TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF PHILIPPINES

College of Engineering and Architecture

1338 Arlegui Street, Quiapo, Manila

ELECTRICAL STANDARDS and PRACTICES

EE 400/EE41S2 – S. Y. 2022-2023

LIGHTING OPERATIONS, MAINTENANCE

and BEST PRACTICES

A Guide to Achieving Operational Efficiency

and Energy Management

Submitted to:

Engr. ARTURO M. ZABALA, PEE

Faculty-In-Charge (EE 400/EE41S2)

Submitted by:

JEFFERLYN P. PRING
MARIEL JADE J. RIOFLORIDO
MARY ROSE R. TALION

15 December 2022
 Lighting Operations, Maintenance and Best Practices

Honor Pledge for Group Projects

“I accept responsibility for my role in ensuring the integrity of the work submitted by the group in
which I participated.”

Title of the Report: Lighting Operations, Maintenance and Best Practices

Group No. 6

Members Signature

Pring, Jefferlyn P.

Rioflorido, Mariel Jade J.

Talion, Mary Rose R.

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Table of Contents

I. Introduction
1.1 System and Components
1.1.1 Light Source
II. Types of Lamps
2.1 Fluorescent Lamps
2.2 Compact Fluorescent Lamps
2.3 High Intensity Discharge Lamps
2.4 Electrodeless Lamps
2.5 Incandescent/Halogen Lamps
2.6 Light Emitting Diode Lamps
III. Ballast, Transformers and Power Packs
IV. Luminaire Housing
V. Lighting Control Devices
5.1 Manual Controls
5.2 Switches
5.3 Manual Dimmers
5.4 Automatic Controls
5.5 Occupancy Sensors
5.5.1 Ultrasonic Sensor
5.5.2 Passive Infrared Sensor
5.5.3 Dual-Technology Sensor
VI. Safety Issues
6.1 Electrical and Equipment Safety
6.2 Hazardous Materials Handling
VII. Energy Efficiency, Savings and Cost
7.1 Planned versus Maintenance
VIII. Response to Complaints
IX. Retrofit vs. Redesign
X. Energy Code
XI. Lighting Standards
XII. Abbreviations
XIII. Definition of Terms
XIV. Report Contents
XV. References

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I. Introduction
Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect.
Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well
as natural illumination by capturing daylight. The illumination of an environment and the
arrangement of lights to achieve an effect or optimal visibility.
Recent studies reveal that over 20% of the nation’s electricity consumption is related to
various types of lighting products and systems. Advanced energy saving technologies are
readily available to reduce both the connected load and energy consumption, but are only
effective if they are properly installed, calibrated, and maintained. Improvements in lighting
efficiencies are so rapid that it can be cost-effective to implement upgrades, retrofits or
redesigns to lighting systems that are only 5 to 10 years old. In addition to everyday
maintenance and operation of lighting systems, this section discusses the important issues of
commissioning and regular revaluation of system components with a view toward upgrades.
1.1 System and Components
A lighting system consists of light sources, the ballasts or other devices that regulate the
power that drives electric lights, the luminaire housing with components that hold the
sources and direct and shield the light, and lighting controls that manipulate the time or
intensity of lighting systems.
1.1.1 Light Sources
Natural light sources include the sun and daylight (light from the sky). The electric
light sources most common to Federal buildings include incandescent/halogen,
fluorescent, high intensity discharge, and light emitting diodes. Characteristics
common to light sources include their output, efficiency, life, color, and
distribution.
A. Daylight/Sunlight
Daylight is an acceptable and desirable light source for building interiors. It
uses the light from the sky, or occasionally sunlight reflected off building
surfaces.
B. Electrical Lamps
The lamp is the source of electric light, the device that converts electric power
into visible light.
II. Types of Lamps

