Unit-II-Baseband Coding basics

S1- Types of antennas

Dipole, ground plane, loop
Helical, Patch antennas
 INTRODUCTION

•Antenna is a piece of conducting wire or element, of any shape and of

any material that is conductive in nature.
•It is a source of EM waves and also it receives the signal.
•Antennas used in different systems posses different characteristics. In
some systems only the directional properties of antenna is considered
whereas in others they are used to radiate energy in all directions
equally.
 ANTENNA

IEEE Def. : A means for radiating or receiving radio waves

General : An antenna is a transducer which converts a

guided wave into free space wave or vice versa

Antenna is a very important component of any electronics

system and plays an important and decisive role in overall
system performance
 Antennas -Basic principle
• An antenna is a device that provides a transition between
guided electromagnetic waves in wires and electromagnetic
waves in free space.
 Wavelength and antennas
• The dimensions of an antenna are usually expressed in terms of
wavelength ().
• Low frequencies imply long wavelengths, hence low frequency
antennas are very large.
• High frequencies imply short wavelengths, hence high
frequency antennas are usually small.

c
c  f  or  
f
 TYPES OF ANTENNA
Antenna can be classified on the basis of:

1. Frequency : VLF, LF, HF, VHF, UHF, Microwave,

Millimeter wave antenna

2. Aperture : Wire, Parabolic Dish, Microstrip

Patch antenna

3. Polarization : Linear (Vertical/Horizontal),

Circular polarization antenna

4. Radiation : Isotropic, Omnidirectional, Directional,

Hemispherical antenna
 Antenna types

7Helical antenna Horn antenna Parabolic reflector antenna

CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTENNAS

• Broad frequency bandwidth

• Wide angular coverage
• Omni Polarization
• Varying Radiation patterns
 Omni- Directional
 Directional
 Shaped beam
• Stringent Electrical and Environmental requirements
• Tailor made to meet specific requirement
Omni directional Antennas
• Biconical
• Conical log spirals
• Discone
• Patch
• Helical
• loop
• Dipoles, etc.
 ANTENNAS FOR DIRECTION FINDING

• Cylindrical Reflector antennas

• Spiral Antennas
- Equiangular Spiral, 2-arm, 4 arm
- Archimedean Spiral, 2-arm, 4 arm
• Log periodic antennas
- Co-planar Log periodic antenna
- Pyramidal Log periodic antenna
• Horn Antennas
- Sectoral Horn
- Pyramidal Horns
• Printed circuit Slot line radiators
BROADBAND ANTENNAS

B alun Slot Spiral

G r ound Plane / Shallow Cavity

SLOT SPIRAL ANTENNA BRKR - 3

1
5
 Dipole Antenna

One of the most widely used antenna types

is the half-wave dipole.
The half-wave dipole, also called a doublet,
is formally known as the Hertz antenna.
A dipole antenna is two pieces of wire, rod,
or tubing that are one-quarter wavelength
long at the operating resonant frequency.
 Dipole antenna
The radiation of energy when done through such a bent wire, the
end of such transmission line is termed as dipole or dipole antenna.
The reactance of the input impedance is a function of the radius
and length of the dipole. The smaller the radius, the larger the
amplitude of the reactance. It is proportional to the wavelength.
Hence, the length and radius of the dipole should also be taken into
consideration. Normally, its impedance is around 72Ω.
Types

Half wave dipole

Folded dipole
Full wave dipole
Diagram of Dipole antenna
 Half wave Dipole

It is a normal dipole antenna, where the frequency of its

operation is half of its wavelength. Hence, it is called as
half-wave dipole antenna.

The edge of the dipole has maximum voltage. This voltage

is alternating (AC) in nature. At the positive peak of the
voltage, the electrons tend to move in one direction and at
the negative peak, the electrons move in the other
direction. This can be explained by the figures given below.
 Half wave Dipole

Fig 1 shows the dipole when the charges induced are in

positive half cycle. Now the electrons tend to move towards
the charge.
Fig 2 shows the dipole with negative charges induced. The
electrons here tend to move away from the dipole.
Fig 3 shows the dipole with next positive half cycle. Hence,
the electrons again move towards the charge
 Radiation Pattern

The radiation pattern polar diagram for a half wave dipole antenna shows
that the direction of maximum radiation or sensitivity is at right angles to
the axis of the RF antenna. In a three dimensional plot, the radiation pattern
envelope for points of equal radiation intensity for a doughnut type shape,
with the axis of the antenna passing through the hole in the centre of the
doughnut.
 Folded Dipole antenna

This folded dipole is the main element in Yagi-Uda antenna.

The main element used here is this folded dipole, to which the
antenna feed is given. This antenna has been used extensively for
television reception over the last few decades.
 Advantages and disadvantages of
Dipole antennas

Advantages

Input impedance is not sensitive.

Matches well with transmission line impedance.
Has reasonable length.
Length of the antenna matches with size and directivity.

