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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
120 views20 pagesmensuration
Mensuration for easy calculation
Uploaded by
biswajitsatapathy137Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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/ 20
OB = Radius
CD = Chord
a
‘egment
ee ne rn OFHG = Sector
2 fart of practical mathematics DBC ircumterence
eals with the study of difterent geometrical shapes, berate Siar
rement of lengths, areas and volumes. Ifs sound eee
s necessary in all branches of practical work. It ae ee
2. The distance from the centre of the circle to its
circumference is called its radius
3. The distance across the ciscle th
ion, apart from the tables of is called the diameter which is eqs! \ double the
are usinaily connected with the areas tadius.
For example, howv ouch floor space will be | 1.1 Relation Between the Sides and the
a planer 4 ft. wide and 12 ft: long? Here, we | Diameter of a Circumscribed C
d by the Drauzhtsmen for designing, the works’
ch the centre
Simplest of the rules of mensuration, viz. the i
Bnet the two dimensions. Thus, in this case, the,| 1 Savare
ce covered is 4 < 12 = 48 sq. ft cc
y i ways |
ve traced by a point which is al
ect froma given point conte, isealled a |
circle.
eee
Ms InaaoB
According to Pythagors
(Hypotenuse) = (
pendiculae)?
rpenaticul 2. Hexagon
D = Diameter of circle
s = Flat of hexagon
Fig. 3
« According to Pythagoras theorem :
3. Equilateral Triangle
Base) + (Perpendicular)?
ide of equilateral triangle
D = Diameter of circle
to Pythagoras theorem
According to Pyth 2 + (Hlelght)?
(Hypotenuse)? = (Base)
PERIMETER AND AREA
2 |] OF PLANE FIGURES
° Perimeter
The word perimeter means a path that surrounds an
area. The basic formula for finding perimeter is the sum of
the lengths of all the sides. The units of perimeter are
millimeter, centimeter, meter, inch etc
e Area
Area can be defined as the amount of two dimensional
space taken up by an object. Each shape has a different
formula to calculate area, Area is measured in square Uunils
2.1 Circle
Circle is the path of a point which is always
equidistant from its centre.
Area ofcircle, A = aR?
where, R = Radius of circle
D = Diameter of circle
The boundary of a circle is called the circumference oF
perimeter of the circle.
Perimeter of the circle, Fig. 6 : Semi-circle
ctor of a Circle
region of a circle enclosed by any two radii and the
‘between two radii is called the: sector of a circle.
« Inthe figure (7), ABCA is the sector of a circle,
R20
of sector AB
Area r ABCA, A= 2S
"When a circle is divided into two parts by drawing a
‘each part is known as a segment. The segment smaller
‘semi-circle is called a minor segment while the one
‘than semi-circle is called a major segment. In the figure,
is the minor segment.
Fig. 8 : Segment of a Circle
‘Area of the minor segment
= Area of the sector —
R26 _
A> 360°
Area of major segment =
Fsegment
‘Area of 6 ABC
| 4. Circular Ring
‘The shape of a circle which is hollow from inside is
called a circular ring. If the radius of the outer circular ring,
‘s denoted by R and inner circle arc is denoted by 7, then
| area of circular ring,
A= n(R?- 7)
Fig. 9 : Circular Ring
5. Length of Belts
There are two types of belts-
1. Open belt
2. Cross belt
pa bY
CB Cpe
‘Open Bet Cross Bet
Fig. 10 : Types of Belts
Length of open belt
= n(ty +1) + 24M2+ (qn?
Length of cross belt
= a(t, + 1) + 2VMP +h HP
Radius of larger wheel
Radius of smaller wheel
M = Distance between centres of wheel
2.2 Triangles
“Tri! means three. Hence a triangle means a three
angled figure. For the construction of a three angled figure,
there should be three sides.
1. Area of Triangle
Area of triangle
where,
2
x Base x Height
Fig. 11 : Triangle "2. Isosceles Triangle 4
In this triangle, two of the sides are equal.
Fig. 12 : Isosceles Triangle
where, AB = AC = band BC = a
+ Area of isosceles triangle
2 ae
A= Nu
Perimeter of isosceles triangle
U=a+2
3, Equilateral Triangle : In this triangle, all the
three sides are equal. Hence, angle between adjacent sides
is 60° (because sum total of angles = 160° and the angle
between sides = 180
60").