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2.1 Fluorescent Lamps

Generate their light by using electricity to excite a conductive vapor of mercury and an
inert gas.
2.1.1 T12 Lamps
Linear fluorescent lamps with a 1-1/2-inch diameter (12/8 of an inch). They are
now considered obsolete for most new applications. These were the standard
fluorescent lamps until T8 lamps came on the market in the 1980s.
2.1.2 T8 Lamps
Linear fluorescent lamps with a 1-inch diameter (8/8 of an inch). These are the
workhorse of the commercial lighting industry and have become the standard for
offices and general applications.
2.1.3 High performance or premium T8 lamps
High performance T8s are marketed under the tradenames Ultra (GE), Advantage
(Philips), or Super T8 (Sylvania). These T8 lamps provide higher efficacy, higher
maintained lumens, and are available in extended life versions with a 20%
increase in lamp life.
2.1.4 T5 Lamps
Linear fluorescent lamps with a diameter of 5/8 of an inch. These cannot replace
T8 lamps because they have different characteristics and different lengths (metric),
socket configurations and ballasts.
2.1.5 T5HO (high output)
T5 lamps with approximately the same maintained lumens as two standard T8
lamps but less efficient, with about 7% to 10% fewer lumens per watt. This
development allows the designer to potentially reduce the number of fixtures,
lamps, and ballasts in an application, making it less expensive to maintain.
2.2 Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)
Fluorescent lamps with a single base and bent-tube construction. Originally designed for
the retrofitting of standard incandescent, the first CFLs had a screw type base.
2.3 High Intensity Discharge Lamps (HID)
Lamps also use a gas-filled tube to generate light but use an arc current and vaporized
metals at relatively high temperatures and pressures.
2.4 Electrodeless Lamps
Most commonly use radio frequency to ionize mercury vapor at low pressures, resulting
in exciting the phosphors inside the envelope to create a glow, similar to fluorescent
technology.
2.5 Incandescent/Halogen Lamps
Generate their light by heating a tungsten filament until it glows, in the presence of an
inert gas such as argon or nitrogen.

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2.6 Light Emitting Diode Lamps (LED)

Are made of an advanced semi-conductor material that emits visible light when current
passes through it.
III. Ballast, Transformers and Power Packs
Ballasts typically are designed to efficiently operate a specific lamp type, so lamps and
ballasts are chosen together.
In specifying or evaluating ballasts, the basic performance criteria to consider include
the following:
• Ballast Factor
• Lamp-Ballast System Efficacy - Mean lumens of lamps divided by input wattage of
ballast.
• Power Factor
• Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
• Minimum Starting Temperature
• Voltage requirements
• Maximum distance between lamp and remotely located ballast
IV. Luminaire Housing
Luminaires are most often classified by the light source and the distribution of the light.
• Direct 90% to 100% downlight
• Semi-direct 60% to 90% downlight, 10% to 40% uplight
• General diffuse 40% to 60% up and downlight
• Semi-indirect 60% to 90% uplight, 10% to 40% downlight
• Indirect 90% to 100% uplight
V. Lighting Control Devices
5.1 Manual Controls
Manual controls allow the users to select the lighting levels best suited to their immediate
needs.
5.2 Switches
Switching strategies can be used in combinations to offer multiple levels of illumination,
and multiple mixes of available light sources.
5.3 Manual Dimmers
Manual dimming is most useful to respond to specific user needs – dimming the
conference room lights for AV presentations, raising the light level for the cleaning crew,
changing the mood in a cultural space.

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5.4 Automatic Controls

Automatic controls provide benefits in user comfort and energy conservation. Automatic
controls can deliver reliable energy savings without occupant participation, and when well
designed, without their notice.
5.5 Occupancy Sensors
Occupancy sensors turn off the lights when they detect that no occupants are present. The
occupancy sensor includes a motion sensor, a control unit, and a relay for switching the
lights.
5.5.1 Ultrasonic Sensor (US)
US covers the area in a continuous manner, and there are no blind spots in the
coverage, e.g., a desk behind a partition.
5.5.2 Passive Infrared Sensor (PIR)
They operate on a line-of-sight basis and do not detect occupants behind partitions
or around corners.
5.5.3 Dual-Technology Sensor
The most common one uses both ultrasonic and passive infrared sensing to detect
occupancy.
VI. Safety Issues
In dealing with lighting equipment, the greatest concern is electrical shock, followed by
injury from falls from high mounting locations, ladders and lifts, and handling of hazardous
waste.
6.1 Electrical and Equipment Safety
• All electrical equipment should be properly grounded, including luminaires, ballasts,
starters, capacitors, and controls, and be in accordance with the National Electric
Code® (NEC®).
• Although maintenance personnel may handle routine maintenance such as changing
lamps or cleaning luminaires, all troubleshooting and repair must be handled by
licensed electricians. All personnel must be properly trained and equipped.
• All maintenance personnel shall be provided with and instructed in the use of proper
tools and equipment such as protective hand tools, fall protection such as safety ball
maintenance of lighting equipment must follow the lockout/tagout standard in OSHA
1910.147 - The Control of Hazardous Energy. This standard applies to the control of
energy during servicing and/or maintenance of machines and equipment. elts or
harnesses, hard hats, goggles, gloves, and testing tools.
• Special precautions should be taken near high voltages and lighting components such
as HID capacitors that may retain their electric change after the system has been de-
energized. See OHSA.
• All forms of lifts, scaffolds, and ladders must meet OSHA standards for construction
and use. Portable scaffolds, telescoping scaffolds, and personnel lifts are typically
safer than ladders, by providing a firmer footing and space for tools, replacement
items, and cleaning materials.

