INDUSTRIAL PROJECT

Submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirement

For the Award Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

HIMACHAL PRADESH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

MAHATMA GANDHI GOVT. ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KOTLA

(JEORI)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
AP. NISHANT MEHRA AKSHIT SHARMA
O.I.C. (C.E.) (21010401002)
UNDER THE ABLE GUIDANCE OF
Er. SUNIL SHARMA (J.E.)

“HIMACHAL PRADESH PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT”

(B&R CHAUPAL)

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 ACKNOWLEGMENT

It was a great experience for me to work on training at HIMACHAL PARDESH

PUBLIC WORK DEPARTMENT, CHAUPAL through which I could learn
how to work in a professional environment.

Now I would the like people who guide me and have been a constant source of
inspiration throughout the tenure of my summer training.

I wish my deep sense of gratitude to ER. SUNIL SHARMA (JE), whose

affectionate guidance has enabled me to complete this training successfully.

AKSHIT SHARMA
(21010401002)

Semester-7th (4th Year)

MAHATMA GANDHI GOVT. ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

KOTLA (JEORI)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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 TRANNING CERTIFICATE

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4
CONTENTS PAGE.NO

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1Works by Civil Engineering 8

1.2Civil Engineering In Daily Life 8

1.3Sub-disciplines Of Civil Engineering 8

CHAPTER 2:- ROAD MAINTENANCE

2.1 Components of road maintenance 9

2.2 Survey of damage 10
2.3 Details of measurement 12
2.4 Estimation of cost 15
2.5 Materials used 16
CHAPTER 3:- BUILDING PROJECT
3.1 Introduction to buildings 21
3.2 Types of buildings 21
3.3 Types of loads 24
3.4 Common building components 26
3.5 Building bylaws 26
3.6 Materials used 29

CHAPTER 4 :- CULVERT
4.1 Types of culvert 32
4.2 Estimation of slab culvert 33
4.3 Details of measurement 33

CHAPTER 5:- CONCLUSION 34

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 ABSTRACT
I would like to place my deep sense of gratitude to ER SUNIL SHARMA
(junior Engineer) for his generous guidance, help, useful suggestions and
continuous encouragement

I am extremely thanks to Dr. Rakesh Kumar Principal Mahatma Gandhi

Government Engineering College Kotla Jeori Shimla (HP) and management
for support and encouragement

I am extremely thankful to Er. Vikas Kumar (Assistant Professor, MGGEC),

ER. Nishant Mehra (Assistant Professor MGGEC) and ER. Aashish Sharma
(Assistant Professor, MGGEC) for valuable suggestions and motivation.

AKSHIT SHARMA
21010401002

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 TABLE OF FIGURES
QFIGURE NO. DISCRIPTION PAGE NO.

FIGURE -2.2.1 Free hand line diagram of 13

damage road

FIGURE-2.3.1 Details of measurement 14

Figure -2.4.1 Abstract of soil 15

FIGURE-3.2.1 Construction of building 23

FIGURE-3.6.1 Materials used for building 30

project

FIGURE-4.2.1 Details of measurement of 33

slab culvert

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 1. INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING

Works by Civil Engineering

Civil engineering is considered as the first discipline of the various branches of

engineering after military engineering, and includes the designing, planning,
construction, and maintenance of the infrastructure. The works include roads,
bridges, buildings, dams, canals, water supply and numerous other facilities that
affect the life of human beings. Civil engineering is intimately associated with
the private and public sectors, including the individual homeowners and
international enterprises. It is one of the oldest engineering professions, and
ancient engineering achievements due to civil engineering include the pyramids
of Egypt and road systems developed by the Romans.

Civil Engineering in Daily Life

Civil engineering has a significant role in the life of every human being, though
one may not truly sense its importance in our daily routine. The function of civil
engineering commences with the start of the day when we take a shower, since
the water is delivered through a water supply system including a well-designed
network of pipes, water treatment plant and other numerous associated services.
The network of roads on which we drive while proceeding to school or work, the
huge structural bridges we come across and the tall buildings where we work, all
have been designed and constructed by civil engineers. Even the benefits of
electricity we use are available to us through the contribution of civil engineers
who constructed the towers for the transmission lines. In fact, no sphere of life
may be identified that does not include the contribution of civil engineering.
Thus, the importance of civil engineering may be determined according to its
usefulness in our daily life.