(Workshop Calelation and Ba
ens
b
w
ot
Fig. 14 : Scalene Triangle
Perimeter of scalene triangle, U= a+ b+c
5. Right Angled Triangle
In this triangle, the angle between one of the tye
adjacent sides is 90°. Right angle means 90°. Thus, a right
angled triangle means that one of the angles of this triangle
is definitely 90°.
Area of right angled triangle, A= 3 x Base Height
Hypotenuse = (Base)? +(Height)”
Fig. 13 : Equilatera) Triangle
Area of equilateral triangle
A= B x side?
Perimeter of equilateral triangle = Sum of all three sides
U=3a
4, Scalene Triangle
In this triangle, none of the sides are equal. Angles
between the sides are also not equal. We may also call this
tnangle as an irregular triangle.
Azea of triangle A= /(5—a)(s—Dy(s—c)
where, a, band care sides of triangle
i ee” Ie
tis also called Heron’
formula
Fig. 15 ; Right Angled Triangle
6. Any Triangle (when two sides and angles
between them are given)
1
‘Area of triangle, A =
8
where, ‘a’ and" = Sides of triangle
gle between ‘a’ and “5
b
Fig. 16 : Triangle
2.3. Quadrilateral
The shape enclosed four sides
aquadrilateral, The sum of alte on otr i
360°,
1, Rectangle
This is a four sided figure in which opposite sides are
Paralie! and equal. The angles between the adjacent sides
Assuming, / =
is called a
alll the angles of a quadrilateral is
ength and b = breadth
Area = Length x Bre
th, NPSE
= Length of rectangle
___ b= Breadth of rectangle
Perimeter, = 2(/ + 6)
ided figure in which opposite sides
allel. All the four sides are equal and are inclined at
the length of both the diagonals are equal
Area of square = Side x Side
Asa
os Dingonat?
d2
Fig. 18 Square
4 urn of all sides
atatata
4a
U=4a i
(Diagonal)? = (Base)? + (Perpendicular)?
; d2= a? +a?
d? = 2a?
d= ia
"3, Parallelogram i
This sided figure where opposite si
ra ed cito ‘each other. The opposite angles are
‘and their value may or may not be 90°.
rea of parallelogram = Base x Height
A = 2 a(s=ans-ANE-9)
erimetes of paaletogramy,
Fig. 19 : Parallelogram
4, Rhombus
This isa four sided figure, in which all sides are equal
Angle between adjacent sides, need not be right angle.
In this, both diagonals are not equal but intersect at 9°.
Area =
Side of Rhombus
Fig. 20 : Rhombus
5. Trapezium
This is also a four-sided figure which has two sides
parallel, The remaining wo sides are not parallel,
‘Area of Trapezium
A Fig. 21 : Trapezium
2.4 Regular Polygon
‘A polygon that has all sides equal and all interior
angles equal is known as a regular polygon. Example :
equilateral triangle, square, regular pentagon, regular
hexagon etc.
1, Regular Pentagon
means a five equal sided figure. In this, each.
angle is equal to 108°.
Area of Pentagon A = 1-7205 x 2
378 R?
633 2
a
8512
237r
688 x a
808 x R
I76R
4537
Perimeter
4 WPS
8
“see”
Fig. 22 : Regular Pentagon
2. Regular Hexagon
Regular Hexagon means a figure having six equal
sides. Actually, itis a combination of 6 equilateral triangles.
‘Area of Hexagon, A = 6 x Area of equilateral triangle
‘Area of Hexagon, A = 6 x
(because it is a combination of six equilateral triangles)
A = 2.598 x side”
or A = 0.866 x flat?
Note : Flat of hexagon = 3 x Side of hexagon
Perimeter of regular hexagon
U = 6a
Side
Fig. 23 : Regular Hexagon
3. Regular Octagon
Regular octagon means a figure with eight equal sides
‘Area of regular octagon
A = 48282"
R = 1306 xa
= 1.082 x r
121207 xa
= 0924 R
Perimeter of regular octagon
U=8a
Fig. 24 : Regular Octagon
2.5 Area of Irregular Surface
Surface area of irregular figures can be obtained by
applying either
1. Simpson's rule or
2. Trapezoidal rule.
a a
345678 9 111219141516
Fig. 25 : Irregular Surface
Area calculated by Simpson's rule is more accurate than
Trapezoidal rule, However, accurate area can be obtained if
the number of ordinates are more ie, interval between
ordinates is as small as possible. by Simpson Rule
Area = FIA +48 + 2c)
A = Interval between ordinates
A = First ordinate + Last ordinate
B = Sum of even ordinates
C = Sum of remaining ordinates
2 Determine Area by Trapezoidal Rule
Area = H(} (First ordinate + Last ordinate)
+ Sum of remaining ordinates]
VoLUME
Volume is the amount of space occupied by a body
{includes measurement of length, breadth and depth or
kness. The unit of volume is the cubic mi, cubic cm etc.
