolds 34 and 54 are functionally distinct and the mos
were central supports for a roof. Also, the diameter and s
the size of the house itself, argues against arbor roof constr

ROUND POLE HOUSE-LA MOTTE CUL TURE

STRUCTURAL FEATURE 5. This structure is in the nor
ring of postmolds which define the feature were in the we

TABLE XIV
Summary Data
Postmolds
Structural Feature 4

Postmold No. Diameter Depth Spacing Postmold No. Diameter Depth Spacing
External Walls
1 .13 .08 .48 17 .19 .10 1.27
2 .17 .16 .35 18 .16 .17 1.10
3 .14 .20 .15 ? 19 .18 .30
4 .14 .20 .73 20 .20 .19 1.04
5 .12 * 21 .22 .25 1.38
7 .19 1.04 22 .19 .33 .55
8 .12 .62 23 .21 .30 1.10
9 .15 .96 24 .14 .21 1.33
10 .12 .51 25 .15 .28 1.38
11 .18 .20 .75 26 .19 .34 .74
12 .20 .18 1.55 27 .17 .24 .50
13 .21 1.32 28 .15 .30 .34
14 .26 .29 29 .12 .37
15 .1616
.07A1
.7610
301J8
_A1_ _ _
N=29 N=20 N=26
x=.16 x=21 x=.84

Blanks indicate data on depth not available.

Postmold No. Diameter Depth Spacing Postmold No. Diame

Internal Partitions
31 .11 .50 56 .18
32 .14 .07 .82 57 .20 .18 .32
33 .22 .10 58 ^22_ M_ _
** N=17 N=13 N=10
x=.18 x=.13 x=.85
35 .19 ? ,_?
36 .17 .10 .68 44 Bench Posts
37 .17 .12 1.36 45 \\ -J*
38 .18 .10 1.14 46 }2 .67
39 .19 .08 .90 47 14 ,1
40 .18 .10 .84 48 }6 .17
41 .21 .22 .92 49 -\\ ? -20
42 .16 .10 .97 50 }9 .11 .66
43 .17 J? _ _
53 .19 .23 N=7 N=1 N=6
55_.17 .17_x=.15 x=.ll x=.52
All Measurements in Meters
**Postmolds 34 and 54 are interpreted as central support posts.

Fig. 14). Despite very dry soil conditions, the postmolds were very distinct when seen in plan and
even clearer in cross-section.
Elements associated with the feature were a small grit-tempered sherd in postmold 8, and a few
small flint chips in postmold 11. Elements of the feature included a ring of postmolds and two
midden areas, one to the north and one to the south of the structure.
The summary data on the postmolds is presented in Table XV. The mean diameter of the
postmolds is 11 centimeters, the mean depth is 12 centimeters, and the mean spacing between the
posts is 65 centimeters. As stated above, the postmolds were well-defined and undisturbed. Every
postmold contained either bits of limonite or limonite staining. These are evidently the remains of
stones which were used to chink the posts.
Both midden areas contrasted sharply with the base soil in color, being much darker, and in
texture, which was softer and stickier than the very dry hardpan. In plan view they appeared as
large rather amorphous stained areas, each about one meter long and 65-80 centimeters wide.

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Binford] CULTURA L FEA TURES 37

N1
233 j lE
_I |5S ^T^ 1
Ha-tch e: R v' -6't-e: Are:>x "S"
6TeucTueAL Feature * 5

?
/
I
6URFACE 6TAIN -^ I

\ /

Plan View
Post" Mold 6ectioki6
I 2 3 <V 5 Q> T S <? \0 II 12.

6CA.UK: IM McTCttd

[ O I 2.

Fig. 14

When sectioned the southernmost midden appeared to consist of two juxtaposed shallow pits with
maximum depths of 19 and 23 centimeters. The pits yielded wood charcoal, charred nut
fragments, small bits of limestone and two slightly different kinds of grit-tempered sherds, one of
which appeared on the field examination to be identical to the grit-tempered sherd in postmold 8.
The northern midden area was shoveled out, not sectioned, and it yielded an almost identical
kind of cultural debris.
Interpretation. This small circular house must have served as a very temporary dwelling or
sleeping place for a small nuclear family, the floor space being limited to 6.06 square meters. The
absence of a hearth for heating suggests that the occupation probably occurred during the warmer
months of the year.

TABLE XV
Summary Data
Structural Feature 5
Postmolds

Postmold No. Diameter Depth Spacing

1 .12 .14 .60
2 .15 .12 .92
3 .14 .11 .62
4 .12 .12 .37
5 .11 .14 .71
6 .10 .12 .56
7 .08 .11 .81
8 .09 .10 .37
9 .09 .14 .88
10 .12 .10 .47
11 .10 .09 .85
12 J_2_ _H_ _
N=12 N=12 N=ll
x=.ll x=12 x=.65
All Measurements in Meters

Architecturally, this structure was probably of the arbor roof type, with the posts bent and
lashed together. There are no remains indicating what kind of covering was used for the frame; the
absence of daub suggests it might have been matting, a covering which if unchinked with clay,
could be removed or rolled up during the warmer months.
The nature and disposition of the midden does not indicate that this occupation was associated
with any large scale processing; on the contrary, it appears to be a relatively impermanent camp
site for a family in transit.

SUMMAR Y AND COMPARATIVE ARCHITECTURAL DATA

Architecturally, we can recognize three basic types of construction. The first is that represented
by the four "keyhole" houses. These were constructed by excavating a sub-surface depression
around which was constructed a framework of bent wood or arbor roof form enclosing a circular
living area averaging a little over 3Vi meters in diameter (roughly from 10.5-14.5 square meters of
floor space). A long "extended entryway" led into the house from the east and averaged 4 meters
in length and 80 centimeters in width. This long entryway gives the floor plan of the house the
appearance of an Eskimo igloo. This particular type of construction with the low-domed roof and
extended entryway is interpreted as being particularly advantageous in cold weather, and these
houses are viewed as almost certainly the remains of winter domiciles of single nuclear families.
The architectural style of these houses is previously unreported from the midwest. Morrell
(1965) has claimed that houses excavated at the Texas Site in the Carlyle reservoir and C14 dated
at A.D. 440 and A.D. 595 are identical to the keyhole houses at Hatchery (Morrell 1965:62). I
would seriously question this identification since the houses reported from the Texas Site lack the
long extended "entryways" and judging from the plan drawing (Map 5, Morrell 1965:35) are
squarish-to-rectangular postmold houses with house depressions. The doorways were apparently in
the corner of the roughly square structure and there was a slightly deeper excavation of the house
depression in the area ofthe doorway giving the impression of an "extended entryway." However,
judging from the postmolds, his "extended entryway" was inside the house. The floor plans ofthe
houses excavated at the Texas site actually correspond more closely to the description given for
the "Bluff Culture" houses excavated in Tracts 15A and 15B by Wittry (Wittry and Vogel
1962:17).
Bluff. . .houses were usually constructed in a rectangular, steep-sided basin dug to a depth of 1.5 to 3.0
feet below the surface. The walls were formed of single poles, averaging 0.4 ft. in diameter, set into
individual holes spaced at intervals of 0.5 to 1.0 ft. The earliest of these dwellings averaged 75 square feet
(ca. 7x10 feet) and gradually increased in size to about 150 square feet (ca. 9x17 ft.). Usually one half of
the house was taken up by a sleeping platform. There was no evidence of hearths associated with these
structures.

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Binford] CULTURAL FEA TURES 39

A comparison of the houses on the Texas site with the Bluff houses from the Cahokia area seems
much more profitable, since the ceramics found in association with the houses on the Texas site
have been identified as Bluff forms (Morrell 1965:44). While Bluff-like forms of ceramics are
known from the North Field of Hatchery site, none was recovered on Hatchery West where the
Late Woodland ceramics are analogous to the known types of the Embarrass series (Winters
1963:101). By suggesting that the houses from the Texas site are more similar to the Bluff houses
at Cahokia than to anything known from the Hatchery site, the rather surprisingly early C-14
dates from the Texas site houses become anomalous. C-14 dating of the keyhole houses from
Hatchery West should aid in the elucidation of the uncertainities regarding the proper architectural
analogies for the Texas site houses.
It is the senior author's present opinion that the Hatchery La Motte occupations are somewhat
earlier than the occupations represented on Texas site and should date between A.D. 350 and
A.D. 500 while the Texas site occupations probably post-date A,D. 700.
The second major architectural style represented on the site is the Mississippian arbor roofed
house (Structure 10). In details of construction this building compares favorably with Structures 5
and 6 on the Toothsome site (Binford, Schoenwetter, and Fowler 1964:50). Structural Feature 10
differs from the buildings on Toothsome site in the smaller floor area (10.45 square meters as
compared to 23.0 and 31.7 square meters for the two buildings on Toothsome site). The small size
is interpreted as relating to (a) small size of occupying social unit (nuclear family) and (b)
relatively short occupation. It should be pointed out that the orientation of this house, 85?03'
east, is essentially at right angles, to the longitudinal orientation ofthe arbor roofedhouses on the
Toothsome site. Pottery associated with this structure (Rolled Lip variety of the Powell Plain type
[Vogel 1965:46]) suggests that this house represents an occupation early in the Mississippian
period, prior to A.D. 1100.
The third major architectural form, squarish to rectangular postmold structures, represented by
Structural Features 4 and 8 present us with more interpretative difficulties. They are constructed
by the excavation of individual post-holes into which the posts were set. The postmold diameters
tend to be relatively large, averaging between 14 and 18 centimeters in diameter as compared to
the 7 and 8-centimeter posts of the "keyhole" houses. Postmold spacing tends to be rather
irregular and with the posts set fairly far apart; Structure 4 has an average spacing of 85
centimeters. They both have in common suggestions of considerable internal construction, such
elements as benches and/or partition walls. They both lack any evidence of a sub-surface
excavation for the floor. There is a general absence of internal features, such things as storage pits.
The two structures differ considerably in the amount of floor space. Structure 8 encloses 17,9
square meters while Structure 4 encloses 52.8 square meters. The ratio of floor space between the
two structures is provocative since Structure 4 is apparently divided into three rooms, and the size
of Structure 8 is almost exactly one third that of Structure 4. Is 17.9 square meters "standard"
room size for a nuclear family? Both sturctures share an appearance of irregularity about the
construction. Walls are not straight, postmold spacing is irregular, and the general shape is not
symmetrical, suggesting something of a temporary character to the structures. Certainly, it is
difficult with the wide postmold spacing and irregularity to envision a very wind-proof, warm and
dry building. Instead, these structures suggest something more on the order of sheds with possibly
mat or sides that could be rolled up or partially removed. In short, airy summer structures are
suggested by the type of construction.
Architectural analogies for these structures are not well represented in the archaeological
literature. The long oval structure under the Havana Mound 9 (McGregor 1952:51) and the oval
structure under the Sisters Creek Mound (F? 54) are analogous to Structure 4 in general shape and
size. Both suggest the familiar wigwam of the "long house" variety. However, the heavy support
posts of Structure 4 taken together with the size of the postmolds seem best interpreted as
reflecting a gabled or more likely hip roof type of construction, rather than the bent-pole or
barrel-roof form characteristic ofthe Wigwam (see Driver and Massey 1957:294-310 for discussion
of architectural forms known ethnographically). In any case, Structure 4 almost certainly
represents a multiple family structure which, judging from the general character of the building,
would seem more appropriate for summer occupation. The latter impression is strengthened when

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40 ARCHAEOLOGY AT HATCHERY WEST [Memoir 24

it is pointed out that the types of ceramics associated with Structure 4 and 8 (by virture of the
absence of other forms) is indistinguishable from that associated with the keyhole houses. This
fact makes it quite likely that the difference in architectural form between the houses of the
keyhole variety and those exemplified by Structures 4 and 8 is a functional one relating to the
season of occupation rather than a stylistic one reflecting occupation of the location by
representatives of different socio-cultural systems. At present we offer the hypothesis that
Structures 4 and 8 represent contemporary buildings occupied during the spring and summer
months. The keyhole houses would have been occupied by members of essentially the same
society but during the winter months with an interruption between the two periods of occupancy
ofthe site.
The fourth type of building represented on the site is that represented by Structure 5. A very
small circular postmold structure, 2.82 meters in diameter, defined by 12 postmolds with an
average spacing of 65 centimeters. In both size and spacing of postmolds, this structure resembles
most closely Structures 4 and 8. Similarly in the latter structure, there was observed limestone
chinking around the postmolds, a feature also characteristic of Structure 5. On the basis of these
characteristics and its placement, near Structure 4, and by the association within the house of
Embarrass Cord- and Simple-Stamped pottery, this structure would appear to be part of the facilities
of the occupation represented by Structures 4 and 8. The limited floor space makes it seem
unlikely that this was a normal habitation structure. The only small round structures vaguely
resembling this one have been associated with Mississippian occupations on the Sandy Tip site and
on Toothsome site (Binford, Schoenwetter, and Fowler 1964). However, an almost identical
structure is reported from the Weaver site (Wray and MacNeish 1961:17). In all of the above cases,
fire basins were inside a small circle of postmolds averaging 1.82 meters in diameter. In the case of
those from Sandy Tip, the functional identification as a granary seems highly probable since the
structure burned leaving charred corn cobs in some quantity inside the burned and collapsed
superstructure. Structure 5 on Hatchery West differs from the above mentioned structures in a)
lacking a fire basin, b) being a little over twice the size, and c) not being constructed over a
subterranean floor. These differences seem sufficient to justify its recognition as distinct from
those other small round structures known from the area. At present it seems most likely that this
represents a functionally differentiated structure used by the occupants of Structures 4 and 8.
Could this be a menstrual hut, so commonly reported in the ethnographic literature?
We have recognized 4 major types of buildings, 3 of which are associated with Embarrass series
pottery and are taken as representative of La Motte occupations. The fourth type of building, the
wall trench, arbor roofed Structure 10 is associated with Powell Plain pottery of an early
Mississippian variety. The formal variability recognized in La Motte buildings is interpreted in 3
different ways.
The difference between the architectural forms of the Structures 4, 5, and 8 on the one hand
and the keyhole houses 6, 7,9, and 11 is interpreted as the difference between the architecture of
winter versus summer La Motte communities; the keyhole houses were constructed for winter
occupations on Hatchery West while Structures 4, 5, and 8 were constructed as part of the
facilities for a La Motte group occupying the location during the late spring and summer months.
Differences in the minor architectural details of the keyhole houses suggest that Structures 9
and 11 represent a pair having more in common than either does with Structures 6 and 7 which
also represent a formal pair of buildings. This inference is supported by the superpositioning of
Structure 9 over a pit feature believed to be related to the occupations represented by Structures 6
and 7. These minor differences are interpreted as reflecting idiosyncratic or minor stylistic
differences between the builders of the two pairs of houses, each pair representing sequential and
discrete winter communities.
The differences between the form of the buildings suggested as temporary facilities forming
part of a summer La Motte community are viewed as reflecting the differences between the
facilities needed to accommodate differently constituted social units, a multi-family common
dwelling in the case of Structure 4 and a single family dwelling in the case of Structure 8. It should
be recalled that Structure 4 is almost exactly 3 times the size of Structure 8, suggesting that 3
nuclear families inhabited Structure 4. In the second case, the differences between Structures 4

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Binford] CULTURAL FEA TURES 41

and 8 compared to Structure 5 is viewed as a primary difference in function. The former buildings
are interpreted as household dwelling structures while Structure 5 represents some specialized
building, possibly a menstrual hut.
In summary the architectural data from Hatchery West seems most reasonably viewed as the
result of at least 4 temporally discrete occupations ofthe location. The temporal juxtapositioning
of one of these occupations is difficult to evaluate, since there is no clear superpositioning of
features of the postulated summer La Motte occupation (Structures 4, 5, and 8) with any ofthe
other structures. Two facts should be mentioned, however; first, the soil colors of the postmolds
of the above structures are generally darker than the soil color of the fill of the postmolds
associated with the keyhole houses suggesting that they are the more recent structures; second, the
postmolds of Structure 8 were recorded as intruding through the edge of Pit Feature 195 which
will be shown to be contemporary with the occupation represented by keyhole houses 6 and 7,
believed to be the earliest of the La Motte "winter" occupations. On the basis ofthe architectural
data we then set forth the following interpretation of the cultural history of the site.
Interpretation. The initial occupation by peoples investing time and energy in the construction
of permanent facilities were two nuclear families who constructed a pair of keyhole houses on the
edge of the terrace, presumably in a small clearing. If we accept the hypothesis that at the time of
construction the houses were oriented toward the sunrise, then this event probably took place late
in the month of November. These two families continued living on the location for a relatively
short period of time. After a minor period of abandonment, the location was reoccupied by two
families who, as in the earlier occupation, constructed a pair of keyhole houses, but this time near
the back of the clearing away from the edge ofthe terrace. Presumably the size ofthe clearing had
increased throughout the period of occupancy by the first group by virtue of exploitation ofthe
surrounding growth for building material and fire wood. As in the previous case, this second
occupation seems to have been established during the later days of the month of November and
the occupation continued for a relatively short period of time. After some period of abandonment,
the site was reoccupied by some 4 families who settled in two houses, one a single family dwelling
located in the center part of the south clearing and a large multi-family dwelling located near the
back of the clearing at the extreme north end of the site. Directly to the west of the large
multi-family dwelling was a small dome-shaped structure in which a restricted range of activities
was conducted, possibly the seclusion of women during their menses. This latter community was
more dispersed and covered more area, suggesting that as the clearing was enlarged through the
sequence of winter occupations, the space requirements of a larger, more dispersed summer
settlement were met and the location was thereafter used in a different manner?a summer
settlement with different type houses and a different range of economic-subsistence activities being
conducted at the location. Finally, after a period of abandonment by the La Motte peoples,
members of a much different "Mississippian" society established a homestead on the location
occupied by a single nuclear family. This family was only one of a number of such families who
built small houses lineally dispersed along the terrace. After the abandonment of the location by
the early Mississippian peoples, Hatchery West was not reoccupied until the Euro-Americans
entered the area in the recent past.
PIT FEATURES
A total of 109 "pits" were excavated in the West Field of Hatchery site. These were all
facilities, or containers, and it will be our task in analysis to determine where possible what the
functions of these facilities were in the ongoing set of activities conducted by the prehistoric
occupants of the Hatchery West site. As has been pointed out in the concluding section dealing
with the architectural data, there have been set forth a number of systemic and historical
hypotheses based on the observed pattern of differences and similarities noted in the architectural
features. Given an independent set of data, such as the information derived from the excavation of
the large sample of pit features, we should be able to put some of these hypotheses to preliminary
test. Two major sets of hypotheses were advanced based on the architectural data; the first was
chronological regarding a proposed sequence of occupations on the site. Therefore, our analysis of
the pits will attempt to derive as much information regarding the chronology of the events

responsible for the presence of the archaeological remains. The second set of hypotheses was
advanced regarding seasonal differences in the occupations, and all this implies in terms of
differentiated economic-subsistence activities. Therefore, our analysis will hopefully be useful in
evaluating such proposed functional differences between occupational episodes on the site.
Three general classes of attributes were used in the study of variability between pits and classes
of pits. The first are those attributes which describe the form ofthe feature: length, width, depth,
and aspects of the cross-sectional form of the feature. The second class of attributes consists of
any characteristics which inform directly about the use that was made ofthe pit. These attributes
include such observations as the presence of in situ burned soil, articulated bones, charred nuts, or
other undisturbed primary contents of the pit. The third class of attributes are the contents of the
pit which are believed to have been deposited after the use of the feature had ceased. Such
attributes include color and texture ofthe fill, and the nature of items in the fill, fire-cracked rock,
artifacts, etc. These attributes may reflect the nature of activities which were carried on in the
vicinity of the pits. The first two classes of attributes are the more important in inferring the
immediate function of various pit types. The third class of attributes can be useful for such
inferences, but they also inform us about the proximity of other activities on the site, and
occasionally about the chronological relations between groups of features.
Our procedure was to form a typology of pits as excavations, basing this typology on definable
clusterings of attributes of the first class, and to then contrast these feature "types" in terms of
their contents, attributes of the second and third classes. These pit types and their correlated
attributes were then studied in terms of their spatial distribution over the area of occupation in an
attempt to build up a picture of the structure of this prehistoric community as the locus of a series
of cultural activities.
The results of these analyses are presented below in the descriptions of feature types and
summary tables giving the data used in the study.
ROCK HEARTHS
Features classified under this heading all have in common the following attributes. They are
recognized as a distinct clustering of introduced rock, normally crystalline. The cluster is normally
very compact with most of the rocks in the cluster touching each other. The rocks in the cluster
normally exhibit some evidence of having been exposed to fire of varying degrees of intensity. The
matrix in which the rocks occur normally suggests that they were in a small excavation although
commonly in the midwest the outline of such an excavation is only infrequently visible. There is
normally no evidence of there having been an in situ fire in the location where the rocks occur.
Only 3 such features were noted to occur at Hatchery West, although many were observed at
Hatchery North and they have been noted commonly at other sites (Binford, Schoenwetter, and
Fowler 1964:111). Table XVI presents the summary data on the 3 features observed.
TABLE XVI
Summary Data: Rock Hearths