Sub-disciplines Of Civil Engineering

1) Structural Engineering
2) Water Resource Engineering
3) Geotechnical Engineering
4) Environmental Engineering

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 2.ROAD MAINTENANCE
INRODUCTION

Road maintenance is essential in order to (1) preserve the road in its originally
constructed condition, (2) protect adjacent resources and user safety, and (3)
provide efficient, convenient travel along the route. Unfortunately, maintenance
is often neglected or improperly performed resulting in rapid deterioration of the
road and eventual failure from both climatic and vehicle use impacts. It follows
that it is impossible to build and use a road that requires no maintenance.

In order to plan for road maintenance needs, it is important to keep a complete set
of "as built" plans and records of all maintenance operations and observations.
The as built plan should contain the following:

1. Complete job index

2. Complete history of project from planning stage to construction

3. Photographic records

4. Exact location and observations of any unstable conditions in relation to the

road location

5. Exact location of culverts and other drainage features

6. Wet areas that may have required additional excavation and replacement with
more suitable ballast backfield materials

7. All major changes made to the original plan Probably the most valuable tool
for any maintenance program is the knowledge and experience gained by
individuals performing the maintenance. Every effort should be made to retain
competent, knowledgeable, and experienced individuals in these positions not
only from the standpoint of instituting and executing a good maintenance
program, but for future road planning needs as well.

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 2.1 Components of road maintenance

1. Surface Maintenance of Roads

Pavement maintenance and rehabilitation programs restore the riding
quality and maintain the structural integrity of the pavement over its
full design life. Asphalt concrete pavements are subjected to various
types of pavement distress or Failure these include:
a. Surface Distresses
I . Alligator Cracking:
A series of interconnecting or interlaced cracks caused by fatigue of
the asphalt concrete surface under repeated traffic leading. [Cracking
is due to foundation movement at subgrade]

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II. Block Cracking:
Cracks forming large interconnected polygon usually with sharp
corners or angles. These cracks are generated by hardening or
shrinking e.g. asphalt or reflection cracking for underlying layers such
as cement treated base.
III. Transverse Cracking:
Cracks approximately at right angle to the pavement center line.
These may be caused by hardness and shrinkage of asphalt or
differential thermal stresses of asphalt concrete or may be reflection
cracking.

IV. Longitudinal Cracking:

Cracks approximately parallel to the pavement center line. These are
caused by poorly constructed construction joints and shrinkage of the
asphalt concrete surface. Longitudinal cracks may also be reflection
cracks.
V. Ravelling:
Wearing away the pavement surface caused by dislodging of
aggregate particles and binders. This is usually a result of insufficient
asphalt binder in the mix or stripping of asphalt from particles of
aggregate.

VI. Drip Track Ravelling:

Progressive disintegration of the surface between wheel paths caused
by dripping of gasoline oil from vehicle.

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VII. Bleeding or Flushing (Fatting Up):
The exuding of bitumen on to the pavement surface causing reduction
in skid resistance. Bleeding is generally caused by excessive amount
of asphalt in the mix or low air void content. It occurs in the mix in
hot weather.

VIII. Corrugations:
Due to instability of base or poor original riding surface (plastic
movement of pavement)

2.2 SURVEY OF DAMAGE

A damage survey is an inspection that determines the cause and extent
of damage to an object or shipment. Damage surveys can be
performed in many areas, including transportation, insurance, and
business.
Procedure of damage survey conducted:-

Prepare: Gather and review relevant documents, such as the contract,

invoice, and insurance policy
Inspect: Physically examine the property, equipment, or cargo
Evaluate: Measure the damage, identify the cause, and take
photographs and samples
Test and analysis : Test and analysis the samples
Report: Prepare a report that includes the findings of the survey

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Figure-2.2.1

Free hand line diagram of damage road

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2.3 DETAILS OF MEASUREMENT

Measurement
A technique for determining the quantity of an object by comparing
its properties to a standard quantity. Units of measurement include
kilograms, centi meters, meters, kilometers, and inches.

RULES FOR MEASUREMENT

Measurement shall be made for finished item of work and description
of each item shall include materials, transport, labor, fabrication tools
and plant and all types of overheads for finishing the work in required
shape, size and specification."

