OPERATING SYSTEM

Hawassa university
Bensa Daye Campus
Department of Computer science

Cosc3023: Operating Systems

Prerequisite: Computer Arc. & Org.
Compiled By: Kassawmar M.

1
 Chapter One
___________________________
Introduction to Operating Systems

2
 Outline
 Introduction
 Why Study Operating Systems
 The history of Operating System
 Types of operating systems
 Function of Operating System
 Role of operating systems
 Operating Systems Structure
 Computer System Organization
 Interrupts in Operating System
 Concurrency and its importance
 The purpose and role of OS in computer engineering

3
 Introduction
 The Operating System is a program that acts as an intermediary
between a user of computer and the computer hardware.
 A every modern computer consists of:
• One or more processors
• Main memory
• Disks
• Printers
• Various input/output devices
 Managing all these components requires a layer of software called
operating system.
 A software that abstracts the computer hardware
• Hides the messy (unnecessary) details of the underlying hardware.
• Presents users with a resource abstraction that is easy to use.
• Extends or virtualizes the underlying machine.
4
 Cont...
 Responsible for allocating resources for users and
processes.
• Should ensure that no starvation, allocation is based on desired
policy( like FCFS) and efficient system utilization.
 Most computers have two modes of operation:
• Kernel mode and user mode
 OS runs in kernel mode, which has complete access to
all hardware and can execute any instruction
 Rest of software runs in user mode, which has limited
capability.
 Shell or GUI is the lowest level of user mode software.

5
 Cont..

Figure 1-1. Where the operating system fits in.

6
 Cont...

Figure 1-2. User and kernel mode of operations in OS. 7

 Cont.…

Figure 1-3. Architecture of operating system in Linux. 8

 Why Study Operating Systems?

 OS manages concurrency.
• The ability to execute more than one program or task simultaneously
• Concurrency leads to interesting programming challenges.
 OS manages hardware.
• Programming hardware is challenging: timing dependent behavior,
undocumented behavior, hardware bugs.
• Allows the computer hardware to be used in an efficient manner.
 OS fails machine fails.
• OS must fail less than user programs.
 OS provides services that enable application programs
• Make the computer more convenient to use.
 OS basis of system security.
• Allow only authorised access to data, computation, services, etc.
 OS providing an interface to the users.
9
 History of Operating Systems
 The first true digital computer was designed by Charles Babbage (1792-
1871). however, the analytical engine didn’t have an operating system.
 Operating system have been evolving over the years.
 Generations:

10
10
 Cont…
I. First Generation(1945–55) Vacuum Tubes
 When electronic computer were first introduced in 1940’s.
 Mechanical components are replaced by electronic component
(Vacuum Tubes).
 Computers with out operating system.
 The actual operation were took place with out the benefit of OS.
 During this generation computers were generally used to solve
simple mathematical calculations.
 Programs were written in machine language.
 The application program were run one at a time.
 The system was inefficient and depends on programmer competency.

11
 Cont..
II. 2nd Generation(1955–65) Transistors and Batch Systems
 Transistor was introduced.
 The vacuum tubes replaced by the transistors.
 CPU continued to be under utilized as sequential processing
with one job at a time was being done.
 When the computer finished whatever job it was currently
running, an operator would do many works in between to
start the next job.
 Expensive time lags between CPU and I/O devices.

12
 Cont..
III. 3rd Generation(1955–65) ICs and Multiprogramming
 IC was introduced and OS allowed the machine to run many
different application.
 The computer that used ICs was created that answered
price/performance problem over the second-generation.
 IC integrated hundreds of transistors.
• Speedy and economical.
 OS designers were able to develop the system of multi-
programing, in which computers able to perform multiple tasks at
the same time.

 MULTICS (MULTiplexed Information and Computing Service)

where by one huge machine providing computing power for
hundreds of simultaneous timesharing users.
13
 Cont..
 Major achievements of third generation:
• Multiprogramming
• Timesharing
IV. 4th Generation (1980-current) very large scale IC (VLSIC)

 Very LSIC was introduced which consist thousands of

transistors.
 It is user friendly.
 Cost/performance ratio improvement of computer
components.
 Multiprocessing
•Allowed parallel program execution
 Distributed processing and networked systems introduced
 Increased tighter security demands to protect hardware and
software.
14
 Types of operating systems
1. Batch operating system- sequence of job in a program on a
computer without manual interventions.
 The users of batch operating system do not interact with the
computer directly.
 Each user prepares their job on an off-line device like punch
cards and submits it to the computer operator.
 To speed up processing, jobs with similar needs are batched
together and run as a group. Thus, the programmers left their
programs with the operator.
 The operator then sorts programs into batches with similar
requirements.
2. Network Operating System
 Runs on a server and provides server the capability to manage data,
users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions.
 The primary purpose of the network operating system is to allow
shared file and printer access among multiple computers in a network.