Volume = Area x Height
Tength of longest pole placed in the room
= VP+P+P
Where, 7 = Length of the room
b = Breadth of the room
h = Height of the room
of Volume
Unit of volume depends on the unit of length, breadth
ight or depth. Therefore, it is known as cubic m, cubic
mm etc.
Conversions of Unit of Volume
1 cubic meter = 1000 cubic decimeter
J cubic meter = (100)? cubic centimeter
100,000 cubic centimeter
1000 cubic centimeter
(000 cubic Millimeter
7 cubic feet
0.7645 cubic meter
7728 eubie inch
0.0283 cubic meter
ure
« Leubic decimeter
1 cubic cm
1 cubic yard
Jeubic yard
1 cubic foot
1 cubic foo!
jolume of Prismatic
‘Any solid figure which has the same cross-section
sm. If the edges are
its length is called © Pcie are called right
‘ice, it is called a cylinder
licular to the base,
‘and when the base is 4
The volume of any prism or cylinder is calculated-by
‘multiplying the area of base by the Perpendicular or height.
Volume = Area of cross-section x Height
or V=AxH
1. Triangular Prism
(Volume of triangular prism = Base area x Height
(ii) Curved area of triangular prism
= 3 (Gide of triangle x Height)
(ii) Total surface area of triangular prism
= Curved area + 2 x Base area
\7
Fig. 26 : Triangular Prism
2. Cube
A cube is a special type of a cuboid in which all the
‘edges are equal. Alll the six faces of a cube are squares.
(@ Volume of a cube (V) = Length x Breadth x Height
Velxixt
v
(i) Diagonal of cube (d) = JP +P oP
d= BP
BI
17321
Fig. 27 : Cube
(iii) Total surface area of cube A
3, Rectangular Solid
Rectangular solid is bounded by six rectangular
surfaces and opposite surfaces are equal and parallel to each,
other
Tt has 12 edges and 8 vertices. It has three different
dimensions Ze, length, breadth and thickness or height.
‘Volume of rectangular soli
Sta Ee Breet < Fiight Workshop Calculation and Sa
Fig. 28 : Cuboid
(i) Total surface area of the rectangular solid
‘A = 2(Length x Breadth + Breadth
x Height + Height x Length)
2 (b+ bh + hl)
(eb bxhshxltlxbrbxhthxd
4. Cylinder
Cylinder is a prism whose top and bottom surfaces
are equally circular.
(Volume of cylinder
Rig. 29 : Cylinder
(i) Curved surface area of cylinder
‘rcurnference of a circle x Height
‘A = 2nrh or nah
Julal surface area of cylinder
A = 2nsh + 2a?
A =2nr(ht
Where, r= Radius of base
d= Diameter of base
j= Height of cylinder
5, Hollow Cylinder
Cylindrical prism which is hollow
Jnown as hollow eylinden Waler pipe is an exo
hollow cylinder ;
fi vf eame of hollow eylinder = Area of base x height
ya n(R= AVA
from inside is
ple of
ee eure
Fig. 30 : Hollow Cylinder
1 surface area of hollow cylinder = Cun
1r + 2 (area of base)
A = 2nRh+ 2% x (R2- A)
(ii) Tota
surface area of cylinde
3.2. Pyramid Figure
‘A pyramid is 2 soli
pentagon etc.) as a base. It ha
meeting at a point at the top
of the pyramid
with polygon (quadrilate
three or more triangular fa
This point is called the ap
s. Volume of a py! » Base area
x Vertical heig
1, Triangular Pyramid
(Volume of triangular pyramid
1
3
x Base area x Vertical height
Thangular /|
Me
sai ,
Fig. 31 : Triangular Py
(i) Curved surface area of triangular pyramid
x Perimeter of triangular base
x Slant height
(ii) Total surface area of triangular pyramid
A = Curved surface area
+ Area of triangular base
Asa
2, Rectangular Pyramid
()_Yolume of rectangular pyramid
L
V = } x Area of rectangular base
4 x Height
i) Area of curved surface of rectangular pyramid Fig. 35 : Cone
Fig. 32: Rectangul BD ee
1 Saran () Volume of cone = 4 x Base area x Height
(ii) Total surface area of rectangular pyramid :
A = Curved surface area vetnrth
+ Area of rectangular base wt |
. Polygon Base Pyramid (ii) Curved area of cone = xr |
Where, l= JPeP
(iii) Total surface area of cone
A = Curved surface area of cone
+ Base area of cone
Asul+ xe
7 Asar(l+9
where, r= Radius of base of cone
A = Height of cone
1 = Slant height of cone
5. Frustum of Cone
aaa ‘When a cone is cut by a plane which is parallel to the
base and upper part is removed, the object so formed, is
termed as frustum of a cone.