Feature Location No. of Length Width ELEVATIONS Depth

No. Rocks Recognition Surface Base
217 E44N158 16 .38 .32 133.81 133.98 133.67 .31
217A E68N194 15 .43 .40 133.78 134.31 133.77 .54
217B E71N173 9 .34 .31 133.74 134.27 133.59 .68

Very little can be generalized about these features. In all cases they
within the hardpan on the site, suggesting a respectable age.
Because of the absence of associations with pottery, their appearan
the hardpan, and their known context at other sites these features
relatively old Archaic occupations of Hatchery West. These constitu
be reasonably interpreted as related to preceramic occupations ofthe
DEEP EAR TH O VENS
Thirty-six features were found to share a series of distinguishing a

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Binford] CULTURAL FEA TURES 43

of which is their relatively great depth. The metrical data for these pits is presented in Table XVII.
From this table it can be shown that the mean depth for the total sample of these features is 65
centimeters. They are oval pits with a mean width of 77 centimeters and a mean length of 93
centimeters.
From Table XVII it can also be seen that the attributes of cross-sectional form are quite
homogeneous for this class of pits. All are of compound form, that is, having a distinct floor and
sides as opposed to the continuous transition between floor and sides which is characteristic of

TABLE XVII
Deep Earth Ovens: Summary Metrical Data

Pit No. Surface Recog. Base Depth Width Length Location W/L
_Elev. Elev._Elev._Ratio
Cluster A-l
No. 307 134.34 133.94 133.72 0.62 0.71 1.08 Sq E 59 N 140 .66
No. 308 134.39 134.00 133.54 0.85 0.88 0.95 Sq E 62 N 140 .93
No. 310 134.37 133.99 133.79 0.58 0.75 0.89 SqE62N137 .84
No. 319 134.33 133.96 133.84 0.49 0.63 0.69 SqE59N137 .92
No. 321 134.31 133.95 133.77 0.54 0.82 1.02 SqE59N137 .80
No. 322 134.41 133.93 133.73 0.68 0.79 0.84 SqE65N137 .94
No. 360 134.37 133.88 133.53 0.84 0.57 0.89 SqE65N134 .64
No. 412 SqE68N146
Sumx0 3.14
Sumx2 4.60 3.86
5.15 5.88
6.36 4.78
5.73
n 7 7 7 7
x .66 .74 .91 .82
s .14 .11 .12 .12
Cluster A-2
No. 313 134.50 134.00 133.72 0.72 0.72 0.77 SqE74N134 .93
No. 314 134.47 134.00 133.82 0.65 0.49 Sq E 74 N 134
No. 317 134.44 133.94 133.70 0.74 0.55 0.79 SqE68N134 .69
No. 318 134.43 133.93 133.66 0.77 0.78 0.85 SqE68N134 .93
Sumx 2.88 2.05 2.90 2.55
Sumx2 2.08 1.43 2.18 2.20
n 4 3 4 3
x .72 .68 .73 .85
s .06 .12 .16 .12
Cluster A-3
No. 298 134.50 134.01 133.95 0.55 0.55 0.94 Sq E 65 N 149 .59
No. 299 134.46 134.02 133.83 0.53 0.71 0.91 Sq E 65 N 146 .78
Sumxn 1.08 1.26 1.85 1.37
Sumx2 .58 .81 1.71 .96
n 2 2 2 2
x .54 .63 .93 .69
s_.01 .14 .02_.14
Cluster B
No. 137 134.55 134.05 133.80 0.75 0.85 0.88 Sq E 74 N 155 .97
No. 279 134.54 134.07 133.77 0.77 0.40 0.81 SqE71N158 .49
No. 280 134.55 134.05 133.96 0.59 0.42 0.69 Sq E 71 N 158 .56
No. 281 134.55 134.05 133.63 0.92 0.90 0.99 SqE71N158 .98
No. 282 134.55 134.05 133.99 0.56 0.66 0.76 Sq E 74 N 158 .67
No. 283 134.54 134.06 133.87 0.67 1.24 1.50 Sq E 68 N 155 .83
No. 284 134.56 134.07 133.83 0.73 0.90 1.08 SqE71N155 .83
No. 343 134.56 134.05 133.93 0.63 0.75 0.90 SqE71N155 .83
No. 344 134.55 134.06_133.90 0.65 0.74 0.89 SqE71N155 .83
Sumx, 6.27 6.86 8.50 6.99
Sumx2 4.46 5.76 8.48 5.66
n 9 9 9 9
x .70 .76 .95 .78
s .11 .25 .24 .17

TABLE XVII (cont.)

Deep Earth Ovens: Summary Metrical Data

Pit No. Elev.

Surface Recog. Base Depth Width Length Location W/L
Elev. Elev. Ratio
Cluster C
No. 251 134.50 134.10 133.77 0.78 1.18 1.20 Sq E 62 N 164 .98
No. 253 134.50 134.10 133.71 0.79 0.98 1.26 SqE62N161 .77
No. 257 134.37 134.01 133.85 0.52 0.99 1.02 SqE59N161 .97
No. 270 134.55 134.08 134.00 0.55 0.48 0.50 Sq E 68 N 167 .98
No. 273 134.54 134.08 133.80 0.74 0.86 0.97 Sq E 68 N 164 .88
No. 276 134.51 134.10 133.94 0.57 0.72 0.74 SqE65N161 .97
No. 316 134.51 134.08_133.86 0.65 1.30 1.38_Sq E 65 N 164
Sumx, 4.60 6.51 7.07 6.49
Sumx2
n
3.88
111
6.51 7.71 1
6.05
x .66 .94 1.01 .93
s_.38 .28 .31_.02
Cluster D
No. 228 134.34 133.98 133.60 0.74 0.92 1.13 SqE56N173 .92
No. 245b 134.39 134.09 133.77 0.62 1.40 1.63 SqE59N170 .96
No. 323 0.71 0.79 1.02 Sq E 59 N 179 .77
No. 324 134.28 133.96 133.86 0.42 0.81 0.94 SqE53N176 .86
No. 325 134.33 133.95 133.72 0.61 0.69 0.79 SqE56N173 .84
No. 326 134.39 134.10 133.76 0.63 1.09 1.30 SqE59N173 .84
No. 328 134.52 134.15 133.95 0.57 0.47 0.63 SqE65N173 .89
Sumx. 4.30 6.17 7.44 6.08
Sumx2 2.71 5.97 8.57 5.30
n 111 1
x .61 .88 1.06 .87
s_.11 .30 .33
All Measurements in
"basin"-shaped features. The s
sides descending to a flat floo
The most important indicati
the bottom and along the sid
of ash and concentrations of c
oxidation that these pits wer
in the bottom of the pits, res
many of those pits lacking pr
suggestion that it had been d
presence in the fill of many
redeposited. In this case we b
This evidence for the use of in
earth ovens. Such ovens are kn
Heat was commonly provided
served to reflect this heat wit
discussion of ethnographically
The nature of the fill provid
was the fill of these featur
commonly observed in what
single example on the Toothso
or no lensing, suggesting tha
use.
In about 35 percent of the cases the fill of these pits included midden refuse which
potentially informative about the activities carried on in the immediate vicinity of the pits, and
which the pits themselves may have played a part. Tabes XVIII and XIX present the data on the
artifacts and refuse inclusive within these pits. It will be seen that charcoal is relatively comm

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Binford ] CUL TURA L FEA TURES 45

though never in large quantities, nor in concentrations. Bone, shell, burned limestone, an
are all relatively rare. Burned crystalline rock, potsherds, and charred nuts are numerous. M
pottery is also frequently found in these features, and the occurrence of manos is relatively
These attributes distinguish this class of features in general and as a whole, but there is a
distinguishable clusters of these pits on the site. The comparison of relevant attributes be
these clusters allows us to define some orderly patterns of variation among these feature
positions of these clusters on the site are presented in Fig. 15. It will be noted that all of
clusters occur on the east edge of the occupation.
TABLE XVIII
Tabulation of the Incidence of Occurence of
Various Attributes by Spatial Cluster, Deep Earth Ovens

Cluster Cluster Cluster Cluster Cluster Cluster Total

Al A-2 A-3 B CD
Number 8 4 2 9 7 7 37
Bone 4 0 10 10 6
Shell 10 0 0 0 0 1
Charcoal 6 4 2 6 5 6 29
Nuts 1 0 0 2 6 5 14
Items mano none mano none mano none
min. pot hammer chopper
antlers
Simple form 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Compound form 8 4 2 9 7 7 37
Sides straight 4 0 0 0 2 2 8
Sides concave 4 4 2 9 5 5 29
Sides parallel 0 3 0 0 11 5
Sides convergent 8 1 2 9 6 6 32
Base flat 4 3 2 8 6 6 29
Base concave 4 10 111 8
Midden fill 4 1 1 1 4 3 14
Incidental fill 4 3 1 8 3 4 23
Evidence of fire 3 4 0 3 4 2 16
No evidence of fire 5 0 2 6 3 5 21

CLUSTER A-l. This cluster comprises 8 features in the southeast corner of the
cluster there is a higher incidence of both bone and shell than is normal for this class
a whole. It is possible that this reflects some difference in the economic activiti
around these pits.
There is somewhat more variation within this cluster in the formal characteristics
and floors than is normal for other clusters, but the metrical attributes conform very
means for the whole class.
All other attributes follow the pattern ofthe class with the exception of one pit, 3
a cache of items occurred which have the appearance of belonging to a set of act
might be placed in the social or ritual sphere rather than in that of technology. In th
found projectile points, an antler, a miniature pot, and a "charcoal drill shaft." Roughly
associations will be noted below in the discussion of "compound pits" where th
additional occurrence of a figurine.
Among the pits of this cluster there are two which provide evidence of chronology
area of occupation. One of these pits underlies the floor of Structural Feature 9, one
round houses with a long "entryway" showing that this house was constructed subseque
use of this pit in the Cluster A-l. The other pit, 360, is overlain by the floor ofthe M
house in the southeast corner of the site. This adds some firm stratigraphic sup
chronological placement of the Late Woodland component here prior to a small M
occupancy of the site.
CLUSTER A-2. This cluster of features differs considerably from the other clusters
ovens in a series of attributes, the most important of which, in terms of placement of
within the context of the site, is the presence of shell-tempered pottery in two ofth
cluster is near the Mississippian house, and it is highly probable that these earth oven
the later, Mississippian occupation of the area.

Pit Numbers 307 308 310 319 321 322 360 412 Total Percentage
Limestone 0 3 2 0 0 0 1 1 7 3.9%
Daub 0 5 3 0 19 1 7 26 14.4%
Crystalline rock 0 18 5 6 16 22 2 15 84 46.4%
Min. pottery 0 00 0 0 71 917 9.4%
Limestone pot. 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 13 7.2%
Grit temp. pot. 1 11 5 0 2 0 2 7 28 15.5%
Chert 0 0 10 0 2 12 6 3.3%
TST "10
Cluster A-2

Pit Numbers 313 314 317 318 Total Percentage

Limestone 0 0 0 0 0 0.0%
Daub 0 0 12 14 26 31.3%
Crystalline rock 2 1 14 20 37 44.6%
Min. pottery 0 0 0 0 0 0.0%
Shell pottery 0 0 14 5 6.0%
Grit temp. pot. 0 0 8 3 11 13.2%
Chert 0 0 4 0 4 4.8%
83 99.9%

Cluster A-3

Pit Numbers 298 299 Total Percentage

Limestone 1 11 12 22.2%
Daub 0 8 8 14.8%
Crystalline rock 4 12 16 29.6%
Min. pottery 0 3 3 5.5%
Shell pottery 0 0 0 0.0%
Grit temp. pot. 1 14 15 27.8%
Chert 0 0 _0_ 0.0%
54 99.9%

Cluster B

Pit Numbers 137 279 380 281 282 283 284 343 344 Total Percentage
Limestone 0 0000 5000 5 6.3%
Daub 0 10 0 0 0 0 11 3 33.8%
Crystalline rock 1 7 0 3 4115 3 3 37 46.8%
Min. pottery 0 1020 1000 4 5.1%
Limestone pottery 0 2000 0000 2 2.5%
Grit temp. pot. 2 7000 7310 20 25.3%
Chert 1 2 0 0 0 2 0 2 1 __8_ 10.2%
79 100.0%

Cluster C

Pit Numbers 251 253 257 270 273 276 316 Total Percentage
Limestone 2 7 00 0 0 110 6.0%
Daub 14 19 24 1 0 2 1 61 36.7%
Crystalline rock 6 18 6 3 2 0 1 36 21.7%
Min. pottery 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 1.2%
Limestone pottery 0 13 0 0 0 0 4 2.4%
Grit temp. pot. 0 20 11 1 0 0 1 33 19.87%
Chert 0 11 3 4 1 0 1 20 12.1%
166 99.9%

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Binford] CULTURA L FEA TURES 47

TABLE XIX (continued)

Cluster D

Pit Numbers 228 245 323 324 325 326 328 Total Percentage
Limestone 00 00000 0 0.0%
Daub 3 0 112 10 8 11.6%
Crystalline rock 5 0 8 4 1 3 1 22 32.9%
Min. pottery 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 12 17.4%
Limestone pottery 00 00000 0 0.0%
Grit temp. pot. 12 0 9 0 0 1 0 22 32.0%
Chert 2 0 1 0 0 2 0 _J_ 7.2%
69 101.1%
These features are both deeper and smaller in diameter than the average for al
addition to the presence of shell-tempered pottery, they lack many of the t
materials which characterize the other clusters of earth ovens. No nuts, bur
miniature pottery, nor limestone-tempered pottery appear in these features; the
grit-tempered pottery is much reduced in these pits. There is, on the other hand,
of daub. The significance of daub inclusions will be discussed below.
Besides the chronological implications of the included pottery, the variance in te
and content attributes which is exhibited by these features seems to indicate a c
the specific functions for which these particular pits were intended, as contrast
earth oven groupings on the site. This inference is strengthened by the observation
pits showed evidence of fire. This is not the case in any of the other clusters of
the site.
CLUSTER A-3. This cluster is composed of two isolated pits between and back ofthe eastern
pair of houses. In view of the small sample represented by this grouping, a greater than normal
variation may be allowed in the comparison of attributes. Nevertheless, the proportions of
included items are very close to the proportions present in other clusters. There is, however, a
marked variation in size. The mean depth for these two pits is only 54 centimeters, a depth which
accords much better with the mean for compound pits than for earth ovens. In addition, they are
much more oval in outline, with a length/width ratio again approximating that for the compound
pits.
A comparison is difficult to make because these pits stand somewhat between the compound
pits and the earth ovens in their proportions of contents. Their relatively high proportion of
burned limestone could align them with either the compound pits or with the shallow earth ovens.
In view of the spatial separation involved, their identification as shallow earth ovens seems
unlikely. The proportions of crystalline rock and grit-tempered pottery stand between the average
for deep earth ovens and compound pits. They are, however, somewhat closer to the means for
deep earth ovens. On the basis ofthe proportions of crystalline rock and of pottery, these features
have been classified as earth ovens. The occurrence of other attributes is roughly similar between
these two classes of features.
In summary, the greatest obstacle to their full acceptance as earth ovens of the kind we have
been discussing so far is their abnormally shallow depth and their oval shape. Both of these
attributes conform closely to the characteristics to be discussed for compound pits, and it is
possible that these two isolated features may be actually part of the nearby cluster of compound
pits.
CLUSTER B. This cluster consists of 9 features in a tight cluster just north ofthe northernmost
house on the east edge of the site.
In almost all respects this group of pits conforms to the picture we have presented above ofthe
"average" earth ovens. The proportion of included chert is rather high. It is possible that this is a
fortuitous instance in which an area of flint working was located adjacent to this cluster of pits.
CLUSTER C. Cluster C comprises 7 pits. Metrically they are larger and rounder than the pits of
Clusters A and B. Their mean length is 1.01 meters and mean width is 94 centimeters, while the
mean length/width index is .93 centimeters. These metrical attributes align them with the ovens of
Cluster D rather than with those of the clusters previously described.

i I V^LJ71?'?'?rn?rn?I 1/1
_1_ "" Hatch?itv 6lTB-Wfc?T
T A?KA A
1 I I ft *~ o 6IT.PUA
ST 0 6CAUB IM MBTKItt ~~
a # ; Lmkmo
3C 3S ,x " _Kim
?-,_ x __ UMctte Pbb* Bahth __ _
\ * ***** bBX -^ Ov?we
UMottk _^^B
6haulom Cabtm tt

\b\ r * * x
^Bb\ * * bb ar v 1

_V % # * ^^H--'-y ? V M.37

?? \ I\II\|I< 1tiwr* or rwm di/Tw_MI3I

??iwa/*? *v tmc I __ / ^.^ ?
I 4&??mec Awrawvmav ^ x^ TfryrTa?i
i^4f! All ?M0\ 1 O*^ CMMM/C4 - WC*W?#*WWI
?U ?iu ?leo el? ?i~ ?u ?u \?u ?u !?. ?i^ ?U
Fig. 15

In this cluster the relative proportion of chert inclusions is higher than normal. Table XIX
shows that over half of this frequency is accounted for by a single pit, 253. In this situation we
would be inclined to see this occurrence as an event of chance, perhaps related to the closeness of
an area of flint working near Cluster B, and not meaningful in terms of the typology or function of
earth ovens as such.
In all other respects except one, the contents of pits in Cluster C are congruent with those of
Clusters A and B. The exception is the relatively high frequency of charred nuts. This is a feature

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Binford] CULTURAL FEA TURES 49

shared with Cluster D. It is possible that here we have direct evidence of some differences between
two clusters of ovens and all other clusters. This will be discussed again below.
CLUSTER D. Cluster D comprises 7 features. In metrical attributes they are larger and rounder
than average, and resemble the features of Cluster C in this respect. Cluster D is similar to Cluster
C also in the relatively high proportion of pits containing charred nuts.
A unique feature of this cluster is the high percentage of miniature pot fragments. Table XIX
shows that this proportion is entirely due to the contents of a single pit, 323. This pit is the
northermost feature of the site, but it is in no other respect different from the rest of the earth
ovens of this cluster.