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6.2 Hazardous Materials Handling

• Breakage of mercury-containing lamps
• Hazardous waste lamps are classified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) as those failing the EPA Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)
for landfills, and include fluorescent, high pressure sodium, metal halide, mercury
vapor, and neon lamps (if they contain mercury). The EPA revised their rules about
mercury-containing lamps in 2000, allowing the following three options:
o Mercury-containing lamps must pass the TCLP test
o Must be treated as hazardous waste in storage, handling, collection, and
transportation.
o Must be managed under the universal waste rule (40 CFR 273), i.e., recycled.
• Recycling costs about $0.35 (php19.84) to $1.50(php85.03) per 4-foot lamp
depending on quantity and adjunct services. See www.lamprecycle.org for lamp
disposal regulations and lists of recyclers. Hazardous waste landfill costs are about
$0.25(php14.17) to $0.50(php28.34) per 4-foot lamp, not counting storage, collection,
and transportation fees – costs that are generally more expensive than for recycling.
• Magnetic ballasts with PCBs in the capacitors can still be found in older installations,
even though they were banned from being manufactured or distributed after 1978. All
ballasts produced after that date are clearly labeled “No PCBs.”
• The building manager and the waste or recycling contractor must keep proper
documentation and chain of possession records. Auditing the contractor and reviewing
the contractor’s closure plan (for transition of materials if the contractor goes out of
business) is recommended prior to signing a contract and every few years afterwards.
VII. Energy Efficiency, Savings and Cost
Ways to maintain performance and improve system efficiency through planned
maintenance, response to complaints, retrofit, and redesign are described in this section.
7.1 Planned versus Maintenance

The determination of overdesign depends on light loss factors (LLF) that include
assumptions for cleaning and relamping fixtures at regular intervals, that is, a program
of planned lighting maintenance.

A planned maintenance program can reduce the degree of overdesign, resulting in

significant reductions in first cost of equipment and in energy consumption. It can also
improve safety, security, and the visual appearance of the spaces.

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A proactive, planned maintenance program includes the following:

• Cleaning of lamps, luminaries, and room surfaces at regular intervals
• Group relamping on a scheduled basis of all luminaires in an area, with spot relamping
in between. One cleaning can be performed in conjunction with relamping
• Inspection and repair of lighting equipment at regular intervals
• Inspection and re-calibration of lighting controls at regular intervals
• Re-evaluation of lighting system and potential upgrades. An upgrade may replace a
group relamping cycle.

VIII. Response to Complaints

While it is possible that a control system has been poorly designed and can never be
calibrated well enough to satisfy the occupants, every effort should be made to work with
the control manufacturer and the system designer to achieve the proper balance between
energy savings and user acceptance. The easy way out of disabling the offending system
can have a vast impact on the energy savings, and may even impact on cooling loads that
were designed on the basis of reduced lighting consumption.
IX. Retrofit vs. Redesign
Retrofit is typically described as replacement of components (lamps, ballasts, reflectors,
lenses, even luminaires) in the same housing or location as the original lighting
equipment. Redesign is typically described as new luminaires in some new locations. On
the surface, retrofit may appear to be the cheapest and easiest path, but in fact is not
always the most cost-effective strategy.
Retrofit may not be the best solution if:
• Existing lighting quality is poor
• Existing light levels are too low or contrast between bright and dark areas is too high
• Existing lighting does not light walls or work partitions
• Existing luminaire locations produce illumination that is not uniform
• Existing luminaire spacing is too wide and/or partial height partitions obstruct the
light.
• Luminaire spacing or locations are inappropriate for current or proposed use or
furniture layouts
• Existing room surfaces or furniture are dark in color
• Retrofit options will narrow the distribution of light or lessen the light levels on
vertical surfaces.
X. Energy Code
The current energy code applicable to all Federal buildings is 10 CFR 434 (“Energy Code
for New Federal Commercial and Multi-Family High Rise Residential Buildings”). This
code is similar in requirements to the ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-2001 standard for
commercial buildings (ANSI/ ASHRAE/IESNA 2001).