Figure 2.3.1-details of measurement

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"In construction, measurement is the process of transforming drawn
information into quantities and descriptions. This process is used to
value, cost, and price construction work. Some common construction
measurement methods include:
New Rules of Measurement (NRM2)
Civil Engineering Standard Method of Measurement (CESMM4)
The Standard Method of Measurement for Highway Works (MCHW)
Rail Method of Measurement (RMM)
Australian Standard Method of Measurement (ASMM)"

2.4 Estimation of cost

Figure 2.4.1.- abstract of cost

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2.5 Materials used
Materials Used in Road Construction
Road materials can be versatile to cater to a variety of road types and
categories. Commonly used road materials range from natural soils,
aggregates, binders such as lime, asphalt, concrete, and assorted
products used as admixtures for improved road quality.

1. Soil
Soil is the principal material for the foundation, subgrade, or even the
pavement (for low-cost village roads with light traffic). On the other
hand, when highways are built on an embankment at the desired level,
soil is used as the principal embankment material. Moreover, because
all constructions must eventually rest on and transmit loads to ‘mother
earth,’ soil and rock serve as foundation materials.

Most of the time, the soil is used after some sort of stabilization
treatment, such as compaction and strengthening by adding
appropriate admixtures, to improve the performance of the road.
Mineral aggregates derived from rocks are the primary component of
practically all highway pavement sub-bases and bases.

Soils, as a natural material, have many properties that must be

carefully considered before constructing a road. For example, soils
with more clay and silt particles are more prone to erosion and
contraction when exposed to water. To avoid performance
degradation, such soils require particular care.

2. Aggregate
Aggregates are used in the construction of granular bases, sub-bases,
bituminous mixes, and cement concrete. They are also the
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fundamental component of a relatively inexpensive road known as a
water-bound macadam.

Stone aggregate, often known as mineral aggregate, is by far the most

important component of road construction materials. It is created by
fracturing naturally occurring rocks into coarse aggregate (like gravel)
or fine aggregate (like sand).

Similar to soil, aggregates also need to be evaluated by a road

engineer to ensure that they are sturdy and durable enough for a
specific project. These properties are influenced by their origin,
mineral components, and the nature of the bonds between the
components.

To ensure sturdy and durable roads, aggregates like dirt must be

evaluated by a road engineer. Their origin, mineral components, and
adhesion forces between the components all have an impact on these
qualities.

3. Asphalt and Bitumen

Asphalt and bitumen are frequently confused as the same item, but
they are not. While asphalt is a mixture of aggregates, binder, and
filler and is used to build roads and associated furniture, bitumen is
the semi-solid glue that works as the binding agent in asphalt.

Bitumen, commonly known as mineral tar, is produced from the

incomplete distillation of crude petroleum. It is composed of 87%
carbon, 11% hydrogen, and 2% oxygen.

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Asphalt, on the other hand, is produced in a plant that heats, dries, and
mixes aggregate, bitumen, and sand into a composite mix. Depending
on the type of project, the material is subsequently applied on-site
with a paving machine at a specified or required thickness.

When asphalt is employed in road construction, it takes the form of a

composite material known as asphalt concrete. This road construction
material is made up of 70% asphalt and 30% aggregate. Asphalt is
100% recyclable, making it one of the most preferred materials for
road construction.

4. Cement Concrete
Cement concrete is by far the best road material in terms of durability
and toughness, and it is also known for its flexibility and ease of
construction. It is made by combining cement, coarse aggregate, fine
aggregate, water, and chemical admixtures (which account for 25–
40% of the total weight of the concrete). A major drawback of
cement-based concrete is its contribution to carbon emissions.

Although its initial cost is high, considering its long span of life and
low maintenance, the life-cycle cost of cement concrete roads
becomes rather low. Concrete can also be utilised to increase the
tensile strength of existing pavement layers.

Because of the excellent binding property of cement, well-mixed

concrete contains very few voids and quickly sets and hardens. The
concrete, when cured with water, provides a durable, stable, and long-
lasting road surface that can withstand repeated impacts from heavy
commercial vehicles.

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5. Composite Pavement
This type of pavement combines cement, concrete, and asphalt to
create a “super” pavement.