SUMMARY OF DEEP EARTH OVENS. Of the 6 clusters of earth ovens defined on this site,
two may be distinguished as "different" or atypical for the class average. Cluster A-2 may be
distinguished by its location and the presence of Mississippian sherds as being chronologically well
removed from the rest of these features which are characterized as grit-tempered Late Woodland
ceramics. They also exhibit numerous other distinctive attributes which seem to indicate a
different mode of utilization for these features.
Cluster A-3 seems to be chronologically of Late Woodland time, but is distinct metrically, and
in this respect approaches the form of the compound pits to which it is adjacent. The proportions
of the contents of these pits are not absolutely distinctive, and they are isolated spatially from the
majority of earth ovens. The single most aberrant feature for these pits, if interpreted as earth
ovens, is their shallowness.
Putting Cluster A-3 aside as a dubious grouping, we are left with 4 well-defined groups of Late
Woodland earth ovens. We may now observe that these 4 clusters seem to form pairs in terms of
metrical attributes, contents, and location. The two southern clusters contain roughly equal
numbers of features, 8 and 9, and are very similar in their smaller size, more oval outline, and
slightly greater depth than the two northern groupings. Also, there is evidence in the more
frequent occurrence of charred nuts in the northern clusters that there was a difference in the
activities carried out here.
It is possible to attribute this difference to the differential location of activities within a single
community. There are, however, a number of facts which incline us to the interpretation of these
differences as representing temporal differences in the occupation of this locality. The
superposition of Structural Feature 9 on Pit 412 demonstrates some temporal variation in the
occupation ofthe site. The data on the colors ofthe fill ofthe features in each cluster also support
the suggestion that there is chronological difference within the Late Woodland occupation. From
Table XX it can be seen that the color of the fill in the features of the two northern Clusters C and
D, tends to be slightly darker than that in the features of the other clusters. (The fill of the
Mississippian features also tends to be darker.) This would argue that Clusters C and D are later in
time than A and B, and were filled with darker, more refuse-stained midden material.
The presence of charred nuts in most ofthe features of these presumably later clusters seems to
us to indicate a seasonal occupation in the fall. The problems of seasonality and multiple
occupation will be discussed more fully below.

SHALLOW EARTH OVENS

Forty-four features share a series of characteristics which distinguish them as a functional
class. The diagnostic attributes of this class of features are their relative shallowness, mean length
of 1.06 meters and mean width of 85 centimeters, and the abundant evidence of fires in the area
of the pits without any indication of the in situ burning of these fires. The summary metrical data
on these pits is presented in Table XXI.
The cross-sectional form of these features is a simple basin in about half of all examples. Almost
all have concave sides converging to a base which is concave in about two-thirds of all cases and
flat in the remainder.
The irregular nature of the opening of these pits was noted in the field, and is represented in the
data presented here by the very high standard deviations of the means of width and length.
Evidence of fire was present in approximately two-thirds of the pits and consisted of particles

Cluster Pit No.

307 308 310 319 321 322 360 412

A-l 3/4 4/4 3/4 3/3 6/4 3/3 3/2
313 314 317 318
A-2 4/4 - 3/2 3/3
298 299
A-3 5/4 3/4
137 279 280 281 282 283 284 343 344
B - 4/3 4/4 3/2 - 4/3 4/4 4/4 4/3
251 253 257 270 273 276 316
C 3/3 3/4 3/3 4/4 4/3 3/4 3/4
228 245 323 324 325 326 328
D 3/4 4/4 4/2 3/2 - 3/3 6/2

TABLE XXI
Shallow Earth Ovens: Summary Metrical Data

Pit No. Surface Recog. Base Depth Width Length Location W/L
_Elev. Elev._Elev._Ratio
Cluster A
No. 191 134.25 133.90 133.86 0.39 0.47 0.50 SqE53N137 .91
No. 192 134.18 133.85 133.75 0.43 0.70 0.82 SqE53N140 .86
No. 203 134.28 133.88 133.75 0.43 0.53 0.72 Sq E 56 N 140 .73
No. 205 134.31 133.90 133.73 0.54 0.92 1.19 SqE59N137 .77
No. 296 134.37 133.92 133.79 0.58 0.66 0.76 Sq E 59 N 146 .87
No. 300 134.37 133.95 133.80 0.57 0.77 0.81 Sq E 59 N 143 .95
No. 301 134.38 133.93 133.90 0.48 0.64 0.89 Sq E 59 N 143 .72
No. 302 134.38 133.95 133.76 0.62 0.85 1.00 Sq E 62 N 143 .85
No. 303 134.33 133.90 133.84 0.46 0.77 0.89 Sq E 59 N 140 .87
No. 304 134.32 133.91 133.78 0.54 0.86 0.98 Sq E 59 N 140 .88
Sumx0
Sumx2 5.04
2.59 7.17
5.33 8.56
7.64 8.41
7.12
N 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
x .50 .72 .86 .84
s_.07 .14 .19_.07
Cluster B
No. 194 134.14 133.82 133.69 0.45 0.55 0.56 SqE53N146 .98
No. 195 134.25 133.86 133.70 0.55 2.00 2.36 SqE53N146 .85
No. 213 133.77 133.61 133.50 0.27 0.22 0.60 Sq E 47 N 146 .37
No. 221 134.01 133.74 133.66 0.35 0.40 0.55 Sq E 47 N 146 .73
No. 212 133.75 133.59 133.53 0.22 0.65 0.88 Sq E 47 N 143 .74
No. 222 133.94 133.70_133.62 0.32 0.88 1.04_Sq E 50 N 143 .85
Sumx, 2.16 4.70 5.99 4.52
Sumx2 .85 5.71 8.40 3.62
N 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00
x .36 .78 1.00 .75
s_.12 .64 .70_.21
Cluster C
No. 197 134.25 133.95 133.95 0.40 0.48 0.66 SqE53N152 .72
No. 198 134.19 133.91 133.80 0.39 0.67 0.76 SqE53N152 .88
No. 199 134.26 133.96 133.84 0.42 0.65 0.75 SqE53N155 .86
No. 200 134.28 133.99 133.84 0.44 0.74 1.28 Sq E 56 N 155 .71
No. 215 134.00 133.81 133.59 0.41 0.64 0.83 Sq E 47 N 155 .77
No. 216 0.29 1.38 1.48 SqE44N152 .93
No. 223 134.10 133.87 133.67 0.43 1.20 2.00 Sq E 50 N 155 .60
No. 238 134.27 133.97 133.89 0.38 0.36 1.00 SqE56N158 .38
No. 240 134.28 133.99_133.95 0.33 0.33 0.66_SqE53N158

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Binford] CULTURAL FEATURES 51

TABLE XXI (cont.)

Shallow Earth Ovens: Summary Metrical Data

Pit No. Surface Recog. Base Depth Width Length Location W/L
_Elev. Elev._Elev._Ratio
Sumx, 3.49 6.45 9.42 6.35
Sumx2 1.37 5.64 11.53 4.75
N 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00
x .39 .72 1.05 .70
s .05 .36 .46 .18
Cluster D
No. 245a 134.38 134.08 133.91 0.47 1.82 1.94 Sq E 59 N 167 .94
No. 349 134.44 134.10_133.86 0.58 0.82 1.20_Sq E 62 N 167 .68
Sumx, 1.05
Sumx2 2.64 5.20
.56 3.98 3.14 1.35
1.62
N 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
x .53 1.32 1.57 .81
s_.10 .70 .37
Cluster E
No. 218 133.76 133.68 133.58 0.18 0.51 0.82 SqE44N161 .62
No. 319 134.00 133.86 133.61 0.39 1.50 1.61 Sq E 47 N 164 .93
No. 220 134.04 133.80 133.65 0.39 0.49 0.72 Sq E 47 N 164 .68
No. 224 134.11 133.87 133.83 0.18 0.62 0.68 Sq E 50 N 164 .91
No. 225 134.13 133.85 133.65 0.48 0.93 1.02 Sq E 50 N 167 .91
No. 230 134.21 133.84 133.74 0.47 1.00 1.15 SqE53N167 .87
No. 242 134.25 133.93 133.91 0.34 0.55 0.60 SqE53N161 .91
No. 243 134.20 133.92 133.84 0.36 0.52 0.82 Sq E 53 N 161 .63
No. 244 134.21 133.88_133.79 0.42 0.63 0.65_SqE53N164 .97
Sumx, 3.21 6.75 8.07 7.43
Sumx2 1.24 5.97 8.06 6.28
N 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00
x .36 .75 .90 .83
s_.11 .34 .32 _.14
Cluster Y
No. 329 134.38 134.05 133.94 0.41 1.01 1.23 Sq E 68 N185 .82
No. 330 134.35 133.95 133.87 0.48 .80 0.40 Sq E 71 N 188 .50
No. 331 134.38 133.96 133.83 0.55 1.10 2.10 SqE71N191 .52
No. 333 134.33 134.02 133.95 0.38 0.48 0.68 SqE65N191 .70
No. 335 134.39 133.99 133.85 0.54 0.68 0.85 Sq E 65 N 197 .80
No. 336 134.38 133.99 133.80 0.58 1.10 1.29 SqE71N194 .85
No. 337 134.35 133.99 133.91 0.44 0.86 0.90 SqE71N194 .96
No. 361 134.36 134.00_133.93 0.43 0.82 0.68_SqE71N197
Sum x, 3.81 6.35 8.13 5.98
Sum x2 1.85 5.63 10.20 4.65
N 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00
x .48 .79 1.01 .75
s_.07 .29 .5
All Measurements in

of oxidized clay mixed in the f

floors of the features.
These characteristics of the form
range of cultural features kno
ovens." Hough, in discussing coo
use of such "heap ovens." One de
the features ofthe Hatchery sit
When they cook their fish by stea
which, when the wood is burnt dow
then placed upon the stones and th

and the whole closely covered with mats to keep in the steam. This is much the best mode of cooking and
clams and mussels done in this manner are really excellent. (Hough citing Jewetts Narrative: 1803.)

Further evidence for the function of these features is provided by the nature of the fill and the
included contents. Fill is very seldom midden refuse, suggesting that these pits, as with the deep
ovens, were intentionally filled in after the termination of their useful life as facilities, rather than
being used as the receptacles of refuse. Such lensing as there was in these features was usually the
result of differential concentration of oxidized earth and fill earth, the former apparently being
constantly disturbed from the sides and floor of the feature in sequential re-utilizations.
In all areas where these features occurred, there were large patches of stained sub-soil which
seemed to indicate the existence of areas of intense fire. These may have been the bottoms of
shallow roasting pits or the locations of surface fires. The situation suggested by these patches
accords well with the description given above and with the interpretation of shallow earth ovens
areas as the loci of roasting activities on the site.
The proportions of items in the fill of these pits contrast markedly with those of the deep earth
ovens. In comparison, it can be seen from Table XXII that bone and shell are both much more
common, and that nuts occur but three times in all of the 44 pits. The relatively high incidence of
occurrence of both shell and bone, as well as the frequent calcined condition of the latter, point to
the possible roasting of both meat and shellfish in these shallow earth ovens.
TABLE XXII
Occurrence of Various Attributes Within the Clusters of Shallow Earth Ovens

Cluster A Cluster B Cluster C Cluster D Cluster E Cluster Y Total

No. 10 6 9 2 9 8 44
Bone 3 3 3 0 7 7 23
Shell 0 2 2 0 2 1 7
Charcoal 8 5 8 2 9 7 39
Nuts 0 0 0 0 12 3
Items none daub-nest none none none none 0
Simple form 5 4 5 1 5 6 26
Compound form 5 3 4 1 4 2 19
Sides straight 3 12 2 10 9
Sides concave 3 6 7 0 8 8 32
Sides parallel 0 2 0 0 0 0 2
Sides convergent 10 5 9 2 9 8 43
Base flat 4 3 3 1 2 0 13
Base concave 6 4 6 1 7 8 32
Midden fill 10 0 0 3 3 7
Incidental fill 9 6 9 2 6 5 37
Evidence of fire 7 4 5 0 7 5 28
No evidence of fire 3 2 4 2 2 3 16

In this regard, it is interesting to note that while

is relatively low, ranging from 6.6 percent to 9.2
limestone is high (Table XXIII). As we will show
and its low proportion of burned limestone is not
clusters which varies between 44.7 percent and
selection of stone types for use in the different
varying proportions in all pits except those perta
not so common, however, as in the deep earth ove
These features have been provisionally grouped i
situated along the western edge ofthe site. The par
described in terms of each of these clusters.
CLUSTER A. Cluster A consists of 10 pits in
immediately adjacent to the Cluster A of the deep
all the attributes mentioned above.
These attributes exhibit variation which differen
depth of these features is 50 centimeters, notably

Pit Number

Cluster A 191 192 203 205 296 300 301 302 303 304 Total Percentage
Limestone 0 2460122049 39 51.3%
Daub 3 118 1 1 1 2 3 0 21 27.6%
Crystalline rock 00030 10010 5 6.6%
Min. pottery 00000 01000 1 1.3%
Limestone pot. 00000 00000 0 0.0%
Grit. temp. pot. 00010 12010 5 6.6%
Chert 00031 00010 __5_ 6.6%
Total 76 100.0%

Cluster B 194 195 213 221 212 222 Total Percentage

Limestone 0 17 0 3 12 1 33 48.5%
Daub 0 9 0 1 5 3 18 26.5%
Crystalline rock 0 5 0 1 10 7 10.3%
Min. pottery 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0%
Limestone pot. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0%
Grit. temp. pot. 0 5 0 0 1 4 10 14.7%
Chert 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0%
Total 68 100.0%

Ouster C 197 198 199 200 215 216 233 238 240 Total Percentage
Limestone 0 4 4 16 1 4 0 5 1 35 46.1%
Daub 0 2 2 3 1 2 1 0 1 12 15.8%
Crystalline rock 000 700000 7 9.2%
Min. pottery 000 000000 0 0.0%
Limestone pot. 000 000000 0 0.0%
Grit. temp. pot. 020 2205 10 12 15.8%
Chert 0 10 4 3 0 10 1 10 13.1%
Total 76 100.0%

Cluster T 329 330 331 333 335 336 337 361 Total Percentage
Limestone 3 1 27 2 1 3 9 3 49 59.7%
Daub 00 210344 14 17.1%
Crystalline rock 10 2 10 0 2 0 6 7.3%
Min. pottery 00 000000 0 0.0%
Limestone pot. 00 000000 0 0.0%
Grit. temp. pot. 0 0 6 0 0 1 1 2 10 12.2%
Chert 00 300000 3 3.6%
Total 82 100.0%

Tabulation of Pit Co

Pit Spatial Cluster D 245a 249 Total Percentage

Limestone 0 4 4 17.4%
Daub 3 6 9 39.1%
Crystalline rock 0 0 0 0.0%

_TABLE XXIII (continued)_

Min. pottery 0 0 0 0.0%
Limestone pot. 0 0 0 0.0%
Grit, temp, pot. 0 0 0 0.0%
Chert 1 3 4 17.4%
Shell temp sherds 5 1 t_6__ 26.1%
Total 23 100.0%

Pit Spatial Clust

Limestone 4 46 0 1 30 1 3 1 3 89 49.4%
Daub 0 0 10 0 20001 13 7.2%
Crystalline rock 0 600 70000 13 7.2%
Min. pottery 0 000 00000 0 0.0%
Limestone pot. 0 000 00000 0 0.0%
Grit. temp. pot. 1 21 0 0 31 3 0 0 1 57 31.7%
Chert 0 200 60000 _8_ 4.4%
Total 180 99.9%

whole. In addition, the

present in normal quant
vessel found in the feat
oven may easily be expl
The apparently greater
improper classification o
and 302. Both of these
but their positions with
Aside from the lack of
infer a different functi
CLUSTER B. This is a cl
way from those describe
CLUSTER C. This clus
unusually high here, bu
conform to the general
CLUSTER D. This "clust
attributes from the oth
The explanation of this
these pits. There is no g
all of the shallow earth
probably belong to the
The general configurat
earth ovens, but there i
bone was contained in
evidence of fire. The hig
the south end of the si
limestone and relatively
proportion is exactly re
crystalline rock present
Metrically these pits ar
Their mean width is 1.3
CLUSTER E. The fourth
metrically to Clusters B
We are inclined at this t
pottery is unusually hig
CLUSTER Y. This clus

other clusters. In depth it is most like Clusters A and D, whereas in general size it falls in the
relatively well-defined size range of the other clusters. In contents it differs mainly in that two of
the pits are reported to have contained nuts, an uncommon feature for the other pits. Other
characteristics of the contents of these pits are strikingly similar to the other clusters. The unique
placement of this cluster makes it difficult to associate with any given phase of the occupation of
the site; however, it seems likely that it is related to the occupation represented by Structural
Feature 4 rather than those represented by the "keyhole" houses.
SUMMARY OF SHALLOW EARTH OVENS. In this class of features which we have here
termed shallow earth ovens, there are 4 distinguishable spatial clusters referable to the Late
Woodland occupation of the Hatchery site. A single small pair of these features is assignable to
Mississippian times. In terms of between cluster variability of these features, it is not possible to
define any clear pairs of clusters as it was in the case of the deep earth ovens. Cluster A is
somewhat different from the others, but not markedly so. In terms of both metrical and content
attributes, Clusters B and C are most alike. They do not, however, form a contrasting pair to the
Clusters A and D.
Data on the color (Table XXIV) of fill in these features suggests that there is a pairing of
clusters. Clusters A and C are darker in general than Clusters B and E. This evidence seems to us
more convincing than the possible pairing of the Clusters B and E. We would interpret this color
difference as an indication of temporal difference between the pairs of clusters. Cluster Y is
distinctively lighter than any ofthe others suggesting that it was the earliest on the site.

