Introduction

DATA
COMMUNICATION
 Data Communications
 The term telecommunication means communication at a distance.
 The word data refers to information presented in whatever form is
agreed upon by the parties creating and using the data.
 Data communications are the exchange of data between two
devices via some form of transmission medium such as a wire cable.
 Fundamental Characteristics of Data Communication

 Delivery
- The system must deliver data to the correct destination.
 Accuracy
- The system must deliver the data accurately.
 Timeliness
- The system must deliver data in a timely manner. Data delivered late are
useless.
 Jitter
- Jitter refers to the variation in the packet arrival time.
Components of a Data Communication System
 Data Representation
 Text
 ASCII, bit patterns
 Numbers
 Image
 Pixel
 RGB , YCM
 Audio
 Video
Data Flow
 Networks
 A network is the interconnection of a set of
devices capable of communication.
 A device can be a host (or an end system as it is
sometimes called) such as a large computer,
desktop, laptop, workstation, cellular phone.
 A device in this definition can also be a
connecting device such as a router, switch, and
modem.
 These devices in a network are connected using
wired or wireless transmission media.
 Network Criteria
 Performance
 Depends on Network Elements and factors such as users, transmission media ,
capabilities of H/W and efficiency of S/W.
 Transit time and response time
 Measured in terms of Delay and Throughput(contradictory)
 Reliability
 Failure rate of network components
 Measured in terms of availability/robustness
 Security
 Data protection against corruption/loss of data due to:
 Errors
 Malicious users
 Physical Structures
 Type of Connection
 Point to Point - single transmitter and
receiver
 Multipoint - multiple recipients of single
transmission

 Physical Topology
 Connection of devices
 Type of transmission - unicast, multicast,
broadcast
 Physical Structures
Topology
 It refers to way in which a network is laid out physically
 The topology of a network is the geometric representation of the relationship of all the links
and linking devices (usually called nodes) to one another.
Mesh Topology
 Every device has a dedicated point to point
link to every other device.
 n(n-1) connection for unidirectional
 n(n-1)/2 no of connection for bidirectional

Advantages:
 Guarantees that each connection can carry its own
data load, eliminates traffic problem.
 Robust
 Privacy and security
 Fault identification and isolation easy

Disadvantages:
 Amount of cabling and space requirement
 Expensive
Star Topology
 Each device has a dedicated point to point
link to a central control device.
 Does not allow direct traffic between devices
 The controller acts as an exchange

Advantages:
 Less expensive compare to mesh
 Easy installation and reconfigure.
 Robustness, if one link fails, only that link is affected .
All other remain active

Disadvantages:

 Single point failure( Hub), whole system is dead

 Bus Topology

 One long cable acts as Backbone to link all the device in network
 Nodes are connected to the bus cable by Taps and Drop lines
 Limits the number of Tabs in cable

Advantages: Disadvantages:
 Easy installation.  Difficult reconnection and fault isolation
 Less cabling then Ring and Mesh topologies.  Difficult to add new device
 Signal reflection at the tab can cause degradation in quality
 Ring Topology

 Dedicated point-to-point connection with only the Two devices on either side of it.
 A signal is passed along the ring in one direction, from device to device, until it reaches its destination.
 Each device in the ring incorporates a repeater.

Advantages: Disadvantages:
 Easy to install and reconfigure.  Unidirectional traffic
 To add and delete a device requires  A break in ring (such as a disabled station) can
changing only two connection disable the entire network
Hybrid Topology

Star backbone with three bus networks

Network Types
 Local Area Networks (LANs)
 Short distances
 Designed to provide local interconnectivity

 Wide Area Networks (WANs)

 Long distances
 Provide connectivity over large areas

 Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)

 Provide connectivity over areas such as a city, a campus
Network Types
 An Isolated LAN Connecting 12 Computers to hub
Network Types
 Switched WAN and a point to point WAN
Network Types
 Heterogeneous network mode of four WANs and two LANs
Application of Networks
 Business Applications of N/Ws

 Resource sharing in bank, finance, manufacturing plant, travel agency

 E-mail
 Video conferencing
 Online shopping
 Goods and services online “e-commerce”.

 Home Network Applications

 Access to remote information

 Surfing
 Online newspaper, digital library..etc.
 Person-to-person communication
 Instant messaging, chatrooms, group communication
 Interactive entertainment
 Electronic commerce

 Distributed Processing
Switching
 An Internet is a Switched networking in which a switch connects at least two links together.
 A Switch needs to forward data from a network to another network when required.
 Circuit-switched and Packet-switched networks
 The Internet
 An internet (note the lowercase i) is two or more networks that can communicate with each other.
 The most notable internet is called the Internet (uppercase I ), and is composed of thousands of
interconnected networks.
 At the top level, the backbones are large networks owned by some communication companies
such as Sprint, Verizon (MCI), AT&T, and NTT.
 The backbone networks are connected through some complex switching systems, called peering
points
 At the second level, there are smaller networks, called provider networks
 The customer networks are networks at the edge of the Internet that actually use the services
provided by the Internet. They pay fees to provider networks for receiving services.
 Backbones and provider networks are also called Internet Service Providers (ISPs).
The Internet
 Accessing the Internet
 Using Telephone Networks
 Dial-up Service
 DSL( Digital Subscriber Line) Service
 Using Cable Networks
 Using Wireless Networks
 Direct Connection to the Internet
Internet History

 ARPA: Advanced Research Projects Agency

 ARPANET: Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
 IMP: interface message processor
 NSFNET: National Science Foundation Network
Internet today
 Rapid growth both in the infrastructure and new applications
 World Wide Web
 Multimedia: VOIP, Video Over IP, View Sharing and Television over IP(PPLive)
 Peer to Peer Applications
Protocol
 A protocol is synonymous with rule.
 It consists of a set of rules that govern data communications.
 It determines what is communicated, how it is communicated and when it is
communicated.
 The key elements of a protocol are syntax, semantics and timing
Elements of Protocol
Syntax
 Structure or format of the data
 Indicates how to read the bits - field delineation
Semantics
 Interprets the meaning of the bits
 Knows which fields define what action
Timing
 When data should be sent and what
 Speed at which data should be sent or speed at which it is being received.
Standards
 Standards are guaranteeing national and international interoperability of data and
telecommunications technology and processes
 Its provide guidelines to manufacturers, vendors, government agencies.
 Request for Comment (RFC).
 Each RFC is edited, assigned a number, and made available to all interested parties
 Data Communication standards fall into two categories : de facto ( “by fact” or “by
convention” )and de jure ( “by low” or “by regulation”)
 Standards Organizations
 International Organization for Standardization(ISO)
 International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication standards Sector(ITU-T)
 Consultative Committee for International Telegraphy and Telephony(CCITT)
 American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
 Electronic Industries Association (EIA)