Here are the notes based on the given transcript:

Applications of Friction

Introduction
Module 4, Lecture 11 of the Engineering Mechanics web-based course.
Previous lecture covered friction in square threads (used in clamps and screw jacks).

Current Lecture Focus: Disc Friction

Applications of Disc Friction:

1. Automobile Brakes
2. Clutches
3. Thrust Bearings / Collar Bearings in machinery

Clutch Mechanism
Working Principle:

Driving Unit (motor or engine) connected to a rotating shaft.

Disc Pad attached to both driving and driven members.
Torque transmission occurs through friction between these pads.
Sufficient normal force and friction are needed to transmit the required torque.

Brake Mechanism
Function:

Disc attached to the wheel of an automobile.

Braking pad (braking shoes) applies normal force on the disc.
Friction between pad and disc slows down the rotating disc, bringing it to a standstill.
Bearings
Application:

Bearings support shafts that transmit torque.

If there is an axial force, it is supported by bearing faces.
Friction must be overcome by an applied moment to keep the shaft in rotary motion.
Goal: Minimize friction to reduce the moment required to maintain rotary motion.

Hollow Shaft and Bearing Analysis

1. Given Data:

Hollow shaft with inside radius (R1) and outside radius (R2).
Axial force P acting on the bearing face.
Applied moment M required to overcome friction.
2. Approach:

Consider a small elemental area (delta A) on the bearing face with:

Normal force (delta N) and frictional force (delta F).

Integrate the forces and moments over the entire area to find the total moment M required
to maintain rotary motion.

Equation Development
Moment due to Frictional Force (delta M):

delta M = R × μk × delta N
​

Where R is the radius, and μk is the coefficient of kinetic friction.

Relationship for Normal Force (delta N):

P
delta N = × delta A
A
​

A is the total area of the disc, and P is the axial load.

 Total Moment Calculation:

2 R23 − R13
M = μk × P × 2
​ ​

3 R2 − R12
​ ​ ​

​ ​

For a solid shaft (R1 = 0):

2
M= μk × P × R
3
​ ​

Example: Conical Pivot Bearing

1. Given Data:
Axial force P and moment M applied to a conical pivot bearing.
Radiuses of contact: R1 (smaller end) and R2 (larger end).
Coefficient of kinetic friction (μk).
2. Approach:
Consider a differential element along the axis of the pivot bearing.
Use free body diagram to write the differential moment equation that has to be resisted for
this element.

These notes summarize the main points of the lecture, focusing on the applications of friction, clutch
and brake mechanisms, bearing analysis, and the mathematical approach to calculate the required
moments for overcoming friction.
1. Frictional Force in Rotational Motion
The frictional force ΔF is related to the change in normal force ΔN by the coefficient of kinetic
friction μk :
​

ΔF = μk × ΔN
​

The differential moment ΔM can be expressed as:

ΔM = rμk ΔN ​

2. Uniform Contact Pressure

For uniform contact pressure on the conical face, the pressure is constant across the contact area.
The pressure P is given by:

ΔN sin θ
P =
ΔA
​

where θ is the semi-conical angle of the pivot bearing.

The moment ΔM is:

ΔA
ΔM = rμk P sin θ
A
​ ​

where A is the total area of contact.

3. Total Area of Contact

The differential element ΔA has an area dA = 2πr cosecantθ dr, where r is the radius and dr is
the differential radius change.
The total area of contact between the pivot bearing and the surface, after integrating from R1 to ​

R2 , is:
​

R2 ​

A=∫ ​ 2πr cosecant θ dr = π cosecant θ (R22 − R12 ) ​ ​

R1 ​

4. Total Moment
Substituting the total area into the equation for the differential moment, we get the total
moment:
R2 ​

2P μk R23 − R13
∫ ΔM =
​ ​ ​

3 sin θ R22 − R12

​ ​ ​

R1 ​
​ ​

This equation gives the moment to overcome to keep the shaft in a rotating condition.
5. Application: Power Transmission via Belt Drives
In a belt drive system, a motor drives a pulley, which transmits torque to machinery.
The system uses belts that wrap over pulleys to transfer torque.

6. Belt Tension and Friction

Tensions T1 (slack side) and T2 (tight side) exist due to the friction between the belt and pulley.
​ ​

The frictional force ΔF is:

ΔF = μs × ΔN ​

where μs is the coefficient of static friction.

​

7. Free Body Diagram of Pulley

The motor generates tension T1 and T2 on opposite sides of the pulley.
​ ​

For equilibrium, the forces along the x and y axes must balance:
The sum of forces along the x-axis:
Δθ Δθ
T + ΔT cos − T cos − μs ΔN = 0
2 2
​ ​ ​

The sum of forces along the y-axis:

Δθ Δθ
ΔN − T + ΔT sin − T sin =0
2 2
​ ​

8. Differential Tension Equation

Simplifying the equations, we get:
dT
− μs T = 0
dθ
​ ​

This integrates to give the relationship between tensions T1 and T2 : ​ ​

T2
= eμ s β
​

T1
​

where β is the total angle of wrap.

9. Maximizing Torque Transmission

The maximum torque that can be transmitted depends on the tension difference T2 − T1 and the
​

radius of the pulley r .

The torque τ is:
 τ = (T2 − T1 ) × r
​ ​

Factors influencing the maximum torque:

Increasing μs (coefficient of friction)
​

Increasing the angle of wrap β

Limiting factors like material properties of the belt and available normal force F .

10. Practical Considerations

The maximum tension is limited by:
The available normal reaction force.
The material strength of the belt.
The torque that can be transmitted is also limited by the maximum possible tension difference
between T2 and T1 .
​ ​

These notes summarize the key points related to friction, moments, and power transmission in a belt
drive system.
Example 1: Rope and Load Problem
Rope mass per unit length: 0.6 kg/m
Length of rope wound on the rod: 2.5 wraps (2.5 times around the horizontal rod)
Self-weight of rope: 0.6 kg/m × 9.81 m/s² = 5.886 N/m
Load on one side of rope: 50 kg (50 × 9.81 = 490.5 N)
Coefficient of static friction: 0.3
Angle of wrap (theta): 5π radians (2.5 times the rope wraps around the rod)
Tension on the side of the rope with the 50 kg load: 508.16 N
Tension on the slack side of the rope: 4.56 N
Required length of hanging rope (x): 0.776 meters

Example 2: Pulley and Cable Problem

Applied force: 200 N
Coefficient of static friction: 0.3
Angle of wrap: 120° (due to 60° angles between cables)
Tensions:

Tension in cable CD (TCD): 79.13 N

Tension in cable AB (TAB): 148.33 N
Angle of applied force (θ): 9.96°
Maximum allowable angle (θ): 9.96°

These are the primary pieces of data necessary to solve the problems discussed in the lecture.