TABLE XXIV
Colors Of Shallow Earth Oven Fills (Munsell Scale: 10 YR)

Cluster_Pit Number_
191 192 203 205 296 300 301 302 303 304

A - 4/3 3/2 3/3 3/4 3/4 3/4 6/4 4/2 3/2

_194 195 208 213 221 212_

B 4/2 4/4 - 4/4 4/4 3/4 4/2

197 198 199 200 215 216 223 238 239 240

C 5/3 8/- 3/2 4/4 4/2 3/3 3/4 3/3 4/3 4/4

_245a 249_
D 4/3 3/4

218 219 220 224 225 230 242 243 244

E 4/4 3/4 4/4 4/3 4/2 3/4 6/6 3/3 3/2

329 330 331 333 335 336 337 361

Y 6/4 5/6 4/3 6/4 5/4 7/4 6/3 5/4
COMPOUND COOKING PITS
Thirty features from the Hatchery site are here designated compound c
distinctive combination of attributes allows us to infer that the function of the
different from that of either the deep or the shallow earth ovens, but is not cle

what the specific function was. The contents and setting of the pits suggest that they were used
more commonly in the preparation of food for consumption.
Metrically, these pits are not greatly different from the shallow earth ovens just described. The
mean depth is slightly greater (Table XXV). They are distinguished morphologically by their
predominantly compound form of cross-section. Also, in contrast to the shallow earth ovens, are
their flat floors. These occur in four-fifths of these features. Sides are concave and convergent
(Table XXVI). Fill is either midden or incidental fill in about an equal number of cases. A
distinctive attribute of this class of pits is the almost total lack of any indication of in situ fire.
Bone is relatively common, shell somewhat less. Burned limestone and crystalline rock occur in
about equal proportions (Table XXVII). Daub is fairly common, but the proportion of
grit-tempered pottery is higher in these features than in any other class of features on the site.
These pits are located in the center of the site. They have been divided into 5 spatial clusters,
but two of these clusters consist of only two and three pits, respectively. There are no attributes
other than the location of these small clusters which distinguish them from the pits of larger
clusters. The division presented here is not certain, and only 3 large clusters may have historic
significance. This possibility will be explored further below.

CLUSTER A. The pits in this cluster tend to be somewhat larger and more ovate than the
average. This is largely the effect of the 3 western pits of this group. It was considered possible
that these pits might in fact be shallow earth ovens, but the details of their contents tend more
strongly to align them with the compound pits.
The only other unusual attribute of this cluster is the high percentage of miniature pottery, the
great majority of which was recovered from a single pit, 290. It was also from this pit that a cache
of presumably "sociotechnic" items were taken. This pit merits some further description. In it a
layer of midden fill covered a shell layer. This is the only pit within this cluster to have such a shell
deposit. Other pits contained only shells scattered in the fill. Underneath this shell layer was
encountered a layer of antlers, all tips removed, and some charred sherds concentrated near the
antlers. Among these antlers were also a clay pipe, a complete miniature pot, numerous miniature
potsherds, a ladle, and a figurine. There is a general resemblance between this cache and that found
in the deep earth oven, Pit 360. The presence of these caches in the pits seems to indicate a
secondary utilization of these features as depositories for items which were presumably utilized in
ritual activity. It may be seen that these pits also represent the locus of such activity within the
site.
CLUSTER B. Cluster B presents seemingly aberrant proportions of included items, but if we
allow a greater range of variation because ofthe small sample size, the general proportions of these
attributes are similar to other clusters. The metrical attributes of these two pits are typical for the
class as a whole. This cluster is so close to Cluster A, that it is possible to consider the two as a
single large cluster.
CLUSTER C. This is again a large cluster of 9 features in the north-central area of the site. The
pits of this cluster are slightly smaller and rounder than those of Cluster A, but there is only one
appreciable difference between the two clusters in terms of their contents: there were no
inclusions of miniature pottery in the pits of this cluster.
CLUSTER D. Three features compose this cluster which is apparently separated from Cluster C
by the row of burials. There is, however, a shallow, unnumbered pit, which probably belongs to
this class of compound pits, which was disturbed by the intrusion of one of the burials. It is likely
that the burials are of a later date than the pits and that a single large grouping of pits exists in the
northern section ofthe site.
The pits of this cluster are distinguished by the presence of nuts, and also by the occurrence of
a small quantity of miniature pottery. The unusual appearance of nuts in these compound pits is
easily explained by the fact that the midden fill which occurs in these features is derived from the
area of the two northern groups of deep earth ovens, which were characterized by the relative
abundance of charred nut remains.
This group of features, as well as Cluster B, exhibits a very high percentage of chert inclusions.
In the absence of other distinctive characteristics which would indicate that this situation

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Binford] CULTURAL FEATURES 57

TABLE XXV
Compound Pits: Summary Metrical Data

Pit No. SurfaCe Recog. Base W/L

Ouster A Elev. Elev. Elev. Depth Width Length Location Ratio
No. 196 134.27 133.89 133.57 0.70 0.90 1.48 SqE53N149 .78
No. 210 134.31 133.95 133.84 0.47 0.65 1.30 Sq E 56 N 149 .50
No. 265 134.34 134.02 133.85 0.49 1.28 1.58 SqE59N155 .81
No. 267 134.35 134.00 133.85 0.50 0.72 0.75 Sq E 59 N 149 .96
No. 290 134.40 133.94 133.81 0.59 0.81 0.83 SqE59N149 .97
No. 291 134.39 133.94 133.80 0.59 0.72 0.80 Sq E 59 N 149 .90
No. 292 134.35 133.91 133.82 0.53 0.73 0.94 Sq E 59 N 149
Sumx, 3.87 5.81 7.68 5.70
Sumx2 2.18 5.10 9.15 4.80
N 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00
x .55 .83 1.10 .81
s .08 .21 .35 .16
Cluster B
No. 288 134.41 133.97 133.77 0.64 0.63 0.73 Sq E 62 N 155 .86
No. 289 134.43 133.95 133.88 0.55 0.54 0.68 SqE62N152 .94
Sumx, 1.19 1.17 1.41 1.80
Sumx2 .71 .69 .99 1.62
N 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
x .59 .59 .70 .90
s .10 .10 .08 .06
Ouster C
No. 235 134.31 133.99 133.97 0.34 0.60 0.72 SqE56N161 .83
No. 236 134.36 134.01 133.69 0.67 0.70 0.71 SqE56N161 .99
No. 239 134.31 134.00 133.92 0.29 0.80 0.96 Sq E 56 N 158 .83
No. 241 134.28 133.95 133.62 0.66 0.56 0.90 Sq E 53 N 158 .62
No. 254 134.44 134.05 134.00 0.44 0.64 0.68 SqE62N161 .94
No. 255 134.38 134.01 133.84 0.54 0.78 0.90 SqE59N161 .87
No. 256 134.37 134.00 133.97 0.40 0.65 0.70 Sq E 59 N 161 .93
No. 259 No Data
No. 261 134.42 134.05 133.90 0.52 0.80 0.80 Sq E 59 N 164 .99
No. 263 134.38 134.00 133.87 0.41 0.73 0.82 Sq E 59 N 158 .91
Sumx, 4.27 6.26 7.19 7.91
Sumx2 2.17 4.42 5.83 7.06
N 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00
x .47 .70 .80 .88
s .13 .09 .10 .12
Cluster D
No. 246 134.37 134.08 133.97 0.40 0.70 0.96 Sq E 59 N 167 .73
No. 247 134.40 134.07 133.93 0.47 0.80 0.99 Sq E 59 N 167 .80
No. 248 134.37 134.07 133.86 0.51 0.75 0.98 Sq E 59 N 167 .76
Sumx, 1.38 2.25 2.93 2.29
Sumx2 .64 1.69 2.86 1.75
N 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
x .46 .75 .98 .76
s .07 .07 .02 .03
Cluster X
No. 338 134.29 134.08 133.96 0.33 0.98 1.00 Sq E 68 N 206 .98
No. 339 134.33 134.08 133.94 0.39 0.88 0.91 Sq E 68 N 206 .97
No. 340 134.31 134.09 133.88 0.43 0.92 1.40 Sq E 65 N 209 .66
No. 341 134.32 134.09 133.84 0.48 0.56 0.59 SqE65N212 .96
No. 342 134.34 134.08 133.77 0.57 0.27 0.30 SqE68N212 .90
No. 345 134.32 134.09 133.93 0.39 0.71 0.87 SqE65N212 .82
No. 346 134.35 134.06 133.95 0.40 0.64 0.68 SqE71N212 .94
No. 347 134.33 134.07 133.88 0.45 0.62 0.66 SqE68N215 .94
Sum x, 3.44 5.58 6.41 7.16
Sum x2 1.51 4.26 5.88 6.48
N 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00
x .43 .70 .80 .90
s *06 .23 .32 .10
All Measurements in Meters

TABLE XXVI
Tabulation of Incidences of Occurrence of Various
Attributes within the Recognized Clusters
of Compound Pits.

Cluster A Cluster B Cluster C Cluster D Cluster X Total

No. 7 2 9 3 8 29
Bone 3 0 6 0 3 12
Shell 3 0 10 5 9
Charcoal 6 1 9 2 8
Nuts 0 0 0 2 13
pipe, ladle, hammer none none
Items antlers, fig, point
abrader, tablet
Simple form 0 0 3 0 2 5
Compound form 7 2 6 3 6 24
Sides straight 1 0 112 5
Sides concave 6 2 8 2 6 24
Sides parallel 0 0 0 12 3
Sides convergent 7 2 9 2 6 26
Base flat 5 2 6 3 4 20
Base concave 2 0 3 0 4 9
Midden fill 5 0 2 2 5 14
Incidental fill 2 2 6 1 3 14
Evidence of fire 1 0 0 0 3 4
No Evidence of Fire 6 2 9 3 5 25

represents some functional differentiation of these clusters, we interpret this as the chan
of the small cooking sample size of each group.
CLUSTER X. Eight pits occur in this cluster located in the northern part of the site di
south of Structural Feature 4 (see Fig. 16). In size and formal properties they do not diff
the two major clusters (A and C). There is only a slight difference notable between this clu
the others; the items included in Cluster X being distinguished by the absence of miniatur
sherds. It should be pointed out that 3 of the pits, 341, 345, and 346, all were filled with
the exclusion of other materials. In this respect they resemble Pit 290 in Cluster A.
number of shell pits in this cluster sets it off as distinctive, possibly suggestive of their us
different season of occupancy.
SUMMARY OF COMPOUND COOKING PITS. There is one other fact, outside
consideration of the features themselves, which indicates that the clusters of this class o
represent areas of different activities within the site. All ofthe "miscellaneous" postmol
on the site fell within these areas.
These postmolds comprise all of the definite features of this class which are not part o
houses. They generally show no pattern, but in one instance a series of 4 forms a small squ
small square is located immediately south of Pit 196. This may have been the location of
rack or stand of some sort. The other miscellaneous postmolds may similarly represent s
hanging strings of things to be dried There are seven more postmolds in the area of Clu
in the area between Cluster A and the group of shallow earth ovens just to the north, and
area of Cluster C. It is certain that these pits represent a distinct category of features, a
indications point to their different function as contrasted to the earth ovens of both cl
the precise nature of that function remains to be determined.
There may be a chronological difference in the construction and use of the different clu
these features. From Table XXVIIl it can be seen that Cluster C consists of features with
fill than that in the features of Cluster A. It may be argued that this is the result of th
construction, and this chronology would accord well with the situation observed with re
the deep earth ovens. Clusters B and D are again too small to show any conclusive pattern
the previous case the northern cluster is the lightest of all suggesting an earlier period of u
pits of Cluster X.
CHERT. In the above discussion, the proportions of chert have not been discussed becau
seem to relate to a single factor which is extraneous to the functional classification

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Binford] CUL TURA L FEA TURES 59

TABLE XXVII
Contents of Compound Pits

Contents
Cluster A 196 210 265 267 290 291 292 Total Percentage
Limestone 1 2 14 1 14 1 2 35 14.5
Daub 1 9 6 8 1 11 36 14.9
Crystalline rock 21 25 2 3 1 1 53 21.9
Min. pottery 5 1 0 16 1 0 23 9.5
Limestone pot. 1 0 0 0 0 1 .4
Grit temp pot. 15 23 4 36 0 0 78 32.3
Chert_6 1_6_1_1 0_0 15_^2_
241 99.7

Cluster B 288 289 Total Percentage

Limestone 0 0 0 0.0
Daub 0 0 0 0.0
Crystalline rock 2 1
Min. pottery 0 0 0
Limestone pot 0 0
Grit temp, pot 10 1
Chert 2 0 2 33.3
6 99.9

Cluster C 235 236 239 241 254 255 256 261 263 Total Percentage
Limestone 0 8 27 12 0 1 3 0 8 59 22.1
Daub 03 8001 30 14 29 10.9
Crystalline rock 24 13 00942 8 42 15.7
Min. pottery 000000000 0 0.0
Limestone pot. 000000000 0 0.0
Grit temp pot 3 3 68 17 3 11 3 4 0 112 41.9
Chert 0 9 8 5 1 1 0 1 0 25 9.4
267 100.0

Cluster D 246 247 248 Total Per

Limestone 0 0 0 0 0.0
Daub 0 0 11 4.0
Crystalline rock 111 3 12.0
Min. pottery 0 0 2 2 8.0
Limestone pot 0 0 0 0 0
Grit temp, pot 3 8 1 12 48.0
Chert 2 2 3 7 28.0
25 100.0

Cluster X 338 339 340 341 342 345 346 347 Total Percentage
Limestone 2 13 12 3 1 4 17 17.3
Daub - 1 2 1 3 4 1 4 3 19 19.4
Crystalline rock 10 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 3.1
Min. pot 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0
Limestone pot 00000000 0 0.0
Grit temp, pot 5 393768 11 52 52.9
Chert 10 2 0 10 3 0 7 7.2
98 99.9

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features. A plotting of the percentage distributions of chert in the feature clusters was made and it
is clear that the distributions are a function of distance from a point roughly in the middle of the
site.
On examining the nature of the chert artifacts and the patterns of surface distribution of
materials, it appears that this center was the location of a small Archaic occupation.
SUMMARY AND COMPARATIVE PIT DATA
We have demonstrated the existence at Hatchery West of 4 classes of "pits" which differ in
their size, morphology, contents and spatial distributions. The gross differences between these

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Binford ] CUL TURA L FEA TURES 61

TABLE XXVIIl
Colors of Compound Pit Fills (Munsell Scale: 10 Yr)

Cluster Pit Number

196 210 265 267 290 291 292

A
_8/- 5/4 3/3 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/3
288 289
B
_3/4 4/4
235 236 239 241 254 255 256 261 263
C
_-_-_3/3 4/3 3/2 3/3_-_3/4 3/3
246 247 248
D
_8/4 4/4 3/4
338 339 340 341 342 345 346 347
X
5/4 4/3 5/4 4/4 4/4 5/4 6/1 5/4

classes of pit are interpreted as reflecting differences in the tasks performed

occupants of the site. In addition to the recognition of these formal differences in t
been argued that the various pits assignable to the 4 recognized classes were
distributed over the site; on the contrary, each recognizable class was divisible into
virtue of their differential spatial clusterings on the site. These spatial clusters were
being the loci of activities of which the particular pit was an integral part. Multiple
activities on a given site could reflect one or both of two basic types of
Differentiation within the community into multiple work groups, each performin
similar tasks but in different locations. Such a situation is normally postulated to
multiple dwellings, multiple cooking areas, etc., on a single site. The quantit
interpreted as a good index of the number of social segments making up a given com
b) The repeated occupation of the same location by a series of social units re
accretional deposition of multiple facilities, each representative of a different occup
In order to determine where possible the proper interpretation ofthe situation o
Hatchery site, the following principles of interpretation have been used, a)
accumulation is directly a function of the length of occupancy, the greatest humus
pertain to the most recent occupation and the least humus content should ch
features of the earliest occupations, other factors being equal, b) Since density
function of the accretional buildup of the by-products of human occupation, then
greatest density should signify the most recent occupation, other factors being equa
Employing these principles, our reasoning with regard to the clusters of fo
features is as follows: if it can be shown that clusters of features exhibitin
morphological characteristics also exhibit a very similar range of variation with rega
of fill, and this range is distinctly different from that observed in another formally
of functionally analogous features, then we would view that as good evidence
difference between the cultural episodes responsible for the two sets of features. F
would view that cluster exhibiting the lightest average soil colors as, in all probabilit

It will be recalled that on the basis of the architectural data, 4 discrete occupation
West were postulated. They were: a) occupation by two families occupying two keyh
and 7) for a short period of time, possibly a single winter; b) occupation of two fa
two keyhole houses (9 and 11) for a short period of time, possibly a single winter;
by 4 families living in two post-hole houses (4 and 8). This occupation contrasts wit

TABLE XXIX
Total Number
Pit Type number clusters Cluster listing
Rock Hearths 3 - No distinct clusters observed
Deep Earth Ovens 37 6 Cluster A-l La Motte 8 Ovens
Cluster A-2 Mississippian 4 Ovens
Cluster A-3 La Motte 2 Ovens
Cluster B La Motte 9 Ovens
Cluster C La Motte 7 Ovens
Cluster D La Motte 7 Ovens
Internal groupings - Summary
(a) Occupation by two families in keyhole houses 6 & 7. Two clusters of deep earth ov
B. Total of 17 ovens, 8 in one cluster and 9 in the other.
(b) Occupation by two families in keyhole houses 9 & 11. Two clusters of deep earth o
D. Total of 14 ovens, 7 in each cluster.
(c) Occupation by four families living in two post-hole houses 4 & 8. Two features
representing a special variety of "composite" pit associated with Structure 8.
(d) Occupation by a single, Mississippian family in Structure 10. One cluster of dee
A-2. Total of 4 ovens

Shallow earth 44 6 Cluster A La Motte 10 ovens

ovens
Cluster B La Motte 6 ovens
Cluster C La Motte 9 ovens
Cluster D Mississippian 2 ovens
Cluster E La Motte 9 ovens
Cluster Y La Motte 8 ovens

Internal groupings
(a) Occupation by two families in keyhole houses 6 & 7. Two clusters of shallow ear
E. Total of 15 ovens, 6 in one and 9 in the other. The difference in number is b
by the shallow nature of the ovens and their placement near the edge of the ter
operations possibly destroyed some evidence of shallow ovens.
(b) Occupation by two families in keyhole houses 9 & 11. Two clusters of shallow
and C. Total of 19 ovens, 10 in one and 9 in the other.
(c) Occupation by four families living in two post-hole houses 4 & 8. One cluster
Cluster Y in which there are 8 pits.
(d) Occupation by a single Mississippian family in Structure 10. One cluster of two o

Compound cooking 29 5 Cluster A La Motte 7 pits

pits
Cluster B La Motte 2 pits
Cluster C La Motte 9 pits
Cluster D La Motte 3 pits
Cluster X La Motte 8 pits
(plus)

Internal groupings
(a) Occupation by two families in keyhole houses 6 & 7. One large cluster consisting of the features listed as
Clusters A and B, a total of 9 features.
(b) Occupation by two families in keyhole houses 9 & 11. One large cluster consisting of features listed as
Clusters C and D, a total of 12 features.
(c) Occupation by four families in two post-hole houses 4 & 8. One cluster, designated X, consisting of 8
pits plus at least 3 destroyed (11 total).