Fig. 34 : Hexagon Pyramid
() Volume of polygon base pyramid
y = 3 x Area of base x Height
Curved surface area of polygon base pyramid
se x Slant height
A = & x Perimeter of ba
of polygon base pyramid
Fig. 36 : Frustum of cone
‘area + Base area (i) Volume of frustum of cone ‘
V = GrWR? + + RD
Jar base. :
surfact “curved surface
4. Cone ;
cone is a pyramid with a circu! (ii) Curved area of frustum of cone
M=nkR¥ 9)
(ii) Total surface area of frustum of a cone
= RAR + 7) + aR? + 0?
A=n(AR+ 9 4+R24 7]
6. Frustum of Pyramid
The general formula for volume of frustum of pyramid
is as follows:
1
V= RATA + Art JAiAr]
Where, 4 = Height of frustum of pyramid
Ay and A; = Areas of ends
4,2. Hemi-sphere
It is the half portion of the sphere.
1. Volume of hemisphere = 22
or Veg?
2, Total surface area of hemi-sphere = 3x?
A 230
a ee
Gr
i
(ea
|
|
Base —”
Fig. 37 : Frustum of pyramid
AREA AND VOLUME OF SPHERICAL
4.1 Sphere
‘A round solid figure, or its surface, with every, point on.
its surface equidistant from its centre is known as a sphere.
|
|
Fig. 38 ; Sphere
1. Volume of sphere
4
Ved
se veto
2. Total surface area of sphere, M = Anz?
where, r= Radius of sphere
Diameter of sphere
Fig. 39 : Hemi-sphere
4.3 Hollow Sphere
{A sphere which is-not solid and has a cavity inside
is termed as a hollow sphere.
i. |
Fig. 40 : Hollow Sphere
1. Total surface area
M = 4x (+ 2)
aia
2 V= 32-2)
4.4 Segment of Sphere
1 Volume (V) = Moz + #)
_ Fig. 41 : Segment of Sphere
2, Curved area of a segment of sphere = 2nRA
where, R = Radius of sphere Fig. 42 : Zone of Sphere
Th,
Wolume,V = (+ 59 + 2)
Fig. 43 : Anchor Ring
1. Surface area for Anchor ring (square cross-section)
=4nDa
2 Volume of Anchor ring (square cross-section)
= aD
"3. Surface area (circular cross-section) = 4n’Rr
4. Volume (circular cross-section) = 2n?R?
5 |] AREA oF SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION
Curved surface area
Me= 1% dx"
J= Slant height
d,= Diameter of solid
M,= Curved surface area
2 Surface area
(O = Perimeter * 45% ™
VaAxd xt
Where d, = Diameter of solid
juter diameter + Inner diameter
d= +
Example 1 ; Side of a square ‘ 42 mm
D=_mm
iN
: co
'D
Solution : In AABC
‘According to Pythagoras theorem =
(Hypotenuse)? = (Base)? + (Perpendicular)?
[Hypotenuse = AB
(AB = (8) + (6)?
(AB)? = (42)? + (42)? Perpendicular = CB]
(AB)? = 2 x (42)? = 2 x 1764 = 3528
(AB) = 3528, D = 59.39mm_ Ans.
Example 2: D = 78 mm
Side of a square (2) = __ mm
Wastage= __ %
Solution : According to Pythagoras theorem:
(Hypotenuse)? = (Base)? + (Perpendicular}
(Diameter of circle)? = (Gide of square)?
+ (Side of Perpendicular)
(78) = 2a
ae '
a= J3042 = 55.15
‘Area of circle = 7D?
