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ACCORDING TO JEE MAINS
JE

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UNDERSTANDING WHICH ARE

HIGHLY EXPECTED IN JEE MAINS
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EXAM
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ES
JE
 10
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
DEFINITION
An equation containing an independent variable, a dependent variable and the derivatives of the
dependent variable, w.r.t. the independent variable is called a differential equation.

10.1. ORDER OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION.

The order of highest order derivative in a differential equation is the order of the differential equation.

10.1.1. Degree of a differential equation.

The degree of the highest order derivative occuring in a differential equation is called the degree of
the differential equation, provide the differential equation is made free from radicals and fractions in
JE

respect of the derivatives.

Differential Equation Order of D.E. Degree of D.E.
dy
 + 4y = sin x 1 1
ES

dx
4
 d 2 y   dy  5 x
   2 4
 dx 2    dx   y  e
 
an

d 2 y dy
 – + 3y = cosx 2 1
dx 2 dx
ka

dy x4  y4
 = 1 1
dx xy ( x 2  y 2 )
lp

2
dy  dy 
 y=x + a2    b2
dx  dx 

2
dy dy
 (x2 – a2)   –2xy + (y2 – b2) = 0 1 2
 dx  dx

2 3/ 2
d2y   dy  
 
= 1   
dx 2   dx  


2 2 3
 d2y   dy 
    1      0 2 2
 dx 2    dx  
  
2
d2y  dy  2  d2y 
  e    x log  2 2 Not defined
dx 2  dx   dx 

- 10.1 -
 Differential Equations

10.1.2. Formation of Differential Equations

The differential equation of a family of curves of one independent parameter is a differential equation
of the first order; the differential equation of a family of curves of two independent parameters is a
differential equation of second order and the differential equation of a family of curves of n
parameters is a differential equation of nth order.
If a family of curves has one parameter then, to obtain the corresponding differential equation, we
differentiate it once and eliminate the parameter using the equation of family of curves and the equation
we get after differentiation.
Family of curves of two parameters may be differentiated twice to get a relation independent of any
parameter.
Similarly family of curves of n parameters may be differentiated n times for the parameters to be
eliminated.
JE
Example:

y = a sin x + b cos x (a, b are parameters)

dy
ES
 = a  cos x – b  sin x
dx

d2y
 = – a 2 sin x – b 2 cos x
dx 2
an

d2y
 = –2 (a sin x + b cos x)
dx 2
ka

d2y
+ 2 y = 0 is the differential equation.
dx 2
lp

Sample Problem-1:
Find the differential equation of the family of curves y = Aex + Be–x.

dy
Solution: = Aex – Be–x
dx

d2y
= Aex + Be–x = y
dx 2

Sample Problem-2:
Find D.E. of the family of curves y = c(x – c)2, where c is an arbitrary constant.

Solution: y = c(x – c)2

dy
= 2(x – c)c.
dx

- 10.2 -
Differential Equations

xc y 2y
By division, = or c = x – .
2 dy / dx dy / dx
Eliminating c, we get
2
 dy 
  = 4c2 (x – c)2 = 4cy
 dx 
 2y 
= 4 y x  
 dy / dx 
3
 dy   dy 
   = 4y  x dx  2 y 
 dx   

Sample Problem-3:
Find the differential equation of all parabolas which have their vertex at (a, b) and axis is parallel to
x-axis.
JE

Solution: Equation of parabola can be written as (y – b)2 = 4L (x – a) where L is a parameter

dy
 2(y – b) =4L
dx
ES

On eliminating L, we get
dy
( y – b)2 = 2(y – b) (x – a)
dx
Differential equation is,
an

dy
2(x – a) = y – b.
dx
ka

10.2. SOLUTION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

The general solution of a differential equation is a relation between the variable x and y obtained by
integrating the differential equation; the number of unknown constants in the solution is equal to the
lp

order of the differential equation.

Methods to solve the differential equation of first order and first degree

dy
The differential equation is of the form = f (x, y) ...(i)
dx

10.2.1. Separation of variables

dy
If equation (i) can be written as = g (x) h(y) ...(ii)
dx

dy
then  h( y ) =  g (x) dx.

- 10.3 -
 Differential Equations

Sample Problem-4:

dy
Solve = ex+y
dx
Solution: Given equation can be written as

e–y dy = ex dx

–y x
 e dy = e dx

 –e– y = ex + c

i.e., ex + e– y + c = 0 is the solution.