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Binford] CULTURAL FEATURES 63

two in that the type of houses differ as does the general size of the settlement, the latter being
relatively dispersed and the former quite compact; and d) occupation by a single family living in a
small wall-trench, arbor roofed house. This small homestead probably was part of a dispersed
community of homesteads along the river terrace. We would therefore expect to find 4 distinct
populations of pits each corresponding to one of the major occupational episodes postulated on
the basis of the architectural data. In addition, we would expect that the forms of the pits as well
as their relative frequencies would vary between the occupations believed to represent different
seasons of occupancy as a function of the seasonal variability expected in task performance.
Examining the results of our analysis thus far, we can summarize our findings as in Table XXIX.
The association of the recognized clusters of different types of pits with the recognized
occupations, architecturally defined as summarized in Table XXIX, can be supported by additional
data. For example, the percentage of daub inclusions in the feature clusters forms an interesting
and obvious configuration when mapped according to the associations suggested in Table XXIX.
Fig. 17 shows the percentage variation plotted according to the hypothesis of two early winter La
Motte occupations followed by a summer La Motte occupation and finally a Mississippian
occupation. Of particular interest in this regard are the average percentage frequency for daub
inclusions increases through the postulated temporal sequence, 12.4 percent and 17.7 percent in
the first and second La Motte occupations followed by 18.2 percent for the La Motte Summer
occupation and jumping to 35.2 percent in the Mississippian pits. The observed progressive
increase in daub through the proposed temporal sequence is in accord with our expectations
regarding the increasing accumulation of debris through time. This observation is supported by a
similar increase in limestone, believed to have been used primarily during the ceramic occupations
of the site with a corresponding decrease in crystalline rock believed to have been largely already
present on the site as a result of repeated occupation during preceramic times (see Table XXIX).
When we plot the horizontal distribution of daub among the clusters of features provisionally
assigned to the 4 occupations outlined, the percentage of daub inclusions decreases regularly and
sharply as a function of distance away from the location of the houses extant during the proposed
period of use of the pits.
Thus the data from a) color of soil, b) spatial positioning of features, c) horizontal dispersion of
daub with respect to house areas, and d) degree of formal similarities and differences between
separate spatial clusters of pits, all support the interpretation of there having been 4 separate and
discrete occupations responsible for the population of features present on Hatchery West. One
could argue that the houses on the eastern edge of the site (Structures 9 and 11) could be viewed
as additions to the site as defined by Structures 6 and 7 and as such indicate an increase in the
population as two new families joined those already present. This alternative hypothesis seems
rather unlikely since the number of features of each class associated with the early and late
occupations are generally the same. If the later occupation represented an addition of people to
the community during the course of a single period of occupation, a marked difference in the
number of early and late features would be expected.
One could also propose that the eastern houses (Structures 9 and 11) represented simply a
relocation of the same families who originally occupied Structures 6 and 7 with no interruption in
the occupation of the site. This alternative again seems rather unlikely. The small number of
cultural features and the general paucity of refuse and artifactual debris suggest short occupations.
It seems highly improbable that in a short span of time the living and activity areas of a small
social unit could shift so clearly from several well-defined locations to a series of new but equally
well-defined locations on the same site.
We conclude from both the architectural and pit data that at least 4 separate occupations were
responsible for the facilities whose archaeological traces have been recovered on Hatchery West.
Turning now to a summary of the data from the pit features themselves as summarized by
recognized "functional class" and assigned occupation, we can observe certain differences and
similarities which we see as reflecting certain basic differences between the occupations. Of
immediate interest is the absence of deep earth ovens assignable to the La Motte II occupation and
an apparent absence of compound cooking pits assignable to the Mississippian occupation. The
deep earth ovens are believed to have been used primarily in the processing of food products

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I Distribution of Daub Percentages by Feature Cluster

La Motte Component I La Motte Component I

Mean Percent for Pits* 12.4 Mean Percent for Pits=17.7 ^ _Y I ?"* m**mmH*m__MIS! _V kmw ov?m* ^- w ^ ^ - .Y " * ( W II ^ tt ^^*^ / ^=s=g^f. \ v^

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Binford] CULTURAL FEATURES 65

possibly for storage rather than for immediate consumption. That this facility can be used in the
processing of a variety of goods is possibly reflected in the very high incidence of charred nuts
included in the deep ovens of the La Motte IB occupation. A similar high frequency of nuts was
not observed in the ovens of the La Motte IA occupation, although a slightly higher incidence of
animal bone was noted in those features. Although appropriate to the processing of a variety of
foods, the lack of deep ovens assignable to the La Motte II occupation suggests that this processing
was not being done, except at certain relatively limited periods of the year, probably late fall
judging from the high incidence of nuts noted in these features.
The presence of shallow earth ovens assignable to all of the recognized occupations points to
the very generalized nature of this facility as defined. Certainly a number of different foods must
have been processed in these ovens and it seems quite likely that these features as known
archaeologically probably represent more than one method of cooking, both roasting and baking,
as well as use of the facility for fires over which drying racks might be constructed. It would
appear that animal product was the most common food processed in these facilities for these
exceeded all other features in the number of recorded associations with animal bone, frequently
burned or charred.
The absence of compound cooking pits assignable to the Mississippian occupation immediately
suggests that either the tasks represented were not performed by the Mississippian occupants or
that the range of tasks performed by the specific Mississippian occupants had few analogies to the
Earlier La Motte peoples, i.e., the functions of the settlement were quite different. However,
inspection of Table XXX reveals that the two Mississippian features recorded as shallow earth
TABLE XXX

Deep Shallow Compound

Earth Ovens Earth Ovens Cooking Pits
La Motte
IA IB II Miss IA IB II Miss IA IB II Miss
No 17 14 0 4 15 19 8 2 9 12 8 0
Depth .68 .64 .72 .36 .45 .48 .53 .56 .47 .43
Width .75 .91 .68 .76 .72 .79 1.32 .78 .71 .70
Length .93 1.04 .73 .94 .95 1.01 1.57 1.01 .84 .80
W/L Ratio .80 .90 .85 .79 .78 .84 .80 .82
Evidence of Fire 6:11 6:8 4:0 11:4 12:7 5:3 0:2 1:8 0:12 3:5
Bone (4:13) 1:14 0:4 (10:5 ) 6:13 7:1 0:2 3:6 6:6 3:5
Shell 1:16 0:14 0:4 4:11 2:17 1:7 0:2 3:6 1:11 (5:3)
Charcoal 12:5 11:3 4:0 14:1 16:3 7:1 2:0 7:2 11:0 8:0
Nuts 3:14(11:3 ) 0:4 1:14 0:19 2:6 0:2 0:9 2:10 1:7
Limestone 5.5% 7.1% 0.0% 58.4% 71.2% 74.1% 40.0% 18.1%
Cryst. Rock 55.8% 41.2% 69.9% 9.6% 11.5% 9.2% 0.0% 28.
Min Pot. 9.7% 9.9% 0.0% 0.0% 0.9% 0.0% 0.0% 11.8% 1.6% 0.0%
Lime Pot. 6.9% 2.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.5% 0.0% 0.0%
Grit Temp Pot. 22.1% 39.0% 20.7% 32.0% 16.4% 16.7% 0.0% 40.8% 46.0% 72.1%
Shell Temp Pot. 0.0% 0.0% 9.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 60.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
All Measurements in Meters

ovens differ considerably from the La Motte shallow earth ovens; they are quite a bit larger and
have far more pottery fragments and fewer limestone fragments. The tabulated data seem to have
more analogies to the compound cooking pits of the La Motte occupations, yet their size seems
more like the shallow earth ovens, yet are distinctively large. In short, the two features are unique
and do not fit well into the types established for the La Motte features. Since the contents are
believed to give more direct information regarding the tasks performed than the general form, we
would in retrospect prefer to view the two features (245a and 249) as distinctive Mississippian
forms of compound cooking pits, based largely on the high incidence of pottery, and low
incidence of limestone and crystalline rock. Given this change in interpretation, the comparison
between the summary data for the La Motte occupations I, II compared to La Motte III and the
Mississippian occupation, becomes instructive. The earlier La Motte occupations exhibit very
similar inventories, the second occupation yielding only slightly more evidence of the processing of

nuts, an observation paralleled in the deep earth ovens. The major points of contrast are to be seen
between the first two La Motte occupations, the final La Motte occupation, and the Mississippian
component. With respect to compound pits, (accepting the above change in interpretation) the
latter two occupations have strikingly high frequencies of ceramics in the compound pits
suggesting that boiling was a much more important mode of cooking during those occupations
than during the two earlier ones. Judging from the features, numbers of earth ovens, boiling was a
less common means of processing food.
HUMAN BURIALS
The cemetery at the Hatchery Site, which contains 7 graves, is located in Squares E 59 S 170, E
59 S 167, E 59 S 164, E 62 S 164, and E 65 S 164. The burials were excavated by Larry Conrad.
Observations of the age, sex, and height of the individuals represented were made in the field by L.
R. Binford.
DESCRIPTION OF BURIALS
BURIAL 1. Location: on the boundary between Squares E 59 S 164 and E 62 S 164.
Dimensions: the grave was roughly rectangular and was 39 centimeters in depth. Defining
characteristics: the skeleton was placed in a grave. Distribution of elements: the skeleton was
articulated and placed in an extended supine position. The left arm lay over the pelvis, while the
right lay to one side of the body. The bones of both hands were missing. The angle of orientation
of the body was 18? with the head at the north end of the grave. The height of the adolescent
individual, probably female, was estimated at 150 centimeters. Observations: somewhat to the
south of the grave were two postmolds, which could represent grave markers.
BURIAL 2. Location: E 62 S 164. Dimensions: the grave was roughly rectangular and was 42
centimeters deep. Defining characteristics: the skeleton of a child was placed in a grave.
Distribution of elements: the skeleton was articulated and placed in an extended, supine position.
The left hand lay over the pelvis, while the right hand lay to one side of the body. The skull was at
the north end of the grave; the body was oriented at 23?. The skeleton was that of a child with an
estimated height of 122 centimeters. Observations: the grave contained a hoe chip of Mill Creek
chert.
BURIAL 3. Location: E 62 S 164. Dimensions: the grave was roughly rectangular and 43
centimeters in depth. Defining characteristics: a few bone fragments and milk teeth were scattered
throughout the grave. Distribution of elements: the only physical remains present were a few bone
fragments and the milk teeth of an infant, which were scattered throughout the grave. The
orientation of the burial was estimated as 29?. Interpretation: this was possibly an extended
burial.
BURIAL 4. Location: E 65 S 164. Dimensions: the grave was less rectangular (the ratio ofthe
width to the length was higher) than the other graves. The depth was 46 centimeters. Defining
characteristics: the skeleton was placed in a grave. Distribution of elements: the skeleton was
placed on its left side in a flexed position. The skull was at the north end of the grave and faced
upwards. The skeleton was less well preserved than those in burials one and two. The height of the
child was estimated at 131 centimeters.
BURIAL 5. Location: E 59 S 170. Dimensions: the grave was 74 centimeters deep and roughly
rectangular. Defining characteristics: the empty grave contained traces of ribs. Distribution of
elements: traces of ribs were scattered throughout the grave. Interpretation: at least one individual
had been buried in the grave and later removed. Using the length of the grave as an indicator, it
may be assumed that the individual was adult.
BURIAL o. Location: E 59 S 167. Dimensions: the grave was roughly rectangular and 71
centimeters in depth. Defining characteristics: two individuals were represented in the grave.
Distribution of elements, individual A: the skeleton was placed in extended, supine position. The
skull was at the west end of the grave and the angle of orientation ofthe body was 106?. The left
arm was placed over the pelvis, while the right rested to one side of the body. The remains were
those of an adult male, whose height was estimated at 157 centimeters. Distribution of elements,
individual B: the second individual was represented by two femurs placed on the chest of the first.
Interpretation: when individual A was buried, the femurs of individual B were buried with him.

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Binford] CULTURAL FEA TURES 67

Observation: a single postmold, just inside the south wall of the grave, may represent a grave
marker. One shell-tempered sherd of Powell Plain ware was found within the grave.
BURIAL 7. Location: E 59 S 164. Dimensions: the grave was 72 centimeters in depth and
roughly rectangular. Defining characteristics: some of the bones of one individual were contained
in the grave. Distribution of elements: the bones were concentrated in the west end ofthe grave.
The skeleton had been disarranged. The skull and all ofthe leg bones were missing. Interpretation:
one individual had been buried in the grave. Later, the skull and leg bones were removed. If the
length of the grave is used as an indicator, the skeleton was probably that of an adult.
Observations: a single postmold just outside the south wall of the grave may represent a grave
marker.
DISCUSSION OF THE HA TCHER Y SITE BURIALS-INTERNAL VARIA TION
The burials at the Hatchery site vary along 3 main sets of dimensions. The first set of variables
consists of characteristics of the grave itself. It includes the shape of the grave, its orientation, its
depth, and its distance from other graves. The second dimension includes variables which are
indicators of the physical characteristics of the individual. One may assume that these variables,
which include sex, age, and height, as an indicator of age, were socially recognized. The third set of
variables describes the treatment of the individual buried. This dimension includes both variables
which describe the way in which the individual was buried, such as position and orientation of the
skeleton, and variables which describe the further treatment of the individual after the first burial.
By examining the covariation of these dimensions, summarized in Table XXXI, one may define
two types of graves with which are associated two types of individuals and two types of burial
treatment.
The first type of grave is represented by Burials 1-4. It is characterized by north-south
orientation, relatively shallow depth, and relatively close placement (see Fig. 18). The shape of the
grave is always rectangular, but the length ofthe grave and the ratio of length to width varies more
than in graves of the second type. Burials 5-7 represent graves of the second type, which is
characterized by east-west orientation, relatively greater depth, and relatively greater distance
between graves. Graves of the second type do not vary in length or in the ratio of length to width
as much as graves of the first type.
Individuals buried in graves of the first type ranged in age from an infant to an adolescent, who
was probably female. Only in the case of individual A in Burial 6, an adult male, could the age and
sex of individuals buried in graves of the second type be determined from their physical remains.
Since at this site the length of the grave appears to reflect the height of the individual, it might be
inferred that Burials 5 and 7 also represented adults.

TABLE XXXI
Summary Of The Burials
At The Hatchery Site

Burial Burial Skull Indiv. Grave Grave

NumberAge Sex Height Form Locus Orient. Depth Orient.
1 Adol. Fe 150cm. Ext North 28? 15' 39cm. N-S
2 Child - 122cm. Ext North 33 45' 42cm. N-S
4 Child - 131cm. Flex North 33 45' 46cm. N-S
3 Infant - 390 45' 43cm. N-S
5 ----- - 74cm. E-W
6 A Adult M 157cm. Ext West 116 45' 71cm. E-W
6B
7 ----- - 72cm. E-W

Three of the individuals

direction with the skull at t
was a flexed burial. For B
orientation and position cou
With the possible exception
first burial. Of the burials

only for individual A of Burial 6, which was oriented in an east-west direction with the skull at the
west end of the grave. From the orientation of the graves, it can be assumed that Burials 5 and 7
were oriented in the same way. From Burials 5, 6, and 7 it is possible to reconstruct the procedure
for the treatment of individuals buried in graves of the second type. First, the whole person was
buried. Second, the legs and skull of almost all of the individuals were removed from the grave.
Third, the portions of the skeleton exhumed were not kept together, since just the femurs might
be reburied with another person.
Three lines of evidence suggest that the burials at the Hatchery site were a marked cemetery.
First, there were postmolds, which could represent grave markers, in 3 cases. Second, two
different, regular patterns of spacing, each of which was associated with a different type of grave,

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Fig. 18

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Binford] CULTURAL FEA TURES 69

were maintained. Third, since some of the skeletons were dug up after they had been buried for
some time, a system of marking would have been needed.
SUMMAR Y AND COMPARA TIVE STA TEMENT
The burials at Hatchery West were apparently made in a marked burial area with the orientation
of the burials being made with respect to solar phenomena, specifically with respect to the
position ofthe sun on the horizon at the winter solstice.
On the assumption that differential treatment in mortuary ritual was appropriate to individuals
distinguished socially in life, the remains in the small cemetery reflect two major categories of
individuals recognized in the local community.
The first category of individuals was adolescent and infant children who were buried in shallow
graves aligned at right angles to the winter solstice sunrise angle. All children were buried in the
flesh and with heads to the north. There is no evidence suggesting that there was any subsequent
disturbance, such as exhumation, practiced with respect to children after burial.
The second major category of individuals represented were adults, who, in contrast to children,
were buried in deep graves oriented directly with respect to the winter solstice sunrise angle. In
contrast to the children's graves, some of the adults had been exhumed after initial burial and in
addition human femurs were included as grave furnishing to the one identifiable adult male in the
cemetery. Unfortunately the data from the other adult graves were insufficient to provide sex
identification. Therefore, it is not known whether the uniform interment practices indicated by
the adult graves applies to adults of the same sex or of both sexes.
If we assume that the orientation of the graves bears some relationship to the symbolism
associated with a social segment or sodality, then we would have to infer that membership in the
postulated social units was based on matrilineal descent, since the orientation ofthe children were
all alike (suggesting membership in a common social unit), and differentiated from that of the
adult male (a presumed affine of the local females) suggesting membership by the adult male in a
different social unit. If it is assumed that the persons interred in the small cemetery were all from a
single community, we would have to postulate matrilineal descent, with the children belonging to
a different membership group from the adult males.

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5
STRUCTURE OF THE SITE DEFINED BY THE
CULTURAL FEATURES AND CORRELATION
WITH THE SURFACE DISTRIBUTION OF CULTURAL ITEMS
It has previously been argued (Binford 1964) that because of the differences in the form
properties of cultural items (as distinguished from cultural features) that there are differ
problems associated with obtaining an adequate and representative sample of both items a
features. Excavation and recovery techniques which might be adequate to the recovery of a fair
sample of cultural items might not be sufficient for supplying similar information regarding
population of cultural features.
The investigation of Hatchery West was conducted with an eye to this problem, and th
methods employed were aimed toward insuring an adequate and representative sample of b
cultural items and cultural features. These sampling procedures allowed us to investigate t
relationship between these two classes of archaeological data and to assess the degree to which t
formal-spatial structure of a population of items is correlated with the formal-spatial structure o
population of features.
Analysis of the surface distribution of cultural items resulted in the recognition of 8 distinc
kinds of areas; these areas were defined by the spatial clustering of classes of artifacts and the
associations within these clusters with other types of cultural items. Fifteen examples of the 8
kinds of areas were observed. Within these 8 types of locations, there were 3 broad class
delineated which are believed to represent gross differences in the depositional and cultural histo
of the site. These 3 groupings are: 1) mainly ceramic, 2) mixed ceramic and non-ceramic,
mainly non-ceramic. It will be recalled that these 3 groups exhibited a general centripetal spatia
configuration, with 2 generally located peripherally to 1, and 3 peripheral to 2.

Tables XXXII and XXXI11 present the summary data on the types of localizations, tabulated b
observed frequency of types of cultural features; summary information is also presented
densities of features and items by area and their averages by type of area. Inspection of these
tables reveals the following: 1) Those areas whose cultural items suggest mainly cerami
occupations (Group 1) are those which exhibit the greatest variability in density of cultu
features. 2) Among those areas referrable to Group 1 there was no direct correlation betw
density of cultural items and density of features (e.g., Figs. 2 and 3). 3) Those areas whose item
suggest Group 2 (both ceramic and non-ceramic occupations) exhibit less variation in the observ
densities of cultural features. 4) Those areas which represent primarily preceramic occupat
(Group 3) consistently lack cultural features. In the one case where they do occur, the locus is t
area with the highest density of cultural items. 5) If we disregard internal differences between
areas assigned to the three groups and consider only the averages of items and features for eac
group, we can observe a direct correlation between the two classes of archaeological remains.
Although point 5 might seem self-evident, it should be recalled that within a given commun
areas of items and features may vary independently of each other (see points 2 and 3). The densit
and distribution figures of Group 2 suggest further that features tend to be located peripheral
with respect to areas of high density of cultural items.