= 0.785 x (78)? = 0.785 x 6084
4775.94 mm?
‘Area of square = 2? = 3042 mm?
Percentage wastage
Area of circle ~ Area of square
‘Area of circle ile
4775.94 -3042
ara “10
1733.94. 199 =
Feps pg *100=36.30
% wastage = 36.30% Ans.
Example 3: W = 66 mm
Solution : In Hexagon
Example 6
D=1155x W
1.155 x 66
Ans.
ution : 1.155 xa
a 1.155 x 16
18.48 mm Ans.
Diameter of outer circle = Diagonal of square PQF
Let side of the square = a
‘According to Pythagoras theorem.
In triangle APOR
PR? = PQ? + QR?
Dts a?+ a?
D= Vira =V22 =z
= 42V2 =42x1414
D = 59.388 mm ‘An
Diameter of inner circle = side of square PORS
d=42mm Ans
Side of Hexagon (a) = 18 mm
Solution : Triangle AOC is equilateral triangle. Then
OA = OC = Ac
Hypotenuse = OC = 2 = 18 mm
In right angle AOBC,
Hypotenuse = OC =
Let Perpendicular OB = h (18)2 = (9)? + (A)?
(4? = 18? - 92
(i)? = 324 = 81 = 243
PP = 243
Perpendicular = OB = A
A= S23 = 15.58 mm
E d=2h
= 15.58 x 2 = 31.16 mm
From the Figure,
Diameter h= radius of inner circle
Circle outside Hexagon = 2x 2
= 2x 18 = 36 mm
Example 7: D = 44 mm
(Hypotenuse)? = (Base)? + (Perpendicular)?
Ans.
Example 8 : D = 82 mm
x= __ mm
Solution : OA = Hypotenuse = 41 mm
__ mm
Solution : r=
M4
=> = 2mm
>
5 rn
A aE
am
®
Radius of outer circle is equal to side of Hexagon
rea=22mm
According to Pythagoras theorem :
(Hypotenuse)? = (Base)? + (Perpendicular)?
2
ae (gf
we (1+
B= 2-117
1? = 484 - 121 = 363
= S365 = 19.05 mm
In figure (i), fis the radius of inner circle
© imnerdiameter= 2r = 2h
= 2 x 19.05
38,10 mm.
Ans.
B = Perpendicular = mm
According to right angle triangle OBA
o. AB
cos 675° = Gy
% = AB = OA cos 675°
= 41 x 09826 = 15.68 mm
x= 2x 15.68 = 31.37 mm
Example 9 : r= 60 m
f= 1200 cm
‘Area of shaded part, A
An
meter?
Road —+
Solution : According to the question,
Radius of small circle, r= 60 m
Breadth, ¢= 1200 cm = 12 m
:. Radius of large circle
Formula :
Ans INTRODUCTION
‘Trigonometry’ is Greek derivation of two words
‘Trigonon’ a triangle and ‘metereo” I measure therefore, it
literally means ‘I measure a triangle’. It is of supreme
importance in all the branches of engineering and physical
science.
Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that studies
Telationship of lengths and angles of triangles.
Many of the geometrical problems can be solved using.
trigonometry.
Mostly, the angles in trigonometry are represented by
Greek symbols 8 (theta), o (alpha), B (beta), and y (gamma).
RELATION BETWEEN SIDES
Ina right-angled triangle, the ratio of its sides with
Tespect to its angles is constant. If the angle is varied, the
Tatio of the sides also changes. The relation of sides to angles
is as given below :
Perpendicular
“Hiypotenuse
©
Opposite side
(Perpendiculat)
c
B (a)
Adjacent side (Base)
Fig. 1: Right Angled Triangle
Base
P cos 8 = Fypotenuse
tan 9 = Perpendicular
Base
Hypotenuse
iy cosee © = Perpendicular
sec 9 = Hypotenuse
Base
6 cot 0 = Base
Perpendicular
2, || TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAE
Itis clear from the trigonometric ratio given in section
1. that the first three ratios are reciprocal of the last three
ratios,
cosec 8 =
8
tan @ cot @ =
tan 0 cot 8 =
sin @ x cosec @ = 1;
cos @ x sec 0 = 1;
tan @ x cot 0 = 1)
mee Fie 1 = Richt Angie ee Let us consider a right angled triangle ABC as shown
et
‘As per the Pythagoras Theorem
(Hypotenuse)? = (Base)? + (Perpendicular)?
eer Pe
owe have an equation 2 = + B i)
Dividing this equation with ¢ throughout
chee 2
megs ee
(ft -
B a
Fig. 2 : Right Angled Triangle
, 2
Perpendicular”
Hypotenuse
Base___)
= (Hiypotenase) * |
= (cos6)? + (sind)?
