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ملخص ch1 OS

ch 1 os

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50 views5 pages

ملخص ch1 OS

ch 1 os

Uploaded by

m.soker111
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operating System

chapter 1 : Introduction to OS

Computer System divided into 4 components:

1. Hardware : cpu,memory,I/O devices


2. Opreating System : controls use of Hardware
3. Application programs
4. Users

Define OS : is a program manages computer’s hardware and acts as


interface (intermediate) between user and hardware

OS goals:
• Execute user programs and make solving problems easier
• Make the Computer System convenient to use ( ‫)سهل االستخدام‬
• Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner

What OS do ?
According to:
• User view : Users want convenience(‫)سهولة‬, ease of use and good
performance
• Don’t care about resourse utilization

• System view: Must involved with hardware , we can view an OS as


resourse allocator => manages all resources

OS is control program => controls execution of programs to prevent errors

Kernel : is one program running at all times on the computer


• The core of OS ( OS‫)هو النواة بتاعه ال‬
With kernel we have two types of programs run with :

• System programs : which are associated with OS but not necessary


part of kernel
• Application programs : which include all programs not associated
with OS

Computer Startup (‫ )لما اجى اشغل الكمبيوتر‬:

Bootstrap : program is loaded at power up or reboot


• Typically stored in ROM or EPROM generally know as Firmware
• Initializes all aspects of system
• Load OS kernel and start execution

Interrupts (‫)المقاطعات‬:

• OS is Interrupt driven
• The occurrence of an event is usually signaled by interrupt from
either Hardware or Software
• Hardware may trigger (‫ )يستدعى‬an interrupt at any time by sending a
signal to cpu
• Software may trigger an interrupt by executing a special operation
called a System Calls
• Interrupts are important part of a computer archeticture
• A trap ot Exception : is a software genrated interrupt caused by an
error or user request

Storage Structure:

Basic unit of computer storage is bit

Storage divided into :

• Main Memory : CPU can access directly such as RAM (volatile ‫)مؤقتة‬
• Secondary Storage : Large and non-volatile such as Hard disk

Storage System organized in hierarchy:

Registers → cache → main memory → solid-state disk (SSD) → hard disk →


optical disk → magnetic types
• ‫كل اما امشى يمين بتقل التكلفة و تقل السرعة و تزيد المساحة‬
(Less cost , Less speed , More Storage)

Multiprocessors System : growing in use and importance


• Also known as parallel systems
Advantages:
• Increased Throughtput : get more work done in less time
• Economy of Scale : can cost less than equivalent multi-single process
systems
• Increased Reliability : graceful degradation ( ‫ )رشيقة التدهور‬or fault
tolerance (‫)التسامح مع الخطا‬

Multiprocessors has two types :


1. Asymmetric → each processor is assigned a specific task
2. Symmetric → each processor performs all tasks

Multichip and Multicore :


• One processor has multi-cores such as core i3 , core i5 , core i7

Multiprogramming (Batch System) :


• organizes jobs so cpu always has one to execute via (Job Scheduling)

TimeSharing (Multitasking) :
• is logical extension in which cpu switches jobs so the user can
interact with each job while it is running

Dual-Mode operation : allows OS to protect itself and other system


components
We have Two modes :
• User Mode
• Kernel Mode
System calls switch from user mode to kernel mode

Protection → any mechanism for controlling access of processes or users


resources defined by OS

Security → defense of the system against internal and external attacks


Network :

Portals : which provides web access to their internal services

Network Computers : which are essentially terminals that understand web


based computing

Network is communication path TCP / IP most common

Types of Computer Networks : LAN , WAN , MAN , PAN

Network OS : provides features between system across network

Mechanism → How to do something ?


Policy → what you have be done ?

Virtualization → is a technology that allows OS to run as application within


other OS
• VMM(virtual machine manager) : provides virtualizations services

Cloud Computing :
• Delivers computing , storage , even apps as a service across network

Divided into :
• Public Cloud : available by anyone willing to pay
• Private Cloud : run by a company for the company’s own use
• Hyprid Cloud : includes both puplic and private cloud components

We have Three Types of Cloud Computing :

1. Software as a Service (SaaS) : One or more apps available via internet


sush as (Word processor)

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS) : Software stack ready for apps use via
internet such as (database server)
3. Infrastructure as a Service(IaaS) : Servers or Storage available over
internet such as (Storage for backup)

Chapter 1 Finished

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