Sample Problem-5:

(cosec x) (log y) dy + x2 y dx = 0.
Solution: Given equation can be written as
JE

log y
dy = – x2 sin x dx
y
ES
Integrate both the sides.
log y
 dy   x 2 sin xdx

y
an

10.2.2. Equation Reducible to Separation of Variables

dy
The differential equation is of the form = function of a line.
dx
ka

dy dy dt
Let = f (ax + by + c), here put ax + by + c = t and a + b = and solve.
dx dx dx
lp

Sample Problem-6:
dy
Solve = cos (x + y).
dx
Solution: Put x + y = t

dy dt
1+ =
dx dx
 Equation becomes

dt
– 1 = cos t
dx

dt
or  1  cos t =  dx

- 10.4 -
Differential Equations

1 t
or x + c = sec 2 dt

2 2

t
= tan
2

x y
x + c = tan .
2

Sample Problem-7:

dy
Solve : (ex + e–x) = (ex – e–x)
dx

e x  e x
Solution: dy = dx
e x  e x
Integrating both sides
JE

e x  e x
 dy   e x  e x
dx

y = ln(ex + e–x) + c
ES

Sample Problem-8:

dy
Solve : = sin (x + y) + cos (x + y).
an

dx

dy dt
Solution: Put x + y = t and   1, which gives variable seperable form.
dx dx
ka

OBJECTIVE QUESTION-10.1 AND 10.2:

1. The differential equation associated with the family of curves y = Ax2 + A2 is

lp

(a) (y)2 + 2x3 y – 4 x2 y = 0 (b) (y)2 – 2x3y – 4x2y = 0

(c) (y)2 + 2 x3 y + 4x2 y = 0 (d) none of these
Hint (a): y = Ax2 + A2 ....(i)

dy  y' 
y'   2 Ax Þ A   
dx  2x 
Put in equation (i)

2. The differential equation of a family of curves such that for a point P on each curve the slope of
the tangent at P is equal to the square of the abscissa of P, is

(a) y = 2x2 (b) y = –x2 (c) y = x2 (d) none of these

- 10.5 -
 Differential Equations

dy
Hint (c): At P(x, y), slope of tangent is  x2
dx

3. The order and the degree of the differential equation ( y)2 – ( y)4 + xy = 0, are

(a) order = 3, degree = 1 (b) order = 3, degree = 2

(c) order = 2, degree = 4 (d) none of these

Hint (b): Order = 3, Degree = 2

4. The differential equation of the family of curves y = a cos (x + b) is

(a) y  + y = 0 (b) y  – y = 0 (c) y + 2y = 0 (d) none of these

Hint (a): y = a cos (x + b) ...(i)

y = – a sin (x + b) ....(ii)

y = –a cos (x + b) ....(iii)

JE

From equation (i), (ii) and (iii)

y + y = 0
ES

5. The differential equation whose solution is (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = a2 (a is a constant), is

(a) [1 + (y)2]3 = a2y (b) [1 + (y)2]3 = a2(y)2
(c) [1 + y]3 = a2(y)2 (d) none of these
an

Hint (c): Differentiating the given equation

2(x – h) + 2(y – k)y¢ = 0
(x – h) + (y – k) y¢ = 0 ......(i)
ka

Again differentiating :
1 + [y2 + (y –k)y] = 0 ....(ii)
lp

From (i) and (ii), find (x – h) and (y – k) and put in given equation.

6. The order of the differential equation whose general solution is given by

y = (C1 + C2)cos(x + C3) – C4ex+ C5 where C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 are arbitrary constants, is
(a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2
Hint (c): Given equation can be written as
y = Cx cos (x + C3) – C4ex. eC5
= Cx cos (x + C3) – C¢ex

where C = C1 + C2 and C¢ = C4 eC5

Now the given equation has ‘3’ arbitrary constants.

So order = 3

- 10.6 -
Differential Equations

7. The differential equation representing the family of curves, y2 = 2c(x + c ), where c is a positive
parameter, is of
(a) order 1 (b) order 2 (c) degree 3 (d) degree 4
Hint (a): y2 = 2c (x + c) ....(i)
 2yy = 2c
 c = yy ; putting in (i)

 y2 –2xy = ( yy ')3

squaring both the sides we get : Order = 1 and Degree = 3

8. The solution of y = ex – y + x2 e–y is

x3 x3
(a) ex – e–y – +A=0 (b) ex + ey + +A=0
3 3
x3
JE

(c) ex – ey + +A=0 (d) none of these

3
Hint (c): Dividing by e–y in both the sides
dy
ES
y
Þ e  e x  x 2 ; variable seperable form.
dx
y x
Þ  e dy   (e  x 2 ) dx

x3
an

y x
Þ e e  c
3

9. The solution of the equation dy / dx = cos (x – y) is

ka

x– y
(a) y  cot  x – y   C (b) x  cot  C
 2   2 
lp

x– y
(c) x  tan  C (d) none of these
 2 
Hint (b): Put x – y = t
dy dt
Hence  1
dx dx
Now equation reduces to variable seperable form

dy 1
10. The equation of the curve passing through (3, 9) which satisfies  x  2 is
dx x
(a) 6xy = 3x3– 6x + 29 (b) 6xy = 3x2– 29x + 6
(c) 6xy = 3x3+ 29x – 6 (d) none of these

