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6 views

rm2

Uploaded by

harshithashetty188
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DIFFERENT RESEARCH DESIGNS

• (1) research design in case of exploratory


research studies;
• (2) research design in case of descriptive and
diagnostic research studies, and
• (3) research design in case of hypothesis-
testing research studies.
1. Research design in case of
exploratory research studies:
• Exploratory research studies are also termed as
formulative research studies.
• The main purpose of such studies is that of
formulating a problem for more precise
investigation or of developing the working
hypotheses from an operational point of view.
• The major emphasis in such studies is on the
discovery of ideas and insights. As such the
research design appropriate for such studies must
be flexible enough to provide opportunity for
considering different aspects of a problem under
study.
• Generally, the following three methods in the
context of research design for such studies are
talked about:
• (a) the survey of concerning literature;
• (b) the experience survey
• (c) the analysis of ‘insight-stimulating’
examples.
2. Research design in case of descriptive
and diagnostic research studies:
• Descriptive research studies are those studies
which are concerned with describing the
characteristics of a particular individual, or of
a group, whereas diagnostic research studies
determine the frequency with which
something occurs or its association with
something else
The design in such studies must be rigid and not
flexible and must focus attention on the following:

• (a) Formulating the objective of the study (what


the study is about and why is it being made?)
• (b) Designing the methods of data collection
(what techniques of gathering data will be
adopted?)
• (c) Selecting the sample (how much material will
be needed?)
• (d) Collecting the data (where can the required
data be found and with what time period should
the data be related?)
• (e) Processing and analysing the data.
• (f) Reporting the findings.
3. Research design in case of
hypothesis-testing research studies
• Hypothesis-testing research studies (generally
known as experimental studies) are those where
the researcher tests the hypotheses of causal
relationships between variables.
• Such studies require procedures that will not only
reduce bias and increase reliability, but will
permit drawing inferences about causality.
• Usually experiments meet this requirement.
Hence, when we talk of research design in such
studies, we often mean the design of
experiments.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGNS
• Professor Fisher has enumerated three
principles of experimental designs:
• (1) the Principle of Replication;
• (2) the Principle of Randomization;
• (3) Principle of Local Control.
• According to the Principle of Replication, the
experiment should be repeated more than once. Thus,
each treatment is applied in many experimental units
instead of one. By doing so the statistical accuracy of
the experiments is increased.
• For example, suppose we are to examine the effect of
two varieties of rice. For this purpose we may divide the
field into two parts and grow one variety in one part
and the other variety in the other part.
• We can then compare the yield of the two parts and
draw conclusion on that basis. But if we are to apply the
principle of replication to this experiment, then we first
divide the field into several parts, grow one variety in
half of these parts and the other variety in the
remaining parts.
• The Principle of Randomization provides
protection, when we conduct an experiment,
against the effect of extraneous factors by
randomization.
• In other words, this principle indicates that we
should design or plan the experiment in such a
way that the variations caused by extraneous
factors can all be combined under the general
heading of “chance.”
• For instance, if we grow one variety of rice, say, in
the first half of the parts of a field and the other
variety is grown in the other half, then it is just
possible that the soil fertility may be different in
the first half in comparison to the other half
• The Principle of Local Control is another important
principle of experimental designs.
• Under it the extraneous factor, the known source of
variability, is made to vary deliberately over as wide
a range as necessary and this needs to be done in
such a way that the variability it causes can be
measured and hence eliminated from the
experimental error.
• This means that we should plan the experiment in a
manner that we can perform a two-way analysis of
variance, in which the total variability of the data is
divided into three components attributed to
treatments (varieties of rice in our case), the
extraneous factor (soil fertility in our case) and
experimental error.*

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