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The lighting portion of the energy code has three components:

• Determination of a whole project interior lighting power allowance
• Determination of an exterior power allowance
• Mandatory requirements for lighting controls and exterior lamp efficiencies

XI. Lighting Standards

• Lamps and Related Equipment Ballast for tubular fluorescent lamps – General
and safety requirements PNS 12-1:1997
• Ballast for tubular fluorescent lamps – Performance requirements PNS 12-2:1997
• Ballast for high pressure mercury vapor lamps – Specification PNS 105:1986
• AC supplied electronic ballasts for tubular fluorescent lamps Part 1: General and
safety requirements PNS 135-1:1997
• AC supplied electronic ballasts for tubular fluorescent lamps Part 2: Performance
requirements PNS 135-2:1997
• Circuit breakers, Molded case – Specification PNS 519:1997
• Low voltage switchgear and control gear Part 2: Circuit Breaker PNS 1573:1997
• Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (uPVC) electrical conduit – Specification PNS
14:1987
• Double-capped fluorescent lamps- Performance specifications PNS IEC 60081:
2001
• Lamps- Self ballasted lamps for general lighting services- Part 1: Safety
requirements PNS 603-1:1993
• Lamps- Self ballasted lamps for general lighting services- Part 2: Performance
requirements PNS 603-2:1993
• Lamps and related equipment- Electromagnetic ballast- Energy standards and
labeling requirements PNS 12-3:2000
• Single-capped fluorescent lamps- Performance specification Section 1: General
PNS 1261:1995
• Class H Fuses – Specification PNS 13:1999
• Fuse holders – Specification PNS 56:1996
• Edison screw lamp holders – Specification PNS 80:1997
• Safety specifications for incandescent lamps- Part 1: Tungsten filament lamps for
domestic and similar general lighting purposes PNS 38-1:1995
• Tungsten filament lamps for domestic and similar general lighting purposes Part
2: Performance requirements PNS 38-2:1995
• Lamp holders for tubular fluorescent lamps and starter holders – Specification
PNS 42:1997
• Liquid tight flexible steel conduit – Specification PNS 164:1988
• Plugs and socket-outlets for household and similar purposes Part 1: General
requirements PNS 1486-1:1996
• Plugs and socket-outlets for domestic and general use standards PNS 1572-
1:1997
• Electrical products- Boxes for rigid metal conduits PNS 1829:1999

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• Pressure sensitive PVC tapes for electrical insulation – Specification PNS

79:1992
• Glow-starters for fluorescent lamps PNS 45:1997
• Knife switches – Specification PNS 118:1992
• Snap switches for general use – Specification PNS 57:1996
• Switches for household and similar fixed-electrical installations Part 1: General
requirements PNS 1485-1:1996
• Pressure sensitive adhesive polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tapes- PVC electrical tapes
PNS 79:1992
• IES RP-16-17Nomenclature and Definitions for Illuminating Engineering
• IES DG-3-10/R15: Application of Luminaire Symbols on Lighting Design
Drawings
• IES LM-72-97/R10: Directional Positioning of Photometric Data
• IES LM-74-05: Standard File Format For the Electronic Transfer of Luminaire
Component Data
• IES TM-15-11: Luminaire Classification System for Outdoor Luminaires
• IES DG-3-10/R15: Application of Luminaire Symbols on Lighting Design
Drawings
• IES RP-29-06: Lighting for Hospitals and Health Care Facilities
• IES RP-1-12: American National Standard Practice for Office Lighting
• IES LM-61-06/R14: Identifying Operating Factors for Installed Outdoor High
Intensity Discharge (HID) Luminaires (Reaffirmed 2014)
• IES Lighting Handbook, 10th Edition
• IES LEM-3-13: Upgrading Lighting Systems in Commercial and Institutional
Spaces
• IES G-2-10: Guideline for the Application of General Illumination (“White”)
Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Technologies
• IES TM-16-17: Solid State Lighting Sources and Systems
• IES LM-79-19: Approved Method: Optical and Electrical Measurements of
Solid-State Lighting Products
• IES LM-80-15: Measuring Luminous Flux and Color Maintenance of LED
Packages, Arrays and Modules
• IES TM-21-19: Technical Memorandum: Projecting Long Term Lumen, Photon,
and Radiant Flux Maintenance of LED Light Source
• IES LM-9-09/R17: Electrical and Photometric Measurements of Fluorescent
Lamps
• IES LM-46-04/R12: Photometric Testing of Indoor Luminaires Using High
Intensity Discharge or Incandescent Filament Lamps
• IES LM-62-06|: Laboratory or Field Thermal Measurements of Fluorescent
Lamps and Ballasts in Luminaires (Reaffirmed 2015)
• IES LM-78-17: Approved Method for Total Luminous Flux Measurement of
Lamps Using an Integrating Sphere Photometer
• IES LM-45-15: The Electrical and Photometric Measurement of General Service
Incandescent Filament Lamps