= (cos? 8) + (sin? 6)
Es 1 = (cos? @ + sin? 0)
or sin? @ + cos? @ = 1
‘Again, dividing eq (i) with 2 throughout
Gil)
e-2+P
eee Bo
“ir ar
Hypotenuse)” _ ‘Perpendicular?
ae ) * Base
or (sec 6)? = 1 + (tan 0)
1+ tan? @ = sec? @
Similarly, dividing eq (i) with # throughout
iii)
Hypotenuse Base
era e eerste
cosec9 = cot8 + 1
; 1 + cot = cosec’® i
«The following formulae derived from above mustbe
remembered. From equation (i)
sin? 0+ cos? 6 = 1
or sin? @ = 1- cos? 0
or = (1)? = (cos 0)
[ A2= BP = (A +B) (A-B))
or sin? 6 = (1 + cos 6) (1 - cos 6)
or sin @ = (1+c0s0)(1-cos®)
Now from equation (iii)
1+ tan? 6 = sec? 8
or see? 0 = 1+ tan? @
or tan? 6 = sec? 8-1
or tan? @ = (sec 6)? - (1)?
or tan? 6'= (sec 0 + 1) (sec @ ~ 1)
or tan 6 = /GecorisecO—1)
Now from equation (iv)
cosec? @ = co O +1
or cot? 0
or cot? 0
or cot? 6
or cot ©
tan 8
20.08 cos@
cot @
= Yi-cos?6 *
sind
SysTEMS OF MEASURING ANGLES
‘There are three systems of measuring the angles:
1, British System,
French System 3, Circular System.
British System
This is called sexagesimal system. In this system, one
gle peed into 90 equal parts which are called
Ss cs anise pee into 60 parts which are called
s, Each minute is further divided i i
a ‘ded into 60 parts which
Parts so divided respectively are denoted as :
‘One degree (1°), one minute (1') and one seconds (1")
Ttmeans, 1 right angle = 90°(90 degrees)
1° (1 degree) = 60' (60 minutes)
1 minute (1') = 60" (60 seconds)
In trigonometry, mostly this system is used.
4.2 French System
This is called centesimal system. In this system, the
right angle is divided into 100 equal parts which are called
grades. Each grade is divided into 100, minutes and each
“minute is divided into 100 seconds.
Parts so divided are respectively denoted as
(One grade (1g), one minute (1') and ene second (1")
1 right angle = 100 grades(100 2)
1 grade (1 g) = 100 miraates (100')
1 minute (1') = 100 seconds (100°)
90° = 100g,
(because each is a right angle)
Note < To use this system many other systems will
‘have to be devised that’s why this systen. is not used.
43 Circular System
It means,
In thissystem,
It is the angle which
length equal to ra
the unit for measuring angles is radian.
is formed at ihe centre by an arc of
dius in a circle.