The major methodological problem toward which excavation and analysis were geared
concerned the relationship between the formal-spatial structure of populations of items
features and the degree to which these may be correlated. The summary data cited above sugge
the following general conclusions: 1) Within any given community the spatial distribution of item
70

Class of Areas defined by the surface distribution

data ECHL D FK A MI B,G,N,J
Stains 029 10 03000 0
Deep earth ovens 00440
Shallow ovens 001900 77 0 00 0
Compound pits 01 24 06 20000 0
Mississippian pits 00240 00000 0
Rock hearths 00100 20000 0
Burials 00500 0 0 000 0
Keyhole houses 00010 02001 0
Mississippian houses 00010 00000 0
Pole houses 01101 00000 0
Total features 0 4 63 11 7 11 15 0 0 10 0

TABLE XXXIII

Areas Density Density Averages

cultural cultural Items Features
items features
pits
Primarily ceramic components
Area E .53/sq.m. .000/sq.m.
AreaC ,91/sq.m. .004/sq.m. .74/sq.m. .050/sq.m.
Area H .78/sq.m. .146/sq.m.
Compounded ceramic and non-ceramic components
Area L .66/sq.m. .015/sq.m.
Areas D .58/sq.m. .018/sq.m. .63/sq.m. .024/sq.m.
F .70/sq.m. .019/sq.m.
K .55/sq.m. .046/sq.m.
Primarily non-ceramic components
Area A .44/sq.m. .000/sq.m.
Areas M .56/sq.m. .000/sq.m. .52/sq.m. .004/sq.m.
I .62/sq.m. .030/sq.m.
Areas B .58/sq.m. .000/sq.m.
G .50/sq.m. .000/sq.m.
J .54/sq.m. .000/sq.m.
N .40/sq.m. .000/sq.m.

and features may vary independently of each other. Those areas in which the greatest num
cultural items were lost or abandoned do not necessarily coincide with the areas wher
construction of features most frequently occurred. 2) In comparing communities, ther
necessary correlation between numbers of cultural items and features. Their numbe
determined by the nature of the activities engaged in by the occupants of the two location
sites with complex culture histories there will be a general correlation between the number
items in any given area and the intensity of use of that area by all the different occupant
sites with complex culture histories the compound effects of points 1-3 above will increase
probability of features coinciding in their distribution with zones of moderate density of ite
On sites with simple culture histories the effect of point 1 above will result in the occurrenc
higher density of features in areas peripheral to high density zones of items. 6) In selecting si
excavation, the mere presence of higher densities of items does not insure a corresponding
density of features.
We conclude from this analysis and discussion that without a program of stratified samp
and/or a prior knowledge of the culture history of a site that densities of items cannot be u
a guide to excavation. Densities of items by themselves will tell us nothing of the distribut
features on the site, nor ofthe functional variability represented.

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6
CULTURE HISTORY OF THE SITE
In this section we move from the analysis of various formal classes of data def
non-historical criteria to an anlysis of categories of artifacts treated historically, i.e., their
and formal characteristics within the remains of single communities.

PRECERAMIC OCCUPATIONS
The discussion of these occupations, although suspected of being rather numerous,
virtue of the nature of the data be very skimpy. The relevant data are amost exclusively
from the surface collections. Their manner of clustering suggests that there was some r
variation in the activities carried out.
Even a cursory examination of the projectile points recovered in the surface collection
the presence of multiple preceramic occupations. Types represented include Dalton points
Expanding Stem points, Faulkner Side-Notched points, and points of the Saratoga and Boa
clusters. The detailed typological analysis of these points, as well as of other chippe
materials, should make possible a more rigorous definition of the number of compon
present our understanding is limited by the nature of the data thus far analyzed.
We can identify, with a fair degree of reliability, between 12 and 15 locations where th
concentrations of cracked crystalline rock and debris from the manufacture of stone too
of these areas (see Table IV) have been grouped into 5 major types based on the va
proportions of the gross classes of artifacts recovered in the surface collection. These dif
are viewed as functional and as a reflection of a range of activities conducted by the occupa
One striking characteristic of these locations is the high degree of variability see
frequencies of fire-cracked rock versus chipping debris. The uses of the cracked crystalli
might have been numerous. For example, they could have been used in stone-boiling, or a
of indirectly heating an earth oven. Or they might as well have been included in heating fi
means of retaining and slowly dissipating heat during the night. Almost all the uses one m
imagine involve use as indirect heat, but the specific purpose of the heating must remain u
from inspection of the rocks alone.
When we attempt to relate these occurrences of crystalline rock to the few cultural fe
Hatchery West which are referrable to preceramic occupations, we find that the common
found were "rock hearths." These are characteristically small and not of sufficient size to
served as earth ovens. Such small rock hearths are common in the Archaic (Coe 1964:96; B
Schoenwetter, and Fowler 1964:111), but are, in the author's experience, rare in Woodland
in the midwest. This suggests that possibly we are dealing here with a type of cooking-h
procedure involving a different range of activities than were carried out by the later occup
the site.
The recognized loci of preceramic occupations are uniformly small; any one concentration does
not exceed 600 square meters, and the great majority average about 150 square meters. These
areas are also characterized negatively by the absence of cultural features. This lack can be seen
partially as the result of destruction of the archaeological remains by plowing, but more
significantly as a lack of investment in facilities by the preceramic occupants. The low densities of
remains, the lack of facilities, and small size of location all suggest that these loci are the remains
of a series of small extractive camps (Binford and Binford 1966) some related to hunting
(projectile points and chipping debris) and others to the procurement and partial processing of
plant food (grinding stones).
The detailed analysis of the artifacts should be informative in this regard. Hopefully a detailed
72

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Binford] CULTURE HISTOR Y 73

typology of implements plus multivariate analysis will allow the isolation of the tool kits used in
various activities.
When we examine the distribution of artifacts from the surface collection, the preceramic
locations exhibit distributions which differ from those of the La Motte occupations. The former
tend to be located along the very apex ofthe ridge and the slope down to the river, while the latter
occur further east and north. This suggests that the Archaic occupants avoided the dense growth
that occurred along the river bank and terrace slope, while the La Motte occupants must have
succeeded in partially clearing this growth.
EARLY AND MIDDLE WOODLAND OCCUPATIONS
Traces of these periods of midwestern culture history are so few that they are scarcely worthy
of mention. Five sherds from the surface collection are identifiable as Havana series and are
probably best dated to between 100 B.C. and A.D. 150. In addition, 3 sherds recovered from the
bottom levels of the test excavations (Square E 50 N 145) have been identified as Peisker
Punctate, a recently defined type found as a companion ware to Black Sands Incised in the Lower
Illinois Valley (Struever: personal communication).
A total of 7 sherds thus constitutes the total evidence of occupation for the Early and Middle
Woodland periods. There were no features referrable to these periods, nor were there any traces of
occupation suggesting different utilization of the site than that made by the preceramic occupants.
LATE WOODLAND OCCUPATIONS
Almost all the pottery on the site falls within the range of the Embarrass series known in the
Wabash Valley (Winters 1963), a series with strong analogies to other Late Woodland styles. All
these ceramic occupations have been assigned to the Late Woodland period; it is the as yet
undocumented opinion of the author that these occupations date in the range of time from A.D.
250 to A.D. 800.
LA MOTTE COMPONENT I
This occupation is formally defined by a cluster of cultural features in the south part of
Hatchery West (Fig. 19). On the basis of superpositioning, relative soil colors, frequencies of
included items, and comparative clustering, we can speak with a high degree of probability of the
archaeological remains of a single community.
Judging by the style of ceramics manufactured, we can identify this community as a participant
in the La Motte phase of an as yet unnamed Late Woodland tradition which has representatives in
both the prairie and southern forest zones of Illinois (Winters: personal communication). This
distribution is in contrast with the spatial correlates of the societies grouped into the earlier
Havana tradition and in all probability compares more favorably with the distribution of style
zones of the succeeding Mississippian societies.
The settlement consists of two houses made in a distinctive circular semi-subterranean form
with an extended "entryway." The houses are of such a small size that they probably housed a
single nuclear family at most. Within this small settlement, composed of two nuclear families, there
were several differentiated activity areas, defined by the distributions of various forms of cultural
features. Three types of activity areas were recognized: areas of food processing in shallow earth
ovens; areas of food processing in compound cooking pits; and areas of food processing in deep
earth ovens.
In the case of the shallow and deep earth ovens, there are two clusters of pits, presumably
representing independent loci of food preparation by the two households. Judging from the
contents of these features, animals, and particularly small mammals, were most commonly cooked
in the shallow earth ovens, while plant products (particularly nuts) were processed in the deep
earth ovens. The shallow earth ovens could have been used in a variety of food processing
techniques, such as roasting, broiling, baking, or grilling, with dried or smoked foods the end
products. It is difficult to identify the shallow pits with any single given phase of food processing,
for they could have been used with equal efficacy for preparing food for consumption and for
processing foods for storage and delayed use.
On the other hand, the deep earth ovens seem to have been used exclusively for baking and/or
roasting. Their size further suggests that large quantities of foods were processed at a single time,

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74 ARCHAEOLOGY AT HA TCHER Y WEST [Memoir 24

"TT?i?i?i?i?i?i?rn?i?i?| j | j
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Fig. 19
more than would be consumed immediately by one or two families, lt therefore seems reasonable
to infer that these foods were being processed for later consumption. Since there were two distinct
areas of deep earth ovens referrable to this single occupation phase, presumably each household
processed its own food.
The single cluster of compound cooking pits is correlated with a single high density area of
ceramics. This area has been interpreted as one of communal food preparation, probably where
food was corporately prepared for consumption. The interpretation that preparation for
consumption was carried out here is supported by the high density of ceramics and hence of
boiling, rather than roasting or baking. Boiling is a cooking technique eminently suited for the
preparation of dried and stored food and certainly ill-suited for preparing foodstuffs for storage.
The facilities on the site are arranged in an almost circular fashion, with the area of corporate
food preparation in the center of the settlement. The area of housing is along the edge, with deep
earth ovens along the interior edge; the shallow earth ovens are located along the rim of the terrace
slope. This placement of various forms of facilities is related to their functions. The shallow earth
ovens, used in the preparation of animal products, would have produced odors of such a nature
that their location away from the sleeping areas is logical. This kind of placement of butchering

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Binford] CULTURE HISTORY 75

and cooking areas in relation to sleeping areas has been noted by several workers with aboriginal
groups (cf., DeVore and Lee: personal communication). Placement of these shallow earth ovens
along the slope would also permit the easy disposal of butchering debris.
Judging from the orientation of the houses and from the nature of the plant and animal
remains, the community was occupied from late fall (late November) to an undetermined period
during spring or early summer.
LA MOTTE COMPONENT II
The formal characteristics of this settlement (Fig. 20) are almost identical to those of the La
Motte Component I. A pair of semi-subterranean "keyhole" houses, two clusters of deep earth
ovens, two clusters of shallow earth ovens, and a single cluster of compound cooking pits, with the
last again coincident with a high density ceramic cluster.
The distribution of features is similar-with the compound cooking pits in the center of the
settlement, the shallow earth ovens near the slope, and the deep earth ovens along the back edge of

I /I I I I I I * I I I I I | V I I -H- Hmcmm-v rr-?Wfc**r | Hfnm

I II A??* *A>*
III a La. Mot-tv Component IX. .
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Fig. 20

the site. The associated plant and animal remains even more strongly suggest a winter occupation.
Some aspects of this settlement, however, are different from the earlier component. The size of
this settlement is greater, and the number of features in any given cluster is larger. This suggests
either a slightly larger work group and/or a slightly longer period of occupancy.
LA MOTTE COMPONENT III
This settlement (Fig. 21) differs from the preceding ones in practically all features except form
of associated ceramics and in the general typology of shallow earth ovens and compound cooking
pits. The settlement consists of 3 structures which share some features of construction but which
are distinctive in details. At the south end of the settlement there is a large house, partitioned into
3 rooms of sufficient size to have accommodated 3 nuclear families. Just to the west of this
structure is a small round house, used either as a seclusion hut or as some specialized structure. At
the south end of the settlement lies a small, single-room structure, built in the same manner as the
large one.
Two clusters of pits lie between the north and south structures, one with shallow earth ovens
and the other with compound cooking pits. In the latter cluster were very high densities of shells,
indicating a rate of exploitation of molluscs unknown for either of the earlier two communities.
The kind of construction inferred for the structures in the settlement suggests buildings almost
of the order of "sunshades" rather than the substantial and weatherproof houses indicated by the
archaeological remains of the earlier "keyhole" houses. This kind of construction also lends
support for the interpretation of a summer occupation.
Further support can be found in the presence and distribution of hoe chips. These are found in
a roughly rectangular distribution between the compound pits and the house to the south. It
should be noted that the hoe chip distribution extends over features associated with the earlier La
Motte components yet none is found in the fill of the earlier La Motte features. On the other
hand, hoe chips were found as incidental inclusions in the Mississippian burials, indicating that
they post-date the earlier occupations but pre-date the Mississippian.
The differences in specific activities (quantities of shells in the compound pits) as well as the
different range of gross activities, suggested by the lack of deep earth ovens and the presence of
agriculture, point up some of the differences between the two earlier communities and this one.
There are essentially the same numbers of features in the clusters, in spite of the suggested
doubling of population; this seems to indicate that not only were different kinds of activities
pursued, but that when similar facilities were used they were employed quite differently. Further
contrast can be seen in the fact that this occupation has associated with it the highest number of
broken pots and the lowest number of below-ground features. This might well reflect a difference
in emphasis with respect to food processing, with the major emphasis here being on preparation
for consumption (i.e., boiling) while fields were being worked, versus the late fall emphasis seen in
the earlier occupations on processing food for storage (i.e., deep earth ovens).
It should be stressed here that the differences observed do not indicate that we are dealing with
two different "cultures"; indeed, the ceramic typology opposes this interpretation. What we have
reflected in the observed differences in architecture and pits are differences in seasonal activities of
participants in the same socio-cultural systems.
MISSISSIPPIAN OCCUPATION
The architectural remains of this occupation are represented by a single dwelling which would
have been adequate for a single nuclear family. This component also includes a burial area, where 7
individuals had been interred: 3 adults and 4 children (see Fig. 22).
Seven pits?5 earth ovens and two compound cooking pits?were also associated with the
occupation. The absence of shallow earth ovens suggests that small mammals and shell fish were
much less important elements of the diet than they were earlier. The low ratio of sub-surface
features to number of families (7/1) compares favorably with the ratio in the summer La Motte
occupation (5.76/1) and is scarcely comparable to the ratio of 20.5/1 and 22.5/1 for the winter
communities. This suggests a greater analogy with the summer community. However, the burial
area suggests some permanence for this occupation, while the scarcity of cultural items, small
house size, and the few features argue against an extended occupation. It is my current impression

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Binford] CULTURE HISTOR Y 77

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Fig. 22

that in order to understand the Mississippian occupation we must understand the cultural remains
along the ridge, where there are small clusters of Mississippian pottery, suggesting a homestead
type of settlement analagous to that of Wassam Ridge (Binford, Fowler, and Schoenwetter 1964).
It is suggested here that this single house and associated features represent one small settlement
within a dispersed settlement system.

We are dealing here only with the data from cultural features; our analysis and conclu
cannot be considered final until the information from plant and animal remains and the analys
cultural items are complete. We have attempted to isolate differences attributable to function
variability in the range of activities represented by the cultural features; we have also attempte
delimit those particular features representing different historical episodes in the occupation of
site. The results of this analysis were the delineation of 4 major discrete occupations to which
vast majority of cultural features could be referred. Each occupation can be structurally defined
terms of its composition in functionally differentiated types of features.
We now turn our attention to the analysis of these components as units to be compare
terms of a limited number of attribute classes, each largely dependent upon the taxa resulting
the analysis discussed above. With respect to cultural features, we can compare the componen
with respect to the following broad attribute classes: 1) form, spatial arrangement, and histor
domestic structure; 2) form, spatial arrangement, and history of burials; and 3) form and spa
arrangement of classes of pits.
Utilizing these criteria, we shall compare the communities recognized in the hope of arriving
some insights into the settlement systems of the socio-cultural units represented and into th
correlated forms of social organization.

DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE
The recognition of the "keyhole" houses as characterizing at least the winter settlements of
bearers of the La Motte culture provides the first hint of a major point of contrast between
Late and Middle Woodland societies of the midwest. All of the previously reported ho
referrable to the Middle Woodland have been large structures suitable for housing multiple fam
units (Cole 1937; Struever: personal communication). Certainly the "keyhole" houses co
accommodate no more than a single nuclear family?a fact which suggests that the soc
mechanisms of corporate group formation may have been substantially different in Lat
compared with Middle Woodland times.
There are two major architectural types referrable to the La Motte culture, each presumabl
appropriate for a different (seasonal) type of site. This is a kind of information lacking for t
Middle Woodland period, for which our knowledge is limited to the gross level of "mound" ve
"settlement" group. On the other hand, the similarity between the nuclear family households
the La Motte and Mississippian peoples clearly implies that both social systems seem to have t
nuclear family as a basic work and residence unit. There is, however, no analogous differentia
in summer and winter settlements, with correlated differences in the architectural forms an
presumably also in the constitution of social units composing the community, indicating that th
are basic social and economic differences between the La Motte and Mississippian societies.
Since the "keyhole" houses are unique in the midwest, we can make no comparisons. T
summer dwellings of the La Motte culture, however, are reminiscent of Middle Woodland hou
with their pole construction. Neither of these styles is directly comparable to the Mississippia
houses with their wall trench construction. The features shared by the La Motte winter houses
the early Mississippian arbor-roof houses are: semi-subterranean construction around an excav
depression, and roofs of bent-pole construction.
79

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80 ARCHAEOLOGY AT HATCHERY WEST [Memoir 24
ORIENTATION OF STRUCTURES
Although only slight attention has been given to calendrical systems among societies north of
Mexico, Cope (1919) after examining the ethnohistorical and ethnographic literature concluded
that there were 3 basic types of calendars in use among North American Indians. With the
exception of groups in the Southwest, on the Northwest coast and among some of the central
Eskimos, the majority made no use of the solstices in partitioning the annual cycle and had only
lunar months named descriptively after seasonal events. Recently, Wittry (1964) has suggested that
among the Mississippian peoples of the central Mississippi valley a solar calendar was used. The
data thus far collected from the Carlyle Reservoir offer further support for this idea, and the
evidence suggests that the solstices were important annual events.
Wittry (1964) points out that there are 3 major variables which may affect the observed angle
of the sun on the horizon at any given time. Of particular importance here is the angle ofthe sun
at solstice. The first variable is the position of the observer, normally measured in latitude and
longitude. The second is the degree to which the horizon is artificial, i.e., the degree to which it
corresponds with the point on a line of sight where the horizon would appear if the earth were in
fact perfectly spherical. The only determinant of the placement of the horizon would be the
height of the observer and the earth's diameter. The third variable is refraction. Given the location
of the observer, it is not difficult to obtain the expected declination north or south of the east at
the winter or summer solstice; such information can be obtained from almost any basic book in
practical astronomy.
Table XXXIV presents the longitude and latitude of the several sites thus far investigated in the
Carlyle Reservoir together with the expected angles of the solstices as viewed from each site. These
assume a "non-artificial" horizon. If we measure the longitudinal axis of the structures excavated
on all of the above sites and make corrections for the difference between the grid systems used on
the several sites and true north, the observed angles of orientation of the houses can be seen in
Table XXXV. The close coincidence between the observed and expected angles is very persuasive,
if one assumes that the buildings were being placed with respect to an astronomical reference point
such as the solstices (or the equinox, in the case of Structures 4 and 10 on Hatchery site). The
major discrepancies lie in the observed angles for Structures 6, 7, 9, and 11 at Hatchery. These are
believed to be a function of the relatively high artificial horizon viewed from the site. Directly to
the east of the site is a very high hill (Corcoran Hill), rising some 100 meters, or a viewing angle of
approximately 3? vertically. This distortion of the horizon is sufficient to account for the
discrepancy between the observed and expected angles. All other structures vary from expected
angles of orientation no more than would be anticipated, given the short measures involved,
possible variations in the time of observation of the sun, and making allowances from what must
have been relatively crude methods of "surveying."