15
 Cont…
3. Time-sharing operating systems
Time sharing is a technique which enables many people, located at
various terminals, to use a particular computer system at the same
time.
 Time-sharing or multitasking is a logical extension of
multiprogramming.
 Processor's time which is shared among multiple users
simultaneously is termed as time-sharing.
 The processors communicate with one another through various
communication lines (such as high-speed buses or telephone lines).
 These are referred as loosely coupled systems or distributed
systems.
4. Real-time operating systems- These systems are characterized by
having time as a key parameter.
• Fast and time limit sensitive
• Used in time-critical environments
• Example an operating system used in missile systems, space flights,
airport traffic control, industrial processes.
16
 Cont…
5. Distributed operating system- manage a group of different computers
and make appear to be a single computer.
6. Mainframe operating systems-
 Mainframe computers are used for high-end Web servers, servers for
large-scale electronic commerce sites, etc...
 Hence, the operating systems for mainframes are heavily oriented
toward processing many jobs at once, most of which need
remarkable numbers of I/O.
 Nassau, Astronomers
7. Server operating systems-
 It is one level down the mainframes OS which is very large personal
computers, workstations, or even mainframes.
 It serves multiple users at once over a network and allows the users
to share hardware and software resources.

17
 Cont…
8. Personal computer operating systems- Their job is to provide a
good interface to a single user. like, Window xp
9. Embedded operating systems- An OS that run on the
computers to control devices that are not generally
thought/part of as computers, such as TV sets, microwave
ovens, and mobile telephones.
10. Smart card operating systems-
 The smallest operating systems run on smart cards.
 Some of them can handle only a single function, such as
electronic payments.

18
 Function/roles of operating system

The major functions of an operating System are:-

 Process Management

 Memory Management

 File Management

 Input/output management

 Networking management

 Protection system

 Command interpreter
19
 Cont..
1. Process Management
 Process refers to a program in execution.
 In multiprogramming environment, OS decides which
process gets the processor when and how much time. This
function is called process scheduling.
• Operating System does the following activities for processor
management.
• Keeps tracks of process and status of process.
• Allocates the processor(CPU) to a process.
• De-allocates processor when process is no longer required.

20
 Cont..
2. Memory Management
 Memory management refers to management of Primary Memory
or Main Memory.
 Main memory provides a fast storage that can be access directly by
the CPU. So for a program to be executed, it must in the main
memory.
 Each process has some set of addresses space in the main
memory that it can use.
 Operating System does the following activities for memory
management.
• Keeping tracks of the status of each location of main memory i.e. each
memory location is either free or allocated.
• Decide which process are loaded into memory when memory space
become available.
• Allocates the memory when the process requests it to do so.
• De-allocates the memory when the process no longer needs it or has been
terminated. 21
 Cont…
3. File management
 A file is a collection of related information.
 A file system contain a report, an executable program or a set of
commands to the OS.
 A file system is normally organized into directories for easy
navigation and usage. These directories may contain files and other
directions.
 Operating System does the following activities for file management.
• Creating and deleting of files
• Creating and deleting of directories
• Mapping files into secondary storage
• Backing up files on stable storage media
• Transmission of files elements b/n main and secondary storage.
 The operating system is also hide the details of the disks and other
I/O devices and present the programmer with a nice, clean abstract
model. 22
 Cont..
4. I/O system Management
 OS manages device communication via their respective drivers.
 Operating System does the following activities for device
management.
• Keeps tracks of all devices.
o The Program that keeps the track responsible for this task is
known as the I/O controller.
• Decides which process gets the device when and for how much
time.
• Allocates the device in the efficient way.
• De-allocates devices.

23
 Cont…
5. Network Management
 Networking enables computer users to share resources and
speed up computations.
 The processors communication with one another through
various communication line. (wired or wireless)
 Convenient way for users to share resource

 Retains user access control.

24
 Cont..
6. Protection/security system
 Protection mechanisms are implemented in operating system to
support various security polices.
 By means of password and similar other techniques, preventing
unauthorized access to programs and data.

7. Command interpreter system

 Operating System does the following activities for
 Provides the facilities to create, modification of program and data
files using an editor.
 Access to the compiler for translating the user program from high
level language to machine language.
 Provide a loader program to move the compiled program code to the
computer’s memory for execution.
25
 Goal of Operating System
 Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier.
 Make the computer system convenient to use.
 Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.

Virtual Machine Interface

Operating System

Physical Machine Interface

26
 Operating System Structure
 General-purpose OS is very large program. Therefore, need to
be structured well especially, how they structure functionality
relative to protection boundaries.

 The most commonly used OS structures includes:

• Simple structure (monolithic)

• Layered

• Microkernel

• Module

• Hybrid
27
 Cont..
1. Monolithic systems – basic structure:
• The entire kernel is run as a single privileged entity.
• Functionality can be broken up into modules but the modules’ code is
highly integrated.
• The operating system is formed from individual procedures,
and then binds them all together into a single object file using
the system linker.
• The organization suggests a basic structure for the operating system:
 A main program that invokes the requested service procedure.
 A set of service procedures that carry out the system calls.
 A set of utility procedures that help the service procedures.