Because composite pavements can offer higher levels of performance

and durability, both physically and functionally, they may eventually
become less expensive than regular pavements.

Concrete has the drawback of being prone to issues like reflective

cracking and rutting in the surface layer. However, these potential
problems can be avoided by using a high-quality asphalt surface or
other (expensive) mitigation measures.

6. Eco-Friendly Road Materials

There is growing pressure on road builders to reduce their carbon
footprint. This is significant in light of the fact that cement, a crucial
component in the construction of roads, emits one tonne of carbon for
every tonne that is produced.

The use of alternative road construction materials, such as recycled

crushed concrete, which can result in significant energy and
manufacturing cost reductions, can reduce carbon emissions.

Utilising environment-friendly concrete, which reduces the need for

Portland cement in road construction, is another way to achieve
sustainability.

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Additionally, by using recycled materials and components made from
industrial waste, greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced, along with
the cost of construction.

Recycled concrete aggregate, recovered asphalt pavement, and coal

combustion products from coal-fired power plants are the ingredients
of more sustainable road construction.

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 3.BUILDING PROJECT

3.1 INTRODUCTION TO BUILDINGS

A building is a structure with a roof and walls standing more or less

permanently in one place, such as a house or factory. Buildings come
in a variety of sizes, shapes and functions, and have been adapted
throughout history for a wide number of factors, from building
materials available, to weather conditions, to land prices, ground
conditions, specific uses and aesthetic reasons.
Buildings serve several needs of society primarily as shelter from
weather, security, living space, privacy, to store belongings, and to
comfortably live and work. A building as a shelter represents a
physical division of the human habitat (a place of comfort and safety)
and the outside (a place that at times may be harsh and harmful).
3.2 TYPES OF BUILDING
Buildings are classified based upon its occupancy and structure
➢ Residential Building Educational Building
➢ Institutional Building
➢ Assembly building
➢ Business buildings
➢ Mercantile buildings
➢ Industrial Buildings
➢ Storage buildings

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 ➢ Hazardous buildings

• Residential Building: Buildings in which sleeping arrangements are

provided with or without cooking arrangement. It includes single or
multifamily dwelling, apartments, lodgings, restaurants, hostels,
dormitories and hotels

• Educational building: These Include any building used for

school, college, education purposes.

• Institutional Building: these buildings used for different

purposes, such as medical or other treatment. They include
hospitals, sanatorium, jails, and asylum

• Assembly Buildings: These are the buildings where group of

peoples meet or gather for amusement, social, religious,
political, civil, travel and similar purposes. E.g. theatres, motion
pictures, houses, assembly halls, restaurants assembly halls.

• Business buildings: These buildings are used for transactions of

business, for keeping accounts and for similar other purposes.

• Industrial Buildings: These are buildings where products or

materials of all kinds and properties are fabricated, assembled,
manufactured or processed

• Storage buildings: these buildings are used primarily for the

storage or sheltering of goods, wares or merchandise, vehicles
and animals, grains

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• Hazardous buildings: These buildings are used for the storage,
handling, manufacturing or processing of highly combustible or
explosive materials or products

Figure 3.2.1 construction of building

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Classification based on structure

1. Loud bearing Struct

2. Framed structure
Load Bearing Structures: In this type of structures loads from roof
slab or trusses and floors are transmitted through walls to the firm
soil below the ground This type of structures are adopted where
hard strata are available at shallow depth. The structural elements
like beams, slabs rests directly on the walls.

• Framed Structures: Reinforced cement concrete structures are

the most common type of construction today. They consist of a
skeleton of beams & columns. The load is transferred from
beams to the columns and column intern transfer the load
directly to the sub soil through footing. Framed structures are
suitable for multi-story building subjected to variety of extreme
loads like compressive, tensile torsion, shear along with
moment. The open spaces in the skeleton are to be filled with
brick walls or glass panels.

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3.3 TYPES OF LOADS
Various loads are taken into account while designing the foundation
of a structure.
1. Dead loads
2. Live loads.
3. Wind loads
4. Earthquake loads
5. Erection loads

• Dead Load: Dead load comprises of the weight of all walls,

partitions, floors and roofs including all other permanent
construction in the building

• Wind load: It is considered as basic wind pressure which is

equivalent static pressure in the direction of the wind Wind
pressure k v2 Where k co-efficient, 0.006 V wind velocity.
Wind pressure always acts in the vertically exposed surface of
the walls and columns.