TABLE XXXIV

Angle of Solstices
Site Longitude Latitude Summer from true north
Winter

Toothsome 89? 16' 38? 43* 59? 20'E 120?40'E

Sandy Tip 89Q 16' 38? 44' 59? 20'E 120?40'E
Galley Pond 89Q 16' 38n 42' 59? 20'E 12040'E
Hatchery 89 21' 38 37' 59 23'E 120 37'E

The houses on Toothsome site tend to cluster around an angle corresponding to the
angle for a time midway between winter solstice and the equinox. Although there is n
ethnographic data regarding the recognition of such a solar division among the eastern India
not unreasonable to infer that such a division was recognized. It would be observed easily b
of a horizon calendar similar to that described for the Hopi:
They have priests skilled in the lore of the sun who determine the time of the year for their va
ceremonials by observing the exact place of the rising and setting of the sun. Of the thirteen points o

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Binford] COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 81

horizon, two are called sun houses, one marking the place of sunrise at the winter solstice, the other at the
time ofthe summer solstice (Cope 1919:122-123).

Fig. 23 shows the manner of dividing the horizon between the points of sunrise at the solstices
into 12 equal units with 13 identified points as in the Hopi horizon calendar. One of the identified
points falls exactly midway between the equinox and the solstice?precisely where the orientations
of the Toothsome Site houses cluster.
We may summarize our findings with regard to the evidence supporting the hypothesis that
houses were oriented with respect to solar reference points, a) All orientations, once corrected for
differences between magnetic north and true north, fall very close to angles of declination
expected if the builders were orienting with respect to a solar reference point?particularly winter
solstice and a point midway between this solstice and the equinox, b) In cases where the
discrepancy is greater than might be expected, given the possible sources of error inherent in
observations made at slightly different times, accuracy of aboriginal "surveying" techniques and of
measurement in equating the magnetic grids established during archaeological work with true
north, the incidence of the 4 "keyhole" houses would appear to result from the unusually high
artificial horizon viewed from the site.
It appears that both La Motte and Mississippian houses were oriented with respect to solar
reference points, indicating similar calendrical systems for both groups. As has been previously
suggested (Binford, Schoenwetter, and Fowler 1964), the symbolism associated with different
calendrical elements may well have applied to different social units. An examination of
orientations used in house construction, burial of the dead, etc., might aid in the elucidation of
these social segments.
TREATMENT OF HOUSES OF ABANDONMENT
The practice of burning houses is a common feature of Mississippian occupations in small
settlements. The evidence from Hatchery West indicates that this practice also occurred in the La
Motte component. It is suspected that the practice of house burning is one which occurs among
people whose settlement system, at least in part, consists of dispersed settlements of nuclear
family households. We can speculate that on the death of either the male or female spouse, the
household is dissolved as a basic social unit with the survivors going to live with other kin. The
corporate immovable property, being non-inheritable, would either be abandoned or more
probably ritually destroyed. It is suggested here that such destruction of corporate property
accounts for the large number of burned houses in Mississippian occupations and also for the
burning of the La Motte houses at Hatchery.
This view is strengthened considerably by the observation made at Toothsome site (Binford,
Schoenwetter, and Fowler 1964) and subsequently at the Sandy Tip site that the roof beams had
been removed from the houses prior to the houses having been burned. The roof beams are not
subject to the same type of exposure as are other structural elements of the house, making them
less subject to decay than the posts of the lateral walls. In other words, they are re-usable. They
can be removed and presumably inherited or at least given to others at the time of house
abandonment or movement of site location. Obviously the difference between the types of
architecture, Mississippian vs. La Motte, makes the particular characteristic of roof beam removal a
characteristic which cannot be compared here.
The interpretation of the historical significance of this practice must await a broader knowledge
of the social history and structure of the cultural systems represented in the region. However, our
data provide hints of certain continuity between Late Woodland and Mississippian practices which
further excavation and analysis can test.
MORTUARY PRACTICES
The small cemetery associated with the Mississippian occupation on Hatchery West provides us
with data for comparison with the practices of the later Mississippian occupants of the region as
known from Galley Pond Mound (Binford, Schoenwetter, and Fowler 1964) and an analagous
small cemetery uncovered at the Texas site (Morrell 1965:28-31). These data taken collectively
exhibit some points of contrast with mortuary practices as known from other midwestern
Mississippian sites.

x
\ ? ftf
i / / 1
i
\ / /
-\I//^
'/ \ ' / / -'
\ / / ^

\////Cy'i\* NrV^_. \\\ IQUINOX - MARCH 21

v c* -?^
Toothsome '<** ^s??^
Q Sandy Tip vv ^>i
<J> Galley Pond N's\^
O Hatchery

Sunrise Angles and House Orientation

Fig. 23

The small cemetery at Hatchery consisted of 7 burials of two types: adults oriented with
respect to the angle of winter solstice and interred in deep graves, widely spaced, with furnishings
of the bones of other individuals. In addition, there was evidence of adults having been exhumed,
leaving empty grave pits. The second type of burial was that of children, oriented at 90? to the
sunrise angle at winter solstice; these graves were shallow and lacked evidence of exhumation or
placement of grave furnishings with the deceased.

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Binford] COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 83

If we assume that 1) orientation of graves symbolizes group affiliation, and 2) the adult males
interred were affines of the women of the local community, it can then be argued that the local
community was matrilineal since the children were all oriented the same way. Their affiliation was
different from that of the adult male, who, as an affine of the local women, belonged to a
different kin-based social unit. Presumably the children then belonged to the same social units as
their mothers.
These data and the argued postulates provide an interesting basis for comparison with other
Mississippian mortuary data. The Galley Pond mound (Binford, Schoenwetter, and Fowler
1964:58-109) consisted of the remains of a public building used as a charnel house in which the
most common mode of treatment was the reburial of disarticulated bones in bundles. It was noted
that there was a non-representative sample of individuals at Galley Pond in that the great majority
of individuals were adults. The charnel house was interpreted as a special mortuary location within
a complex system of differentiated locations and facilities. The small cemetery at Hatchery
complements the conditions observed at Galley Pond. In contrast with Galley Pond, the majority
of undisturbed individuals at Hatchery were children and adolescents. Of the 3 adult graves at
Hatchery, 2 had been exhumed in part, a necessary precondition to the deposition of bundles of
bones in a charnel house.
Some of the correspondences noted are: a) common orientation with respect to winter solstice
sunrise angles, b) two basic kinds of orientation, one at 90? angle to the other, and c) burial of one
individual with the parts of another (legs, in the case of Hatchery).
Although the two mortuary sites are believed to be temporally distinct, Hatchery being the
earlier in the Mississippian sequence, they do complement each other in that a single system of
mortuary treatment is suggested. Other data from the burials at the Texas site, believed to be
slightly more recent than those from Galley Pond (C14 dates are: Texas site A.D. 1030, Galley
Pond A.D. 917), suggest that during the period separating the two sites, some minor changes
occurred in mortuary practices. The burials from the Texas site are a "family" cemetery where
there were 3 individuals interred in the flesh with the remains of 3 other individuals interred
apparently as grave furnishings. Orientations appear to have been made with respect to summer,
rather than winter, solstice and there was no evidence of exhumation. In this regard, these Texas
Site burials compare more favorably to those encountered by Wittry, on Tract 15B at Cahokia,
while the conditions of burials observed at Hatchery and Galley Pond seem more like the
conditions at the Fingerhut cemetery (s-34-7) (Barreis 1963) on the western margin of the Cahokia
site (C14 dated A.D. 825). The cemetery there consisted of 53 graves where only 37 contained
bodies, the others presumably having been exhumed. There were also bundle reburials, but grave
goods (artifacts) were rare.
These comparisons point up the fact that there is a great deal of variation in the form and
spatial distribution of modes of burial referable to the Mississippian of the area. It seems quite
likely that some of this variation reflects differences within a complex system of ceremonialism. In
addition, comparison with Fingerhut suggests that this ceremonialism was common to areas
beyond the limited region of the Carlyle Reservoir. If the relative dating of these cemeteries as
stated above is corroborated by further research, there is a further suggestion that some change
occurred in the mortuary institutions of the Mississippian; such a change would not be unrelated
to changes in social organization.

FORM AND SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT OF CLASSES OF PITS

The data on pits, taken together with earlier work in the Carlyle area and with work in progress
by Struever, suggest that the comparative analysis of forms and relative frequencies of pit features
may provide us with insights into the basic changes in activities and social organization of task
performance.
Our study recognized 4 generic classes of pit features; each class was characterized by a
different set of clustered formal attributes. The first and last frequent class of pits were small rock
hearths, all of which were associated at Hatchery with Archaic occupations. Similar hearth features
have been described previously for Archaic occupations (Binford, Schoenwetter, and Fowler 1964;
Coe 1964; Ritchie 1940, 1958, 1959; Webb and Dejarnette 1942 and 1948; Webb 1950).

Recently Movius has reported similar features from early Aurignacian components in south
central France (see Howell 1965:164). Information regarding the initial appearance of this hearth
form suggests that it cannot be found earlier than the Upper Paleolithic, for Bordes (personal
communication) states that no such features characterize Mousterian levels. Although occasionally
reported for Woodland and later sites in the eastern U.S., this form of hearth is most characteristic
of the Upper Paleolithic of western Europe and the Archaic of the New World, suggesting that the
particular social context of the kinds of cookery practiced might be most appropriate to relatively
simple societies, possibly band-organized groups.
Roger Owen informs me (see Owen 1965) that among some bands of Baja California that
preparation of food for consumption is mostly an individual affair, with youngsters over the age of
3 or 4 being responsible for the preparation of their own food. In any case, the recognition ofthe
possible association of this particular hearth form with generalized pre-agricultural societies points
to the utility of the formal analysis and typological description of types of cultural features.
Shallow earth ovens, deep earth ovens, and compound cooking pits were recognized as distinct
classes of features; each was shown to vary in terms of contents and presumably also in terms of
particular activities. Since the recognition of these classes of features is largely dependent upon
reporting of metrical and formal data, it is difficult to discuss their temporal and spatial
distributions. However, our analysis should be sufficient to indicate the importance of the formal
analysis of features. They are potentially informative on the different classes of activities engaged
in by the occupants of different sites. Temporal differences reflect general changes in the nature of
the cultural systems, and hence of the nature of the activities carried out. Some stylistic variability
may be observable between the features of one society and those of another; such research must
await a more widespread attention to careful description of features and typology by
archaeologists.
SIZE AND COMPOSITION OF COMMUNITIES
There has been some recent work which, making use of ethnographic data, has investigated the
relationship between population size and two aspects of settlements?area within structures (floor
space) and total space within the settlement.
An initial study (Cook and Treganza 1950:231-33) using the known area of 4 archaeological
sites and the estimated populations of the 4 sites then plots these as allometric pairs and observed
a straightline distribution. Using ethnographic data from 16 Yurok settlements, the total area of
the settlements was plotted as the area bounded by the most peripheral house or house-pit.
Population was calculated as the number of houses and house-pits multiplied by 6, the estimated
mean number of persons per house. The result was an allometry between the variables: measured
area of the site and estimated population based on observed number of houses; therefore, the
actual observed allometry was between number of houses and site area. In this case, all the houses
were single family dwellings, justifying the use of houses as a direct measure of population.
Although one might expect that the total amount of life space would increase proportionally with
the number of persons aggregated, it appears reasonable to expect also that as the kinds of
activities varied and as these activities were functionally differentiated, so would the mean life
space per individual increase. Thus, we would expect the absolute number of square meters of life
space per individual to vary considerably among societies on different levels of socio-cultural
complexity. This expectation was suggested by the slightly different relationships observed
between the archaeologically known sites and the ethnographically documented sites in the sample
studies by Cook and Treganza.
More recently Raoul Naroll (1962) investigated the nature ofthe relationship between total
floor space of dwellings and total population. He used data from 18 societies drawn from the
major geographical areas of the world and restricted himself to the largest settlements of the social
unit investigated. The result was a striking demonstration of a high positive correlation between
the two variables, which could then be expressed as an allometric variable pair, with the constant
determined so that the population of a community could be reasonably estimated as one-tenth of
the available floor space, as measured in square meters of enclosed space. For a community with a
total floor area of 100 square meters of enclosed dwelling space, the population would be
estimated as 10 persons.

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Binford] COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 85

Naroll's work while demonstrating a high degree of correlation between the two variables, still
does not account for all the shared variance between the two variables. It is the author's
impression that this is especially true for small or seasonally occupied settlements. Using Naroll's
formula, we would predict the population of the La Motte II community to have been no more
than 3 persons, an improbably small figure, given the number of houses and pits.
The most recent attempt along these lines is that of Cook and Heizer (1965) who reworked the
data from the two earlier studies and added considerably more ethnographic data on settlement
size and demography. More elaboration was evidenced in the latter work, so that the problems of
the appropriate means for measuring the area of the settlements were discussed, as were the
problems relating to the determination of which houses were occupied contemporaneously when
using archaeological data.
When data from different societies and adaptive areas are compared, there is a demonstrable
allometric relationship between mean population estimates per village and mean area of roofed
dwelling space. On the other hand, when mean population per village is plotted against total site
size, there is an allometric relationship within any given adaptive area. However, the specifics of
the allometric relationship between the variables differ between samples from different adaptive
areas.
This particular set of conclusions can be questioned on methodological grounds. We may
question the degree to which the two variables in the first regression are truly independent; in
many cases population estimates are based on house counts and estimates of average size of family
per house. In the second set of regressions the total site area is measurable in terms independent of
the count of houses, resulting in a different kind of relationship observable in the regression
formula. The latter may reflect the difference in the methodology employed in variable
identification and measurement rather than any historical difference between populations when
measured independently of houses and floor space data, and the number of houses (converted to
population estimates) when measured independently of total site area.

TABLE XXXV

Real Winter
Site and Measured Grid declination Solstice Angle
House no. orientation correction east Direct Right Angle
Toothsome #1 16? 30'E 8? 00' 24? 30' Q 30? 40'
Toothsome #2 102r 30'E 8 00' 112 30' 120 40'
Toothsome #3 9Q 15'E 8Q 00' 17_ 15' 30? 40'
Toothsome #4 9o 13'E 8o 00' 17 13' 30? 40'
Toothsome #5 5o 59'E 8 00' 13o59' 30? 40'
Toothsome #6 4o 47'E 8o 00' 12 47' 30? 40'
Sandy Tip #1 26n 17'E 4o 00' 30o 43' 30? 40'
Sandy Tip #1A 27o 48'E 4o 00' 31 48' 30? 40'
Sandy Tip #3
Sandy Tip #2114?31'E
23Q 14'E4 400'
00' 27o
118 31'14'
120o 40'
30? 40'
Galley Pond #1 27Q 17'E 4? 00' 31 17' o 30? 40'
Hatchery #6 104o 07'E 10o45' H4052' 120 37'
Hatchery #7 99 30'E 10 45' 110 15' 120? 37'
Hatchery #9 105? 30'E 10? 45' 116? 15' 120? 37'
Hatchery #11 100q 30'E 10? 45' 111? 15' 120? 37'
Hatchery #10 77o 30'E 10o 45' 88 15'
Hatchery #8 97Q 30'E 10o 45' 108? 15' 120? 37'
Hatchery #4 10 30'W 10 45' 0 15'

Regardless of these problems, it seems quite clear that there is a fairly consist
between dwelling space and numbers of individuals, and also between amount of
and total activity space, i.e., site area. Taking our lead from these studies, the da
Table XXXVI were assembled.
The number of samples is so small that it would be presumptuous to calcu
formulas for them, or to express them as log-log relationships as was done by C

TABLE XXXVI

Component Area of No. of Area of Estimated

Settlement Houses roofed no. of
space families
(Sq. meters) (Sq. meters)

La Motte I 804.3 2 21.17 2

La Motte II 1001.8 2 28.63 2
La Motte III 1726.4 2 76.70 4
Mississippian 472.2 1 10.60 1
Frequency of pit forms
Shallow Deep Compound Roofed Area Activity Pits per
ovens ovens pits per family space per family
family
(sq.meters) (sq. meters) (sq. meters)
La Motte I 15 17 9 10.58 402.1 20.5
La Motte II 19 14 12 14.31 500.9 22.5
La Motte III 10 0 13 19.17 431.0 5.7
Mississippian 0 5 2 10.60 472.2 7.0

(1965). Nevertheless, our data are suggestive in the light ofthe infor
Heizer. The following observations seem pertinent.
There would appear to be a direct positive correlation between the
and the area of roofed space. This observation confirms the finding
they noted that the form of this relationship varied with the adaptiv
There is a direct positive correlation between the estimated number
and the total site area as indicated by the ratios in column 9. This o
confirming the findings of Cook and Heizer, differs in that the rat
families seems similar for the communally dwelling group (La Mott
with single family dwellings. In dealing with this problem, we sugges
that their study of communal dwellings was for different socio-cultu
differences in the composition of different seasons of the annual cy
system. In our case, the general space requirements would be relativ
type of family unit was involved; in the case of Cook and Heizer's w
were represented.
There is a suggestion of a constant relationship between the numb
structure and the size of the enclosed floor space. However, our data
difference between the magnitude of this relationship and the form
ratio of square meters of enclosed floor space and the numbers of fam
La Motte III occupation with the large communal house. Could this d
to which activities other than sleeping were conducted within a hou
impression that one of the variables contributing to much of the un
(1962) study is that "roofed space" is a good measure of a single activ
such activities as food preparation, storage, etc.
It may well be no accident that the greatest amount of enclosed s
dwelling where increasing the roofed area would increase the protecti
In a winter dwelling similar increases in enclosed space would decreas
of the structure. An ethnographic analogy to the situation suggested
winter dwellings of the Apache as compared to their summer houses
floor space in the summer arbors far exceeds that of the winter wi
the field).
A further comment regarding our data as they relate to previous studies: It will be recalled that
we questioned the accuracy of Naroll's regression of population with enclosed dwelling area, citing

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Binford] COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 87

Hatchery data, where the estimates using this regression fall short of what we estimate as the
actual population. In fairness to Naroll, it should be pointed out that it is possible that the
composition of a "family" at such communities as La Motte I and II could be different in summer
and winter if there were a permanently maintained settlement elsewhere where aged and infirm
individuals as well as children remained during the winter while the productive members of the
community were dispersed in winter hunting quarters. Such a pattern was not unknown
ethnographically and there do appear to have been large La Motte communities representing a type
of settlement not seen in our sample.
In summarizing our findings, we must point out that our data are so limited that "conclusions"
are of necessity limited to informed guesses rather than tested hypotheses. In general, however,
our data support the findings of Cook and Heizer (1965) and indirectly the formula of Naroll
(1962).