ratio between the circumference
‘There is one constant r
and diameter of a circle. This is represented by ™
Circumference ~ constant = =
Diameter
Circumference
nd = 2nr [d= 2r]
= xx Diameter
When t= 7 180°
radians = 180°
4 me) BD sadians = 160°
7 ‘ 1 radian = 180 x 37
1 radian = 57. 272
1 radian ~57.3°(@pProx)
Other important formulae of trigonometry
1 sin (A +B) = sinA.cosB + cosA.sinB
+ Wee, sin (AB) = sinA.cosB - cosA.sinB
3. c0s (A + B) = cosA.cosB ~ sinA.sinB
4. cos (A = B) = cosA.cosB + sinA.sinB
_ tan A + tan B
53 fan (A + B) = tan A tan B
_ fan A= tan B_
o) tan (A~B) = 74 tan A tan B
a sinA.sinB = J [cos(A ~ B)~ cos (A + BY]
ae cosA.cosB = 4 [cos(A +B) + cos (A-B)}
tan B = 2 (AtB)
9. tn AttnBs Sonos
10. sin 2A = 2sinA.cosA
i. cos2A = costa ~ sina
= cos? -1
= 1 = 2sin?A
2tanA
12. tan 2A =
13, sin 3A = 3sin A —4 sin’
“4 cos 3A = 4cos?A - Secs A
= tan? A
15. ana A so aa
16 sin As sin Be Din ASE. cos “3
v7. sin A~sinB
18. cos A + cos B
in S28
19. cos A= cos B= - 2in “Z
‘TRIGONOMETRIC VALUES OF
‘Trigonometrical values of 0°, 30°, 45°, 60: andl a ase
often required for common workshop calculeon, jence,
these values should be remembered. The followin tables help
tecoally remember the values for these degrees Table 2 : Natural Sine
—> Row 5
Minutes | Mean Difference |
Sometime estou iterin[ 2 [30% [se] az” | as sa 2 x, 4] se
Eo [e000 [0017 | 0035 052 | 0070 | 0087 | o105_| 0122 | o140_| o1s7 [3 | 6]9} 12} 15
gfe Lass [vss firm 1788 | 1805 | 1822 | 1840 | 1857_| 1974_[ 1801 [3 | 6{ 9] 12} 14
so Tso [sors | 5030] s0as | so60 | 5075 | sov0 | sios_| siz0 | $135 [3 |5{s| ot B
sp Ince 8660 [207s | 8686 | seas | e704 | a7i2 | s7zi_| amo [e7se [1 | 3}4) 6} 7
so [onan [osst_| 9854 | 9857 | 9860 | 9863 | 9866 | 9869 | ve71 | oa [oj i} i} 2 2
90 | 1.000 | el
Table 3 : Natural Cosine
—— Row
Minutes ] Mean Difference
:|| |
6 -
peee iz eo ae ase fe
E 7.00001 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 | 1.0000] 1.0000 | 9999] .9999| "9999 | 999 0 [0
@ assme[ono [9736 | o9s2 | eras 9724_|.9720| 9715| 9711 11
30 ]8480_ 8471 | 8462 | 8453 | 8443 | 434 | sans] sais| 8406 213]
50 |_.6428 | aia | o401_| 6388 | 6374 | 6361_| 6347] 6334{ 6320 2/4
7 1 3090 | 3074| 3057 | 3040 | 3024 | 3007 | 2990| 2974| 2954 | 2s 316]
11219 | oor | 1184 [1167 | 1149-7 1132_[ 11s [1097 1080 | 1063 [3 {6
90 | 0000 | 5 : - rif eae alan = 1
Table 4: Natural Tangent
— Row
— : aa
| Minutes Mean Diligrence |
d a A TT ie
a ae st Ir araya]
j T | 0000] 0017 | 0035 | 0052 |0070 | 0087 | 010s | 0122] O140] ois7] 3 | 6] 9 ral
13] 2509] 2307 | 2345 | 2364 | 2362 [ 2401 | 2419 | 2438] 2456] 2475 3 | of 9 [12 1
“@249| 6273 | 6297] 6322 | 6346 | 6371 | 6395| 6420| 6445] 6169 4 | 8] 12] 16] 20
11916) 1960 | 2002| 2045] 2088 | 2131 | 2174] 2218] 2261] 2305] 7 | 14] 22 [29 36
ae
<< Example 1: Prove : sin?A + cos!A = 1.
Solution : sinA + costA = 1
Lee ere r (Base)
lypotenuse) (Hypotenuse)
[+ (Hypotenuse)? = (Perpendicular)? + (Base)?]
(Perpendicular)? +(Base)*
(Hypotenuse)”
(Hypotenuse)”
= (Hypotenuse)? =!
. LHS. = RHS. Hence proved
Example 2 : Prove : sin“ — cos‘ = sin%0 — cos%
Solution : sin'@ - cos#@ = sin ~ cos’
LHS. = sin‘@ ~ cos!
= (sin28)? - (cos*0)?
[-A?-B? =(A+BYA~B))
= (sin% + c0s76) (sin?0 — cos’)
[+-sin*0+cos*e
(1) (sino - cos’)
sin?@ ~ cos*e = RHS.
LHS. = RHS. Hence proved
Example 3 : Prove the following identities:
@ 1n28=sin? oxcos?
@) cost8
(ii) tand + cot = secd x cosecd
z
an‘
2000570 _ tanto
cos* 6
sin? (1~cos? 6)
Solution : (i)
PS
lnc
Eo cost U J
ye -sin?0
~~ cost 0
sin’ 9 %
= ar pT tanto = RS.
oLHS. = RH Hence proved
(i) tand + cotd = sec x cosecd
LHS, = tand + cot0
sind , cosé
= 050 * sin@
in? 04-cos? 0
—L, = coseod
sin
sin? 6+cos?@ 1
cosdsind ~ sinOcos6
=sec8-cosec = RHS.