• Snow load: Actual load due to snow depends upon the shape of
the roof and its capacity to retain the snow. The load due to
snow may be assumed to be 2.5 kg/m3 per em depth of snow

• Earthquake load: an earthquake load produced waves in every

possible direction below ground. As per intensity or scale of
earthquake, jerks and shocks are acting on the earth. As per the
location of the building in the prescribed zone of earthquake
coefficients of earthquake loads are decided.
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 • Live Load: Live Loads consist of moving or variable loads due
to people or occupants, their furniture, temporary stores,
machineries.

• Erection Load: All loads required to be carried by the structure

or any part of it due to storage or positioning of construction
material and erection equipment including all loads due to
operation of such equipment, shall be considered as 'erection
loads.

3.4 COMMON BULIDING COMPONENTS

Super Structure
The superstructure is that part of the building which is above the
ground and which serves the purpose of building's intended use.
Plinth
Wall and columns
Beam
Arches
Roofs and slabs
Lintel and arches
Steps and stairs

3.5 BUILDING BUYLAWS

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During planning and construction of any building, certain regulations
are laid by Municipal bodies, authorities, and other government
departments as town planning so as to prevent haphazard
development of city such rules and regulations are called as building
bylaws.
Objectives of Building bylaws
Building bylaws allow disciplined and systematic growth of buildings
and towns and prevent haphazard development
• Building bye-laws protect safety of public against fire, noise, health
and structural failure.
• They provide proper utilization of space, hence maximum efficiency
in planning
• They provide health, safety, and comfort to peoples living in the
building.

MINIMUM FLOOR AREA & HEIGHT OF ROOMS FLOOR AREA

HIEGHT
LIVING 10sqm (100sqft) (Breadth min 2.7 m or 9’)
3.3 (11’)
KITCHEN 6sqm (60sqft)
3.0 (10’)
BATH 2sqm (20sqft)
2.7 (9’)
LATTRINE 1.6sqm (16sqft )
2.7 (9’)
BATH & WATER CLOSET 3.6sqm (36sqft)
2.7 (9’)
SERVANT ROOM 10sqm (100sqft)
3.0 (10’)

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 GARAGE 2.5*4.8 m (8’*16’)
3.0 (10’)
MIN. HIEGHT OF PLINTH FOR MAIN BUILDING -------
0.6 (2’)
MIN. HIEGHT OF PLINTH FOR SERVANT QUARTES -------
0.3 (1’)
MIN. DEPTH OF FOUNDATION -------
0.9 (3’)
THICKNESS OF WALL 20cms to 30cms ------ (9” to13.5”)
DAMP PROOF COURSE 2cms to 2.5cms(3/4” to1”)
thick full width of plinth wall

Sizes of rooms
Drawing room:
Drawing room should be the very first room of a house as we enter
• The minimum area should be 15 to 20 sq. M
• General sizes: 3.5m x 5.5 m
• 5m x 6 m
•7mx9m
• Ventilation in Drawing rooms: Minimum window area should never
be less than 10 % of floor area but 20 % is preferred
• Dining room: It is a place where families take their breakfast, lunch,
dinner • Size: 4 m x 3 m
• 4m x 5 m
•5mx6m
• Kitchen: A Kitchen is a place where food is prepared and stored for
consumption

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• Sizes: 1.5 m x 3m • 3 m x 5 m • 4 m x 6 m
• Ventilation in kitchen: window area should be at least 15 % of floor
area
• Bed room: A man spends major part of the day in the bed room
either sleeping or relaxing.
• A minimum floor area 0f 10 sq. m should be provided
• Sizes: 4 m x 3 m • 5 m x 4 m • 3 m x 3m • 4 m x 4 m • Ventilation:
Minimum window area of 10 % of floor area.
• Bath and W.C.: Bathroom is a place where inmates take bath and
the waste water is collected and conveyed off
• Water Closet is the place of collection of human discharge
• A minimum floor area of 1.8 sq. m
3.6 MATERIALS USED

• Stone: The stone is always obtained from rock. The rock

quarried from quarries is called stone. Quarried stone may be in
the form of stone blocks, stone aggregate, stone slabs, and stone
lintels. Here to be used as impact test, water absorption test,
hardness test and crushing strength. It is preferred according to
SP27-1987.