Disadvantages
Not much effective due to single element.
It can work better only with a combination.
 LOOP ANTENNAS

•Loop Antenna consists a Single turn or many turns of wire

forming a loop.
•It is excited by generator daily.
•The field produced by loop antenna is similar produced by a
smaller dipole.
 Ground plane

Dipole can be mounted vertically. If we take one dipole element and mount it
perpendicular to a large metal plate, then we don’t need the bottom element ,a
virtual element will be electrically reflected from the plate. When the metal plate
is approximately one-half wavelength square or larger, the radiation resistance of
the antenna is 36 ohms, and a good match to the receiver or transmitter can be
obtained.
The quarter-wave ground plane antenna is ideal if the receiver or transmitter is
encased in a metal enclosure that has the required horizontal area for an efficient
vertical antenna. However, in many short-range devices, a quarter-wave vertical
element is used without a suitable ground plane. In this case, the radiation
resistance is much lower than 36 ohms and there is considerable capacitance
reactance. An inductor is needed to cancel the reactance as well as a matching
circuit to assure maximum power transfer between the antenna and the device. The
ohmic losses in the inductor and other matching components, together with the
low radiation resistance, result in low antenna efficiency.
 Loop antennas

An RF current carrying coil is given a single turn into a loop, can be

used as an antenna called as loop antenna. The currents through this
loop antenna will be in phase. The magnetic field will be perpendicular
to the whole loop carrying the current.
Frequency Range
The frequency range of operation of loop antenna is around 300MHz
to 3GHz. This antenna works in UHF range.
 Large loop antennas

Large loop antennas are also called as resonant antennas.

They have high radiation efficiency. These antennas have length
nearly equal to the intended wavelength.
L=λ
Where,
L is the length of the antenna
λ is the wavelength
 Small loop antennas

Small loop antennas are also called as magnetic loop

antennas. These are less resonant. These are mostly used as
receivers.
These antennas are of the size of one-tenth of the wavelength.
L=λ/10
 Helical and patch antennas
Helical antennas

• Helical antenna is an example of wire antenna and itself forms the

shape of a helix. This is a broadband VHF and UHF antenna.
Frequency Range
• The frequency range of operation of helical antenna is around 30MHz
to 3GHz. This antenna works in VHF and UHF ranges.
 Construction & Working of Helical
Antenna

• Helical antenna or helix antenna is the antenna in which the

conducting wire is wound in helical shape and connected to the
ground plate with a feeder line. It is the simplest antenna, which
provides circularly polarized waves. It is used in extra-terrestrial
communications in which satellite relays etc., are involved.
 Helical Antenna-Structure

The above image shows a helical antenna system, which is used for
satellite communications. These antennas require wider outdoor space.
It consists of a helix of thick copper wire or tubing wound in the shape
of a screw thread used as an antenna in conjunction with a flat metal
plate called a ground plate. One end of the helix is connected to the
center conductor of the cable and the outer conductor is connected to
the ground plate.
 Modes of Operation

• The predominant modes of operation of a helical antenna are −

• Normal or perpendicular mode of radiation.
• Axial or end-fire or beam mode of radiation.
 Normal mode

• In the normal mode of radiation,

the radiation field is normal to the
helix axis and the radiated waves
are circularly polarized waves. This
mode of radiation is obtained if the
dimensions of a helix are small
compared to the wavelength. The
radiation pattern of this helical
antenna is a combination of short
dipole and loop antenna.
 Axial mode

In the axial mode of radiation, the

radiation is in the end-fire
direction along the helical axis
and the waves are circular or
nearly circular polarized waves.
This mode of operation is
obtained by raising the
circumference to the order of one
wavelength (C/λ) and a spacing
of approximately λ/4. The
radiation pattern is broad and
directional along the axial beam
producing minor lobes at oblique
angles.
Microstrip patch antennas
 Microstrip patch antennas

• A microstrip antenna is basically consists of radiating

patch, dielectric substrate, feed and ground plane. Patch
and ground plane made of material such as copper or gold.

• There are different shapes of patch for different type of

application. Microstrip patch is like, Rectangular, Circular,
Circular Ring, Dipole, Elliptical, or Triangular.
Different types of patch antennas
 Feeding Methods
• In Microstrip patch antenna, there are various type of feed methods
are use, these methods are categorized in two main types, these are the
Contacting and non Contacting.
• Contacting
• In contacting method technique, RF power is directly applied to the
patch through BNC connector. The contacting feed methods are
Microstrip Feed Line and Coaxial Probe.
• Non-Contacting
• In non Contacting method the power has given through coupling. It
depends on the Aperture Coupled Feed and Proximity Coupled Feed.

• The four most popular techniques are

–Microstrip Line Feed
–Coaxial Probe
–Aperture Coupling
–Proximity Coupling
Comparison of various feeding
technique
 Advantages of Patch antennas

• Microstrip antennas are relatively inexpensive to manufacture and design

because of the simple 2-dimensional physical geometry. They are usually
employed at UHF and higher frequencies because the size of the antenna is
directly tied to the wavelength at the resonant frequency. A single patch
antenna provides a maximum directive gain of around 6-9 dBi. It is relatively
easy to print an array of patches on a single (large) substrate using
lithographic techniques. Patch arrays can provide much higher gains than a
single patch at little additional cost; matching and phase adjustment can be
performed with printed microstrip feed structures, again in the same
operations that form the radiating patches. The ability to create high gain
arrays in a low-profile antenna is one reason that patch arrays are common on
airplanes and in other military applications.