LHS. =RHS. Hence proved
Example 4 : If cos0=, find the values of cot®, sind
and tand.
Base
5” Hypotenuse
Base = 4, Hypotenuse = 5
‘According to pythagoras theorem :
(Hypotenuse)? = (Base)? + (Perpendicular)?
(t= + 2
= (5) - (4)?
Solution :cos®
r
= 25-16
x= 0
Perpendicular, x
Base
cot 6 = Perpendicular Ans.
Perpendicular
sin 0 = See Ans.
Hypotenuse
aft ee erpendionarl Mages yeas
Base 4
Example 5 : If cos A = 0.8, find the value of sinA.
Solution : cos A = 0.8
Formula : sin?A + cos?A = 1
sin?A = 1 — cos?A
sin A = V1—cos?A
= i-(08F
= VI-U6f = 036
sin A = 0.6 Ans.
Example 6: Find the values of sin 10°14 and sin
80°57",
Solution : Verify from natural sine tables
sin10°12! = 0.1771
[see along line 10° under column 12! in mean
differences) sin 10°12! = 0.1771
Mean Diff. + 2'= + 6
(See along line 10° under column 2! in mean difference)
sin 10°12) = (0.1771
Mean Diff+2!_= +6 (Adding) Ane.
sin1014" = (0.1777
Example 7 : (i) Find the value of following:
sin30° x cos’45° + tan®45°
(ii) Prove the following :
(cosect +1)(cosec®=1) _ og
(secO=1)(sec0+1)
‘Solution : (i) sin30° x cos™15° + tan? 45°
Substituting trigonometric values of all angles :
2
S (4) +(1°
= dxdt s pet 3 Ans.
+rsin30°=
+c0845°= Je
cosds? =e
.tand5°= 1
__ (cosect+1)(cosec9-1) _ aes
ENteccisiyioccti)
(cosecd +1)(cosecd -1)
LHS= ~(ecd-1)(sec0 +1)
-:(A+B)(A~B)=(A?—B’)
2. (cosec8+1)(cosecd - =(cosee 0-1)
=cot?0
».(sec0+1)(sec0-1) = sec? 0-1 =
-tan? =
cot?@
_ cot?
= tan?0
2,
= 2288 - cot?9-cot?0 = cot'o
‘cot?
LHS. = RS. Hence proved
Example 8 : Prove :
1+cosA___ tanta
T-cosA "(sec A-1)*
" LeeosA‘__tan? A
Solution : T=cosA ~ (secA-I)
“tantA_. secPA-1
RHS.= (ecA=1)? (secA~1)?
(secA +1) (secA-1)
= (eecA~1) (secA=1)
«1+ tan? 6 = sec? 6
tan? 0 = sec? 0-1
sec? @-1=sec?9~(1)?
= (sec A+1)(sec A-1)
1
0080 = oy
1
| -seco= a5
1
te wosAt!
(secA-1)_1_4
cosh
ltcosA
cosA
cosA
‘cos
=LHS.
= i
-it
RUS. Hence proved
nAsB
sin A + sin B
cos A + cos B
tan AtB
Example 9 : Prove : a1
sin A +sinB_,
Solution + cos A + cos B_
‘sind + sinB_
LHS. = cosA + cosB
cosA+cosB =2 cos “+B cos:
A+B
tig tae = Rien
a mo A*B_ gis
mee 2
LHS, = RHS Hence proved
ngled triangle ABC has angle
Example 10 : A right ai
and side a = 6 cm, find side
‘A = 90°, angle B = 60°
band side « [+ 2B = 60%)
Hypotenuse
Perpendicular
A = B
Base
sin 60:
sin 60°
= 3x3
= 3x 1732=5.196em Ans.
Base
cos 8 = Hypotenuse
cos 60° =
ce
= 6x5 =3 Ans.
= 6x5 =3em &
Example 11 : Prove the following trigonometric
relation.
F = _2tanA
A aa
. tanA-tanB
(i) tan(A~B)= 7 tan A.tanB
a __2tanA
Solution : (i)tan2A = -2tan A
A+ tanB
Formula ; tan(A+B) = 72nA