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• IES LM-40-10/R17: Life Testing of Fluorescent Lamps

• IES LM-65-14: Life Testing of Single-Based Fluorescent Lamps
• IES LM-66-14: Electrical and Photometric Measurements of Single-Ended
Compact Fluorescent Lamps

XII. Abbreviations
• CFL – Compact Fluorescent Lamps
• EPA – Environmental Protection Agency
• HID – High Intensity Discharge
• LED – Light Emitting Diode
• LLF – Light Loss Factor
• NEC – National Electrical Code
• PIR – Passive Infrared
• THD – Total Harmonic Distortion
• TCLP – Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
• US – Ultrasonic Sensor

XIII. Definition of Terms

• Color rendering index (CRI) – The color appearance of an object under a light source as
compared to a reference source.
• Environmental Protection Agency - The Environmental Protection Agency is a United
States federal government agency whose mission is to protect human and
environmental health. The EPA regulates the manufacturing, processing, distribution,
and use of chemicals and other pollutants. The agency enforces its findings through
fines, sanctions, and other procedures.
• Heat loss – The heat loss from a building when the outdoor temperature is lower than
the desired indoor temperature it represents the amount of heat that must be provided to
a space to maintain indoor comfort conditions. This is usually expressed in Btu/hour.
• Light Loss Factor - The Maintenance Factor (Light loss factor) is the combination of
factors used to denote the reduction of the illumination for a given area after a period of
time compared to the initial illumination on the same area. The efficiency of the
luminaire is reduced over time.
• Luminaire – Light fixture designed to produce a specific effect.
• National Electrical Code - is a set of regularly updated standards for the safe
installation of electric wiring in the United States. First published in 1897, the NEC
is updated once every three years. The NEC provides guidelines for electrical
installation to prevent fires and other electrical accidents.

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• Passive Infrared - The term PIR is the short form of the Passive Infra-Red. The term
“passive “indicates that the sensor does not actively take part in the process, which
means, it does not emit the referred IR signals itself, rather passively detects the
infrared radiations coming from the human body in the surrounding area.
• Total Harmonic Distortion - Total harmonic distortion (THD) is a function versus
frequency that helps quantify how well the output of a system replicates the input. The
lower the THD values, the less the noise or distortion in the system output.
• Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure - TCLP is the abbreviation for Toxicity
Characteristic Leaching Procedure which is a testing methodology which involves soil
extraction for chemical analysis. TCLP is the methodology used to determine if a
certain type of waste is characteristically hazardous or to be classified in the "D" listed
wastes by the U.S. EPA, for example.
• Ultrasonic Sensor - An ultrasonic sensor is an electronic device that measures the
distance of a target object by emitting ultrasonic sound waves and converts the reflected
sound into an electrical signal.

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XIV. Report Contents

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XV. References
• LIST OF PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARDS (CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS) (gppb.gov.ph)
• Lighting Standards | U.S. Agency for International Development (usaid.gov)
• What Is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)? What It Does (investopedia.com)
• How to Design efficient Street lighting-(Part-4) | Electrical Notes & Articles
(wpcomstaging.com)
• What is National Electrical Code (NEC)? | Definition from TechTarget
• Passive Infrared Sensor (PIR) working with Applications (elprocus.com)
• What is Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)? (siemens.com)
• Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) (actenviro.com)
• What is an Ultrasonic Sensor? | Fierce Electronics
• Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy | Department of Energy

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