28
 Cont…

Figure 1-5. A simple structuring model for a monolithic system.

29
 Cont..
2. Layered Approach
• The operating system is divided into a number of layers
(levels), each built on top to lower layers.
• The bottom layer (layer 0), is the hardware; the highest (layer
N) is the user interface.
• Each layer provides a different type of functionality.

Figure 1-6. A Structuring model for a

Layered approach.

30
 Cont..
3. Microkernel System Structure

• Moves as much from the kernel into user space.

• Communication takes place between user modules using

message passing.

• Easier to extend a microkernel.

• More reliable and secure (less code is running in kernel

mode).

• Example of microkernel is Mac OS X kernel (Darwin)

31
 Cont..
Application File Device user
Program System Driver mode

messages messages

Interprocess memory CPU kernel

Communication managment scheduling mode

microkernel

hardware

Figure 1-7. Microkernel System Structure.

32
 Cont.…
4. Modules
 The operating systems implement loadable kernel
modules.

• Uses object-oriented approach.

• Each core component is separate.

 Overall, similar to layers but with more flexible.

33
 Cont..
5. Hybrid Systems
 Most modern operating systems are actually not one pure model.
 Hybrid combines multiple approaches to address performance,
security, and usability needs.

 Linux and Solaris kernels in kernel address space, so monolithic

plus modular for dynamic loading of functionality.

 Windows mostly monolithic plus microkernel.

34
 Computer System Organization
 Computer-system operation
• One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common
bus providing access to shared memory.
• Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for memory
cycles.
• Basic computer components:-

35
 Cont…
Basic Elements:
 Processor- Performs computations
 Main Memory
• Volatile
• Referred to as real memory or primary memory
 I/O modules
• Secondary memory devices
• Communications equipment
• Terminals
 System bus
• Communication among processors, memory, and I/O modules.
• Load the data from CPU to memory or vice versa via
system bus
36
 Interrupt in operating system
 An interrupt is a signal from a device attached to a computer or
from a program within the computer that requires the operating
system to stop and figure out what to do next.
 Signals that cause an interruption/stop to the normal sequence
of execution.
 After the interrupt signal is sensed, the computer either
resumes running the current program or begins running
another program.
Classes of Interrupts:
 Program exceptions (also called synchronous interrupts)
– Arithmetic overflow
– Division by zero
– Executing an illegal/privileged instruction
– Reference outside user’s memory space.

37
 Cont..
 Asynchronous (external) events
– Timer
– I/O
– Hardware or power failure

38
 Cont..
Interrupt Handler:
• A software routine that determines the nature of the interrupt
and performs whatever actions are needed.
• The handler is generally part of the operating system.

• During an interrupt occurs the software routine:

– Preserves the state of the CPU.
– Determines which type of interrupt has occurred:
– Calls an appropriate routines.
• Separate segments of code determine what action should be taken
for each type of interrupt.

39
 Concurrency and its importance

• Concurrency is the execution of the multiple

instruction sequences at the same time.

• It happens in the operating system when there are

several process threads running in parallel.

• It helps in techniques like coordinating execution of

processes, memory allocation and execution
scheduling for maximizing throughput.

40
 The purpose of OS in computer engineering

 OS services provides functions that are helpful to the user.

 Some of the purpose and role of OS in computer engineering
are:-
 Program execution - The system must be able to load a program into
memory and to run that program, end execution, either normally or
abnormally (indicating error)
 I/O operations - A running program may require I/O, which may
involve a file or an I/O device.
 File-system manipulation – programs need to read and write files
and directories, create and delete them, search them, list file
Information, permission management.
• These operations are managed by the operation system.

41
 Cont…
 Communications – Processes may exchange information, on the
same computer or between computers over a network
• Communications may be via shared memory or through message
passing (packets moved by the OS).
 Error detection – OS needs to be constantly aware of possible errors
may occur in the CPU and memory hardware, in I/O devices, in
user program.
• For each type of error, OS should take the appropriate action to ensure
correct and consistent computing
 Resource allocation - When multiple users or multiple jobs
running concurrently, resources must be allocated to each of them.
• Many types of resources - CPU, main memory, file storage, I/O
devices.

42
 Cont…
 Protection and security
• The Operating System is responsible for using all the
information and resources available on the machine in the most
protected way.
• Allow only authorised access to data, computation, services, etc.
• Involves ensuring that all access to system resources is
controlled.
 Accounting: The Operating System tracks an account of all
the functionalities taking place in the computer system at a
time.
– All the details such as the types of errors occurred are recorded
by the Operating System.

43
 Group Assignments
Some commonly used operating system:-
1. Window OS
2. Unix OS
3. Linux OS
Overview OS, introduction about the
4. Mac OS given OS, Basic features, Development
or type (Version), Architecture, cost
5. Android OS Application/ function, Pros and cons of
it( the given OS).
6. Solaris OS
7. iSo OS
8. Debian OS

44
1
-
4 45
5