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8
CONCLUSIONS
The aims of the research reported here were three-fold: 1) to test the utility of certai
data-collection techniques; 2) to investigate the nature ofthe relationship between populations o
cultural features and cultural items on a site to provide an empirical basis for the development
independent sampling procedures appropriate to the different populations; and 3) to demonstra
the utility of the suggested data-collection and analytical procedures for providing informatio
amenable to social interpretation. Our conclusions with respect to these aims can be stated
follows.
In cases where archaeological sites occur in modern agricultural areas and lack any above
ground remains of features, it is possible and profitable to conduct a controlled surface collection
which will permit the preliminary definition of the site in areal terms. In addition, the variable
densities and combinations of occurrences of different forms of cultural items will permit the
definition of sub-areas on the site. These must be treated as internally differentiated areas of the
site, possibly reflecting a complex culture history and/or the internal spatial differentiation of
activities within the prehistoric community represented. All of this information can then be
employed in making decisions as to how to sample the site for cultural features so as to insure an
adequate and representative sample.
By using techniques specifically designed to insure the maximum recovery of data relevant to
cultural features, we were able to recover complete data on features present at Hatchery West.
These data proved amenable to formal analysis, which in turn made possible the recognition of
functionally differentiated activity areas and houses. In short, we were able to identify the
archaeological remains of 4 distinct communities that had settled on this location.
The comparison of the structure of the site, defined in terms of cultural features and known
from the distribution of cultural items, allowed us to demonstrate that the two general classes of
archaeological remains were in fact independently distributed. Our analysis allowed us to make the
following generalizations.
Between communities there is no necessity to direct correlation between numbers of cultural
items lost or abandoned and the number of features utilized on the location. The relative numbers
are determined by the nature of the activites dominating the actions of the group during the
course of the occupation. Within any given community, the spatial distribution of cultural items
and features tends to vary independently of one another. Those areas in which activities resulted in
the loss or abandonment of the greatest number of items is not necessarily the same as the area
where the greatest construction of features occurred. On sites with complex culture histories, there
will be a gross direct correlation between the number of items occurring in any given area and the
intensity of use of that area made by all the separate occupants. On sites with complex culture
histories, the compound effects ofthe situations summarized above will increase the probability of
the occurrence of consistent incidences of features located in zones with moderate densities of
cultural items. On sites with simple culture histories, the effect of the situation suggested above
will result in a greater density of cultural features in areas peripheral to areas of high item
densities. In selecting sites for excavation the mere presence of huge densities of items does not
issue a corresponding likelihood of high densities of features.
We are therefore able to suggest that data collection prosecuted without a prior knowledge of
the culture history of the site or a program of stratified sampling cannot proceed by using densities
of cultural items as a guide with any realistic expectation of obtaining an adequate and
representative sample of features. In addition, in selecting sites for excavation without a program
of stratified sampling, high densities of cultural items cannot be used as a guide to selection
without biasing the results. 00 oo

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Binford] CONCLUSIONS 89

The demonstration of the utility of the differentiation of data collecting techniques as well as a
systemic approach to analysis is hopefully accomplished in the substantive results reported here.
The presence of a number of locations of preceramic occupancy were isolated and were shown
to vary among themselves with respect to relative proportions of different artifact classes present.
The latter observation was interpreted as reflecting differences in the range and relative frequency
of activities carried out on the location. Further study of the tools found will hopefully permit the
recognition of different types of sites for the preceramic period.
The investigation and definition of 3 different La Motte settlements provides us with our first
knowledge of the settlements of the Late Woodland period. The recognition of two types of La
Motte settlements, winter and summer, implies an annual round involving a complex settlement
system in which social units moved seasonally. The association of corporate work areas for the
preparation of food suggests that there was a social bond between females of the community. We
suggested that this might reflect a matrilocal forma of residence pattern, more appropriately
sororolocal, since each woman would have been housed separately during the winter. The meaning
of these two settlement types in terms of the total settlement system cannot at present be
assessed. We do, however, know that large sites existed (the Dean site) which would approach the
size of small towns. It seems unlikely that these were seasonally abandoned; therefore, the details
of the movement of social segments of these La Motte societies remain a major problem for future
research.
In contrast to the La Motte communities, the Mississippian settlement appeared to have been a
single household which was part of a larger dispersed community of households along the river
terrace. Our data for the Mississippian occupation do not represent a single community as in the
case of the La Motte. On the contrary, it is a segment of a very different community type. The
specifics of the contrasts between the settlement system and the cycle ofthe Mississippian and La
Motte cultural systems when known should provide many clues to the adaptive changes that
resulted in the emergence ofthe Middle Mississippian in the midwest.
In order to understand these settlement systems a methodology of stratified sampling as
previously proposed (Binford 1964) and justified by the research reported here is a necessity.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to express my deep appreciation to Gerald who visited our excavations with a crew of
James Cox of Carlyle who extended many courtesies eight students from Dayton, Ohio. Mrs. Gerald and her
to me, my crew, and the professional visitors who students worked as regular crew members for two
stopped in Carlyle to see our excavations. weeks and one student, James Driskal, remained with
Albert Stalhns and Clem Rudolph of the Clinton us until the end of the season. It was largely the added
County Highway Department aided the progress of the manpower supplied by Mrs. Gerald which permitted
summer's work immeasurably through having made the excavation of the large sample of features to be
power equipment available when we needed it. The accomplished in such a short season.
Carlyle Fire Department also helped our work by Deep appreciation is expressed to Melvin Fowler
wetting down the brick-hard soil in the exposed grader who suffered through the battle of the budget while I
cuts during the extremely dry month of August. was spending money at impressive rates in the field.
The staff of the Corps of U.S. Army Engineers Mrs. Gerry Kelley of the Museum staff of Southern
office in Carlyle was a constant source of information Illinois University performed the important function
regarding the details of planned construction as well as of seeing the payroll through each week and making
of information regarding the land owners of sites our paper work and administrative burden much less.
located during the course of the summer's work. Gerald Eck and Susan Lees, both students at the
Many local persons through their interest and University of Chicago, performed the task of washing
direct assistance made our stay in the Carlyle area a and cataloguing all of the materials recovered during
very pleasant one. the field season. Mr. Eck was particularly helpful in
To the archaeological assistants who largely that he performed many of the preliminary sortings
directed the progress of the field season I owe a special and tabulations of data that ultimately were used in
debt. My wife, Sally R. Binford, directed the crews the analysis and interpretations to follow.
primarily responsible for the excavation of features I am particularly grateful to the Marian and
and for other detailed tedia associated with their Adolph Lichstern Fund of the Department of
careful dissection. Robert Whallon was my surveyor Anthropology of the University of Chicago for
and was responsible for seeing that squares were laid financial assistance. Monies from this fund paid the
out properly and that the recording of such crucial salaries of Mr. Eck and Miss Lees during the course of
information as vertical measurements was made to the two academic years while they were engaged in
same datum, etc. In short, Mr. Whallon did much of washing and cataloguing the materials. In addition, the
the work preparatory to excavation and surface photographs and photographic reproduction necessary
surveying. Michael Southard was my straw boss and in the preparation of the illustration of this
was in general responsible for seeing that the crews manuscript were paid for by the Lichstern Fund. The
were supplied, were on the site on time, and in Department of Anthropology of the University of
addition, ramrodded the all important job of earth Chicago supplied a truck and other field equipment
moving, excavation, and sifting of the control squares. including cameras; for this I am thankful. Southern
In addition, he saw to it that all of the plotted squares Illinois University supplied the bulk of the field
were adequately troweled and plotted according to my equipment.
specifications. I would like to express my deep appreciation to
The personnel of my crew are, of course, to be my co-authors who so skillfully handled a large bulk
credited with the accomplishments of the field season. of the material presented here. To my wife Sally R.
They worked hard and long to gather the data Binford, appreciation is offered for her descriptive
reported here. The following students composed the analysis of the structural features and her aid in prep
core of the crew. Students from Southern Illinois aration of the entire manuscript. Robert C. Whallon
University were: Jon Loomis, James Mertz, Jean and Margaret Hardin each did most of the analysis of
Stewart, Dave Ward, and Larry Conrad. Students from the pit features and the burials, respectively. Each
the University of Chicago were: Bill and Nancy Byrne, co-author prepared a manuscript which I (L.R.B.)
Mary Ellen Didier, Carolyn Grant, Mel Thurman, and modified as I saw necessary to fit into the general plan
in addition, Richard Lane of the University of New of presentation and in many cases the summary
Mexico, and Arthur Saxe of the University of comparisons were my additions to the co-authors'
Michigan. My step-daughter, Susan Lorie, was a regular work. I planned the manuscript and in general decided
and productive member of the crew. Two local the analytical procedure as well as wrote the sections
workmen, Terry Kueper and Richard Schoendienst, dealing with the surface collections, their correlation
rounded out the core of the crew. For short periods of with sub-surface features and all the summary sections
time Karl Kiefer and John Beimfohr were members of treating the recognized components and their com
the crew. We were particularly indebted to Virginia parative treatment.
90

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REFERENCES
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3-10. Illinois Archaeological Survey. American Antiquity 27:587-589.
BINFORD, LEWIS R. OWEN, ROGER C.
1964 A consideration of archaeological research 1965 The patrilocal band: a linguistically and
design. A merican Antiquity 29:4 25-441. culturally hybrid social unit. American Anthro
BINFORD, LEWIS R., and SALLY R. BINFORD pologist 67:675-690.
1966 A preliminary analysis of functional vari RITCHIE, WILLIAM A.
ability in the Mousterian of Levallois facies. In 1940 Two prehistoric village sites at Brewerton,
Recent Studies in Paleoanthropology, edited by New York. Researches and Transactions of the
J. D. Clark and R. Clark Howell, pp. 238-295. New York State Archaeological Association,
American Anthropological Association. Vol. 9, No. 1.
BINFORD, LEWIS R., JAMES SCHOENWETTER, 1958 An introduction to Hudson Valley pre
and MELVIN L. FOWLER history. New York State Museum and Science
Service, Bulletin 367.
1964 Archaeological investigations in the Carlyle
Reservoir, Clinton County, Illinois. Archaeo 1959 The Stony Brook site, and its relation to
logical Salvage Report, No. 17. Southern Archaic and Transitional cultures on Long
Island. New York State Museum and Science
Illinois University Museum.
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COE, JOFFRE LANNING STRUEVER, STUART
1964 The Formative cultures of the Carolina Pied
1964 The Hopewell interaction sphere in riverine
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COLE, FAY-COOPER, andTHORNE DEUEL Robert L. Hall, pp. 85-106- Illinois State
1937 Rediscovering Illinois. University of Chicago
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WEBB, WILLIAM S.
COPE, LEONA 1950 The Carlson Annis Mound, Site 5, Butler
1919 Calendars of the Indians north of Mexico.
County, Kentucky. The University of Ken
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tucky, Reports in Anthropology, Vol. 7.
can Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. WEBB, WILLIAM S., and DAVID L. DeJARNETTE
18:119-176.
1942 An archaeological survey of Pickwick Basin
COOK, S. F., and R. F. HEIZER
in the adjacent portions of the states of Ala
1965 The quantitative approach to the relation bama, Mississippi, and Tennessee. Smithsonian
between population and settlement size. Re Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology,
ports of the University of California Archaeo Bulletin 129.
logical Survey, No. 64. Department of Anthro
1948 The Flint River site, Ma?<*8. Museum Paper
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23, Alabama Museum of Natural History. Un
COOK, S. F., and A. E. TREGAZNA iversity of Alabama.
1950 The quantitative investigation of Indian WINTERS, HOWARD D.
mounds. University of California Publications 1963 An archaeological survey of the Wabash
in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. Valley in Illinois. Illinois State Museum, Re
40:223-262. ports of Investigations, No. 10.
DRIVER, HAROLD E., and WILLIAM C. MASSEY
WITTRY, WARREN L.
1957 Comparative studies of North American
Indians. Transactions of the American Philoso 1964 An American woodhenge, Cranbrook Insti
phical Society, Vol. 47. tute of Science Newsletter 33.
HOWELL, F. C. WITTRY, WARREN L., and JOSEPH O. VOGEL
1965 Early Man. Life Nature Library. 1962 Illinois State Museum projects: October
HOUGH, WALTER 1961-June 1962. In 1st Annual Report: Ameri
can Bottoms Archaeology, edited by Melvin L.
1926 Fire as an agent in human culture. Smith
sonian Institution, U.S. National Museum, Fowler, pp. 15-30. Illinois Archaeological
Bulletin 139. Survey.
MAXWELL, MOREAU S. WRAY, DONALD E., RICHARD S. MacNEISH,
1951 The Woodland cultures in southern Illinois. and WARREN L. WITTRY
Logan Museum Publications in Anthropology, 1961 The Hopewellian and Weaver occupations of
Bulletin 7. the Weaver site, Fulton County, Illinois. Illinois
MORRELL, L. ROSS State Museum Scientific Papers, Vol. 7.
1965 The Texas site, Carlyle Reservoir. Archaeo VOGEL, JOSEPH O.
logical Salvage Report, No. 23. Southern n.d. A preliminary report on the analysis of cera
Illinois University Museum. mic from the Cahokia area. Prepublication
McGregor, john c. process edition, Illinois State Museum.
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Binford - Archaeology at Hatchery West

Uploaded by

Binford - Archaeology at Hatchery West

Uploaded by

Society for American Archaeology

Archaeology at Hatchery West

STUART STRUEVER, Memoirs Editor

John Cotter, Regional Archaeologist

Issued as ameRICAn Antiquity, Volume 35, Number 4, October, 1970.

I Inventory of Cultural Items Recovered

1 Master Archaeological Map: Hatchery and Dean Sites. 4

V-* *-"*-""-"-" - " ; -~... Cabuvle Kb*kkvoi? , Cumtom Coomtv, Iuuiwoi*

Jtt&Po (x^c^ujym ? vi Wulfa Jr I ^ * "' '' '''''' ''-\ ^y CabiWlR

?j Cuituikau Pne/k-ruiuc? 8BWn|^\\iv^ / /

SUMMARY OF THE SITE SITUATION

Class of item Number recovered Percentage of

*Xl M 1QA I \^^i?^?W^?Wj?y^^'~ \ I /"^HtfiSfl^B^BYflHEE^K. I Vi*. ? :V: .'-W ,- :-} \

go re t.m?/ ^ "? COMPARATIVE 6URrA.CC Dl*T?l?WTIOU* H.^_ ymA

HBOftHHC_CH?T CM!***** C??T A?T.r*CT* ' -SP

^ x "t^y*TXhX T* T- "^'T i-ks?,-T.-T T T* T^ T^T^FI-i -

JL. IP. BtM^otro

Fig. 4 Locations of Lettered Sample A

100-r -r-rT-r~r*r-TT-r ~?&0?

100+ + + + + + + + + + ^t 30^^Y -r * -i- ~l^++^

Artifact Percentage Area Characteristics Inferred Activity

.53 65.7 E Moderate freq. of pottery, Indirect heating

.66 76.5 L High daub, limestone and Food processing

.61 80.3 D,F,K Moderate freq. of pottery, Graph appears to

Primarily Non-ceramic Components

.59 86.0 M,I High in chippage, low in Tool manufacture

.52 91.1 B,G,J,N, Low in chippage and most Food processing

Postmold No. Diam. Depth** Spacing_Postmold No. Diam. Depth** Spacing

All Measurements in Meters

Postmold No. Diam._Spacing_Postm

__ _ _ A J?-*"""*"^*^^? Cut?T?M. COOMXV, Xll.4MOI?

mjtfl MOI.P4-y^ j^' ?^

^J %. Limit* op- F*ATuat* U B?-^ %*^

*t Moi.o*X"-^ ^?Fil.u or Hou*c Dcpkimiom Levbu op- Pi-am '

5^ "\ ^-?^?^' ^V X?^ POAT MOUD6--^ ^ E|TI EJTA e|T7

\ v' >5?^?J^^ Carlylr Reaervoii*, Xllinoio

N^^^/ ~" &MUMO dUlKfTACK --jr

Type "X" Type "B"

Postmold No. Diameter_Spacing_Postmold No._Diameter_Spacing

All Measurements in Meters

in diameter of the three types, with a mean diameter of 11

The postmolds of Typ

Postmold No. Diameter Depth Spacing_Postmold No. Diameter Depth Spacing

Postmold No. Diameter_Spacing_Postmold No. Diameter_Spacing

1? :8S il ~^~ ~WiT x=.088 x=.50

^|SN|||P^^^ WOT-B! MO P>OA-rMOU?* WBBBi ^

_ACAt,g Ifcl M?T>H?_

FlUV. OP Heu*B 0?A?BA*tOM--^

Dbakbaaiom-,. HaTCHBUY 6lTC

COMPARISONS BETWEEN AND INTERPRETATION OF STRUCTURAL FEATURES 9, 11,

X tww. or Plan V*?w^

6EGXIOM A-B Owoomo 6u?rAfi??--pr

Limit* op* Hou?b HATeHSIKV fcTft-WCiT

? |?|*t *|?o e|ss |

Prtt ?r Houm D*:i??v66ioM?JV

Structural Feature No. House Postmolds Entry Postm

field, it became clear that another interpretation of these appendages is possible. In

Limit* op- House [

N 1ST I ^^?-?-' ""~ ~~^~^J / __ I

Teesjch-7 Xk / /^~~*~~yvA \^-~-~~"^ I

Wall, Tkewcw-A Hkartw Fill.-/ \ Vy^ ^^ ^^ I

Depth Diameter Spacing Depth Diamet

Depth Diameter Spacing Depth Diam

N^12* 1^13 N~2 23 Outride

was 10 YR 4/4, only a slight difference

All Measurements in Meters

RECTANGULAR POLE HOUSES-LA MOTTE CULTURE

IF*" "888 I =^B= '"^iB? ^|

Tg^^mmw*w**?~ ~-mw w * v w m <9? # ~ ? ?

Cfc 27 20 29 SO Bl 32 59 34- 99 36 37 SO 39 4? 41 42 49 44- 49

KJotc : Ri-^ha 8 0 Moe.TM f^OOM ^Pt'* I

I / X lwTB?lOR W/V.LI?-y , BCMCM I

I * S7 ' B&kich '?| iB

Post. No._Diam. _Depth _Post. No._Diam._Dep

All Measurements In Meters

referred to the Late Woodland period. It is by far the mo

V-* -"-""-"-" - " ; -~... Cabuvle Kbkkvoi? , Cumtom Coomtv, Iuuiwoi

Xl M 1QA I \^^i?^?W^?Wj?y^^'~ \ I /"^HtfiSfl^B^BYflHEE^K. I Vi. ? :V: .'-W ,- :-} \

go re t.m?/ ^ "? COMPARATIVE 6URrA.CC DlT?l?WTIOU H.^_ ymA

HBOftHHC_CH?T CM!***** C??T A?T.rCT ' -SP

^ x "t^yTXhX T T- "^'T i-ks?,-T.-T T T* T^ T^T^FI-i -

Postmold No. Diam. Depth Spacing_Postmold No. Diam. Depth Spacing

__ _ _ A J?-""""^*^^? Cut?T?M. COOMXV, Xll.4MOI?

^J %. Limit* op- FATuat U B?-^ %*^

t Moi.oX"-^ ^?Fil.u or Hou*c Dcpkimiom Levbu op- Pi-am '

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