• Brick: Brick is made up of soil and it is used to make the

masonry structure Absorption test, Shape and size test, Crushing
strength test, Soundness test, Hardness test. The bricks be table-
molded, well burnt in kilns, copper-colored, free from cracks
and with sharp and square edges,

• Aggregate:- Aggregates shall comply with the requirements of

IS 383. As far as possible reference shall be given to natural

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 aggregate. Aggregates are the important constituents in
concrete. They give body to the concrete, reduce shrinkage and
effect economy. One of the most important factors for producing
workable concrete is good gradation of aggregates. For most

• work, 20 mm aggregates are suitable.

• Specific gravity of fine aggregate-2.38

• Specific gravity of coarse aggregate-2.71

• Cement: The most common cement used is Ordinary Portland

Cement. The type I is preferred according to IS: 269-1976,
which is used for general concrete structures. 53 Grade ordinary
Portland cement is confirming to 12269. Out of the total
production, Ordinary Portland Cement accounts for about 80-90
percent.

• Fineness of cement8%
• Standard consistency of cement-31%
• Initial setting time of cement 36 min
• Specific gravity of cement-3.46

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 Figure 3.6.1 materials used for building project
• Water: Water is an important ingredient of concrete as it
actually participates in the chemical reaction with cement. Since
it helps to form the strength giving cement gel, the quantity and
quality of water is required to be looked into very carefully.
Water used for mixing and curing shall be clean and free from
materials like oils, acids, alkalis, salts, sugar, organic materials
or other materials that may be harmful to concrete or steel. PH
value of the water used in concreting shall not be less than 6

• Steel: Steel is important ingredient of qualify structure and it is

used to carry out the load easily from the structure to column
and it is having high tensile strength. It is preferred according IS
800-2007

4. CULVERT

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"Culvert is a tunnel carrying a stream under a road or railway. A
culvert may act as a bridge for traffic to pass on it. They are typically
found in a natural flow of water and serves the purpose of a bridge or
a current flow controller.

Culverts are available in many and shape like round, elliptical, flat-
bottomed, pear-shaped, and box-like constructions. Culverts are by
their load and water flow capacities, lifespan and installation of
bedding and backfill. The type is based on a number of factors
including hydraulic, upstream elevation, and roadway height and
other conditions"

4.1 TYPES OF CULVERT

The types of culverts that are generally used in construction are as
follows:-

• Pipe Culvert (Single or Multiple)

Pipe culverts are rounded culverts that are widely used. Pipe
Culverts can be single or multiple in number

• Arch Culvert
An arch culvert is made up of metal, stone masonry, concrete,
RCC etc. Construction does not take a lot of time and unlike box
culvert, water diversion is not necessary, as it can be installed
without disturbing the water current. Thus, it can be termed as a
Low Profile Culvert. This type of culvert maintains the natural
integrity of the wash bed.

• Box culverts
These rectangular or square-shaped culverts are made of
concrete slabs and are often used to convey stormwater or
sewage. They are durable and can withstand heavy loads and
harsh environmental conditions.
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 • Slab culverts
A slab culvert is a reinforced precast concrete slab that is
supported by piers or abutments and is used to allow water to
pass through. Slab culverts are often used in areas with harder
soils and geology for smaller spans and lower weight-bearing
applications.

4.2 ESTIMATION OF SLAB CULVERT

A slab culvert is a reinforced precast concrete slab that is

supported by piers or abutments and is used to allow water to pass
through. Slab culverts are often used in areas with harder soils and
geology for smaller spans and lower weight-bearing applications.

Figure-4.2.1.Details of measurement of slab culvert

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 5. CONCLUSION

The industrial training done by me was a great experience and I have

learnt valuable knowledge during this time.

The visual experience that I got from seeing the application of civil
engineering work at different level of works and the practical
knowledge gained is truly amazing. The theoretical knowledge that I
learned from the books are good but experiencing them in the field
really gave a boost to my knowledge.

This gave me an opportunity to learn how to handle problems that

occurs during the actual fieldwork.

I am very grateful to all the people who helped me through the whole
duration of the training and guided me throughout it.

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