Mobile commtnicaten and Netutovts ssigmenl-1.

&hot Ansu)S Qu esttons

Defhe
A

a
is in alhich lhe
and gually ofa rdo signt -tuclaata oerline nd
cistance .
2 (ist aut yps of cding ?

A
of fadoy 2

Sall sals kelinq

Snall kale Rolng Ahen aa sigral

is it kppons Aheo is
-liansttled a
iom
a linsnniey o a
secefver
to
an iti
Experientes Mallyle
sal Jaits die tefecdon,dt4
-oclion, and sa te sing orm
objcls ini lhe cnviton
-nent.
Sale
Caige iale -hiy
sale Ohen an sacla Comes

linsile and eeiveY.

i) eth lass.
 -
3 Eplain dppler sread and coheiente tine

Dppla Spread'
|Doppler spRod is a
mease
dipession Caused hyby he rlative melon between
the tiansmiHel, teceiver, and Suttuncling objecs.
Cohetenle Tine
Cohetence lsne lha
is tine doalon Ver ohch he
Chaoel's inpulse esponse s onsideted to be
ppo n inafely onstrt.
is Snlesference and cochonnel iteslerente )
Toteofesence
Dntesfoence mObile CoomuniCaton: reless do
to
the clisiufptor
o unanted sgnals
cyadatorn ot a
ral oe
nois e from ots
ohes SousCes.

(o-hoonel nteference - Ccci)

Co-channel ioterletenle mor

ocuis
DCCuss bohen -hoo D e

moble Comnuniolion transmiltes ae -he ame

Proquney Clanel artiin apiven area.
 2
o
handoAL ?
5. Expain the need

ptoces s in mobile Communia

Hond of is o er oihal
ctkal
tion tat ensures Lninbermupted connecury as
USeY
mOVeS fom one cell
anothes .
The
need ox hand off oe arises forn the
Iiilations Of indidual Cell Covetge and te
mobthty of usexs.
Lbile detence betoeen maco and mico ellular
betoeen
Stecttes ?
MicroCelulos acioce llar
Micioceils cove7 a maciocetk covS amuch
Small gcogephie aTea, logr aTea,
Rom a Sevetal krlomefes in
,
todius ofen up to
few budred retess to
kionefers 36 km
o
(ouple of Tvval areas.
2
Mictotells
pooc
opetale at 2
Macoccls operofe ot
louwes levels, iaty higher power leves,
in ke ênge of a few len Torgig fom
watts e.-40 att) -len s to húndreds of
Watfs Ceg., 20-o DalK)
4
Dhe cell splt tiny ?
a tse d in cellular
is a
of mobib
netoor ks, increas: -lhe
to
Cherunicalon Sytena.
ce lls
It invoves dtviding a lorge cel into Sraller
mícte ls o Píco e ls, Cach ofth Pls Duwn
Called
kase tion.
8. sec toring
fine cell ?

Cel Sc tring i's a techntgue used in Ce llalar

and efPicienCy
netwrks o fonprove the Cpaeity
a
Df Cormmuntadion Cell.
 Answer Questions -

1. Expain -the prinajple of opceton ot mobile

Cornponente otth a neot
an d Its

9 mobile
Comnuntalon systen is designd to piovtde
bdeless Communitaton beho een mobi devicds and
the netos ks iiasruche.
The system
is butlt
cfon Vaious. Com ponents and pYfnciples to en SuYe
Seam less Comunicator
omporents
4
Moble Device i
H letees and transntls eto ignals.
4 Converts origtl gals to analy and ViCe

Vera
H es Comuntation PocesSes, in
nanges
maulaton
ods subs criber identity nd tkey itotatton,
Base sation(es)
Tisansntt ond tecethe signals om mabile devices.
H -tlandles the Tadio
ComniCodion wth mobile devices
En Ses Con
Continuous
petatron
3 Mobile Swshehiny Centr CMsc)
H
Roudes Calls and data between he mobsk
device and the neoesk.
&tse s Subsalber io fotraction and locatton.
Manages the otteltng
swttcking rocess, hondoveiS, and
netorks Yesouces.
Mobile Nehoort peratey (rao) fofsostbcbe
base
The backbone netoor k that inter Conoect
sations and manag es data tiaffic.
ond voice
Connects he mObik netont to Etesnal nefoos
man
Monttors an optimi zes -Re nehor p's paks
Voce Cfsaits

Switches and Mobtle telepkone.

PoceSSoS Sustteltra o2?ica

Dedícated Vorce
ce
voice

(lsile
(Rodio hose
slodion Clludar
Sites)
yslern.
2Eplain -the psinciple of Cll
spli ting ond Cell
scloeing cellular Systems ?

(ell splting
Cell
Spltig method Used to inCTease
the Capacly ofa CellulaY netoork
by larg ell nto Smalle Ce
lls.
tack of hese Sma ller Cells has
and opetates Subset of the oNginat
Ce
ll's Aequency pectrum.
->
Tht Teuces per
the noof users cel, allowtg
mOse Users to onnect simutonequsy an d
enhanci
the netwr t's
BeneRts
horeased aparty Snproved aynal Quaty.
Cell
s
tecknigue bohere aCel7
dvided nto Sectoss, usSually thiee os sia,
Cack its dfrectiornal antenna.
he Cell fs divided into Sectors, and eack
Sectot is sewed by a. Sepatate drec tronal
antenna mounted Same base station.
3. Explain Vaxios divesity techrigues in detath.

