Key words (Static Electricity)

 Static Electricity : Electric charge held by a charged insulator

 Electrostatic charge: A property of an object that causes it to
attract or repel other objects with charge
 Positive charge: The type of electric charge carried in the
nucleus of an atom
 Negative charge: The type of electric charge carried by electron
 Neutral : having no overall positive or negative charge
 Electrical conductor: A substance that allows the flow of electron
 Electrical Insulator : A substance that inhibits the flow of electrons
 Key words (Static Electricity)

 Electric Field : A region of space in which an electric charge

experiences a force
 Coulomb : It is represented by C and it is the SI unit of
charge
 Proton : A positively charged particle found in the
nucleus of an atom
 STATIC ELECTRICITY
ELCTROSTATICS :

Electrostatics is a branch of physics that deals with the electric charges

at rest or the study of stationary electric charges or fields .
In physics, electrostatics deals with the phenomena and properties of
stationary or slow-moving electric charges. Electrostatic phenomena
arise from the forces that electric charges exert on each other .
 LAWS OF ELECTROSTATICS

Based on the some types of experiments scientists were able

to establish three facts about electrical charges

 Opposite charges attract each other.

 Like charges repel each other.

 Charged objects attract neutral objects.

LAWS OF ELECTROSTATICS
 MATERIALS THAT CREATES MORE STATIC CHARGES

The best combinations of materials to create static electricity would be to have

one material from the positive charge list and one from the negative charge list.
Examples include combining human skin with polyester clothes, combing your
hair with a plastic comb
 HOW STATIC CHARGES PRODUCED

Static electricity is the result of an imbalance between negative

and positive charges in an object. When two materials are in
contact, electrons may move from one material to the other,
which leaves an excess of positive charge on one material, and an
equal negative charge on the other.
Static electricity can be created by rubbing one object against
another object. This is because the rubbing releases negative
charges, called electrons, which can build up on one object to
produce a static charge
Static Electricity
 TRASNFER OF CHARGES

There are three methods by which charges can be transferred to build up

static electricity:
 Charging by friction
 Charging by conduction
 Charging by induction.
 CHARGING BY FRICTION
 We know that matter is made up of indivisible particles called atoms.
Each atom has negatively charged electrons orbiting around a small
massive nucleus which consist of positively charged particles called
protons and neutral particles called neutrons

 The normal state of an atom is one that has equal number of electrons
and protons It means that it is electrically balanced or un charged

 The electrified state is a state in which the electrical balance is up set

this occurs when some electrons are removed from the orbit or added in
to the orbit then the atom is said to be ionised
 In charging by friction such as rubbing a glass rod with silk some
electrons from the surface atoms of one object the glass rod are
transferred to another object silk this makes the glass rod positively
charged as it is now short of electrons

 The silk becomes negatively charged as it gains excess electrons

 The charge is never made or destroyed in the friction process it is

transferred from one material to another material actually it is a
redistribution
 ELECTROSTATIC INDUCTION
 Electrostatic induction is a process whereby a conductor becomes charged when a charged
body is brought near it but is not in direct contact with it.
Explanation
 A positively charged rod, when placed near an uncharged aluminium foil, attracts the free
electrons inside the foil. This results in the near side of the foil becoming negatively
charged, and the other side positively charged.
 In other words, the positive and negative charges in the foil are separated by the positively
charged rod. These separated charges are known as induced charges.

 Once the rearrangement of the charges is done, following the law of charges, the rod
attracts the near side of the foil but repels the far side. However, since the strength of an
electrostatic force decreases with distance, there will be an overall attractive force
between the rod and the foil.

 Any object that allows electric charges by induction method is known as a conductor.
ELCTROSTATIC INDUCTION
 Charging by Electrostatic Induction
 charging a conductor by induction
Charging two conductors by induction
Charging an electroscope by induction
 Charging by contact

When a charged conductor is in contact with another neutral conductor or

is sliding on an insulator, electric charges will be shared, though not
necessarily equally between the two objects in contact
.
Conductors and Insulators :
Conductors:

Allow electric charges to flow through them easily (low resistance)

eg: metals, acids, bases, salt solutions, graphite, ionized gases

solid conductors have free-moving electrons as charge carriers. liquid and

gaseous conductors have ions as charge carriers
 INSULATORS

Insulators

 Do not allow electric charges to flow through them easily

(high resistance)
 eg: non-metals, acids, bases and salts in solid states,
diamond and non-ionized gases

 insulators do not have free-moving electrons or ions

functioning as charge carrier
 Electric field

 An electric field is a region where electrical forces of

attraction or repulsion act on any charged object placed
in it

 The pattern of the electric field is illustrated by drawing

electric lines of force. The direction of the electric field is
defined as the direction of the electric lines of force.
Electric field lines
 Applications of Electrostatics

 Van de Graaff generators (or Van de Graaffs) are not only

spectacular devices used to demonstrate high voltage due
to static electricity they are also used for serious
research.
 The first was built by Robert Van de Graaff in 1931 (based
on original suggestions by Lord Kelvin) for use in nuclear
physics research.
 Van de Graaffs utilize both smooth and pointed surfaces,
and conductors and insulators to generate large static
charges and, hence, large voltages.
 Applications of Electrostatics

Xerography
 Most copy machines use an electrostatic process called
xerography—a word coined from the Greek words Xeros
for dry and graphos for writing.

 A selenium-coated aluminium drum is sprayed with

positive charge from points on a device called a corotron.
Selenium is a substance with an interesting property—it is
a photoconductor. That is, selenium is an insulator when
in the dark and a conductor when exposed to light.
 Applications of Electrostatics

Laser Printers
 Laser printers use the xerographic process to make high-
quality images on paper, employing a laser to produce an
image on the photo conducting drum. In its most common
application, the laser printer receives output from a
computer, and it can achieve high-quality output because
of the precision with which laser light can be controlled.
Many laser printers do significant information processing,
such as making sophisticated letters or fonts, and may
contain a computer more powerful than the one giving
them the raw data to be printed.
 Applications of Electrostatics

Smoke Precipitators and Electrostatic Air Cleaning

 Another important application of electrostatics is found in air

cleaners, both large and small. The electrostatic part of
the process places excess (usually positive) charge on
smoke, dust, pollen, and other particles in the air and
then passes the air through an oppositely charged grid
that attracts and retains the charged particles.