Diversity tec kaigues

|Diansity taknigurs are shatgies used in lwiee
| Cormmuntation syotems to tonprova 2ality
signal
and veliability by Tecktig tie tnpact 'of
Fodtng, itefevence, and other impair ments.

of multiple antens
fovolves the
dr£ferent locadion s ertler the transmtla,
Placed ator
Yeceiva, both.
Bencts aincTeases Signas. relo&hy
6 Reduces he impact ot muhpaté oatngy.

2 Rxcgucaiy bsvastlys
tnvobes tiansmitfing the
|Fgueny dvezsity Some
oveY mutiple fteguercy channels

Sub Casolezs.
Benefis Reduces
-he Itke ltho0 d ot he entrre
Signat keirg last dae to deepe todig
Spee
tfte tequency.
|3. Tirne Diverstty
Tine dtvasity tivolves tansnotttirg bo sano
at dffoenb tone iotvab.
 wrtR the
4 Enplain the Contept of Prezueny 7euse
kelp of a neat
diagn
t badio chanel onsisls of a
pair ot
o
frzuence,
One fo Cach
diecton t hionsmssion that is use
for Rell- dupkn operoton.
A
parlicular Tdhs
do clannel
clannel, Sny E, used tn one
gecqropkt. one to ce call a l, Soy c, wre Covege
Podtus
'e' Can be
Same
ne CoVeiage aadus at a

cls

Feguny Yeuse he
Core he
(elalas moble Do
-his frguengy
euse slem, USrS dhHerent locatiay
agphie
Simuttameguy Use
he Same
clannel.
 or CarYies fo interfetente
5. DeYive -he Epressjon
fos a Case
ntmal
ato in a
Ormn?
ase Secnaho
dieettonal ante
antena
Tte ot an dhrectioral antenna
oni
woder he poctil (ase Coration be
Gpland y Consideting wOtasa.
he
Tis Case is atthe lotation ohde
mobile JOLuld teesve -He follootng grade.

are
Sang atrlernca on all Cedl ses
2 a
kest Signal om ts Con cell.
Valld fer a ntmal
The

foteference se cell fatan.

D+R

DtR
To.
 shauss localion oe the moble
fre
at the
-he
bondary ase.
Cell e' the Wors
The too dstances Ol D-k,tuo distanes
hoo distantes of De nclude Ae distance of
sepations fiom sin co-clamt nterleri
-al siles

fosm -the mobile ools piopagaton hle ot iodse

we Can Obtain.
Cxe
Then the Cotes to inlteiente aton , c D
rs
obtained as.

2(D-R)+2D44
CD+e)9

P*|>(2-)»()
2 (9-)D
g+2(3+)" D

fos
darge cell pattesn

sub'' alue

I7-3sdB
 2
abova obtained Value is less -han BdB.
foY the oxs- Case , woe
ang Con sider Be

8artest dstance

terlerence- thus eg0 Can be

Yedueed to

6e/-)

tnplain abaut
54 hNless keehnolegg
genealon weless
teehnolgy Is the
lotest Stendard for mobrle
to SuC'ee d 46 2TE.
netrks, designed
It oas gahantly Asler aáb poals,
lowes Cofaaty to Connaf
mole davites Siutoneousy,. okiek Ts
Cóucial for tho no- o
Smarf
devices ond oteanet
 2fastes Speeds:
5G Can piovtde dounlad Speeds Lg to
soslp
hlhen Io to 00 limes asey an 44 netwks.
This
speed alou
tage
fr quick
ks
down lads of
CoueY

Catnty is the ine it taes for data to

betocen the. Soutca he

destination
Dncieased Connetwiby :
56 Can
Spport a
moSSíve no-of devíces ina
Maling
it deal os Srart ries,
ToT, and halushial apphatons.
Enhonced eelabt lt ty beRcieny
56 netorks are designcd to be mote
teliatle and cicient, using technologies he
beamktning and ntark slhcing

Supest for Advanced Appliations

54 ts crpecte d to enable nes technolgis and
appletons.
1 Eiplaio obout the fatemetrs of mobile
Todo Multipatk channts.
tadio Mulipath channels
Mobile
key tactr ta
Wireless CommniCaton ; thy
desoribe how oho sgrals pepagate Ficn
-tiansnita to a deceiveY n a
mcbile
Envitonmen.
hcse channets
ate chatacterized by multiple
atame tess that te qualtty and

reiabrtty Conmu niation ta k.

(9 Deley sprcad

|Delay sprad eles o he drfoence

imes behoeen e lasliest and the atest
|maltí pati Components of a -fsonsmtted signal.
).oherente Bandwidth:
Co
hetence Bondwídth is the ongye of frezuen tes
OVeY Obick. the cChanel's esponse ts
telativehy
fiat, mcanig -Re channel Con ass all tbe
requoncles ortkia ange erta /rtle or

no distortion.
8 Kplain about he cuniguiness of mobrle

The mobtlk ádho cnvfronment is inigue

fs
Compare d to ohes Communiation envion ments
tactors -that impmct the
due to Sevel
Ptpgaton Waves an d -he ovesoll
behavior De táke Communtatton korth dystem.

1. Dyoomte end Vatiable tovitonment

Ths mob:lty Causes
(onstant changes
dtstance betoeen them leadog to tine
an d grality
2- Maltipsth proggatoni
a
mobile envonments stgnals Cun oeach te
teiough multpe paths due to
Yeectons, dffoctions. and slatteYirg.
3 seleclive
în the mobtle ádko envttonment, drferent
componen t of
frguency Spnal moy
Enperience dilent to leveb of atenuation
and delay due multpatk pgtion.