 1 
Hint (c):  dy    x  x 2 

dx

- 10.7 -
 Differential Equations

x2 1
Þ y =  c
2 x
Given at x = 3, y = 9 so
9 1
Þ 9  c
2 3

29
Þ c =
6

x 2 1 29
So solution: y   
2 x 6

10.3. HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

dy h ( x, y )
If an equation can be written as = where h(x, y), g(x, y) are homogeneous
dx g ( x, y )
JE

y dy
expressions of the same degree in x and y. To solve this equation, put = v and =v+x
x dx
dv
ES

and solve.
dx

dy xy
Ex.: =
dx x y
an

Sol.: Put y =Vx

dy dV
=V+x
ka

dx dx
Differential equation becomes

dV 1V
lp

V+x =
dx 1V

dV 1V 1V V V 2
x = –V=
dx 1V 1V

1V dx
  1  2V  V 2 dV =  x

1
 – log | 1 – 2 V – V 2 | = log | x | + C
2
 x2 | 1 – 2 V – V 2 | =A

y y2
 x2 1 2  2 =A
x x

 | x 2 – 2 xy – y 2 | =A

- 10.8 -
Differential Equations

10.3.1. Equation reducible to Homogenous form

dy
If = ax  by  c where ab  ab (the lines ax + by + c and ax + by + c are not
dx ax  by  c
parallel) put x = X + h and y = Y + k where h, k are constants satisfying ah + bk + c = 0 and
ah + bk + c = 0, i.e., (h, k) is the point of inter section of the lines ax + by + c = 0 and
ax + by + c = 0.

dy dY aX  bY
Solve for h and k; then =  which is homogeneous in X and Y.
dx dX aX  bY

If ab = ab the lines are parallel then put ax + by = t, which reduces the equation to variable
separable form.

Sample Problem-9:

x2dy + y(x + y)dx = 0 : xy > 0

JE

dy y( x  y )
Solution: =– (Put y = V x)
dx x2
ES

dV
V+x = – V(1 + V )
dx
an

dV dV dx
x = –2V – V 2 or  V (V  2) =– 
dx x
ka

dx 1 1 1 
–  x
=
2   V  V  2  dV
lp

1 V
 –log | x | = (log |V | – log |V + 2 | ) + A0 or x2 = A
2 V 2

y 2
x
 x =A
y
 2
x

yx 2
 = A
y  2x

Sample Problem-10:

 y y y
Solve  xe x  y sin  dx  x sin dy  0 : x > 0
 x x

- 10.9 -
 Differential Equations

 y y y y dy
Solution:  e  sin   sin
x
=0 (Put y = vx)
 x x x dx

 dv 
 (ev – v sin v) + sin v  v  x = 0
 dx 
Integrating, we get
dx
  e v sin v dv  0

x
1 v
log x  e (sin v  cos v ) = A
2
1 y x  y y
 log x = A  e  sin  cos  .
2  x x

Sample Problem-11:
JE

Solve: dy  y  x
dx yx

Solution: Put y = vx ....(i)

ES

dy dv
 v x
dx dx

dv v  1
an

Now given equation is : v  x 

dx v  1

dv v  1  v 2  1
 x 
ka

dx v 1

dx v 1
  2 dv
dx v  v  2
lp

Now integrate both the sides.

Sample Problem-12:

Solve: (x2 – y2) dx – xy dy = 0

dy x 2  y 2
Solution:  , put y = vx
dx xy

dv 1  v 2
 vx 
dx v

dv 1  2v 2
 x 
dx v

- 10.10 -
Differential Equations

v dx
 2
dv 
1  2v x

Integrate and solve.

Sample Problem-13:

dy
Solve: x2 = x2 + 5xy + 4y2
dx

dy x 2  5 xy  4 y 2
Solution:  , put y = vx
dx x2

Sample Problem-14:

Find the equation of the curve through (0, a 2 ) satisfying the differential equation
dy y
 = 3x, a > 0.
JE

dx x2  a2

1
Solution: Integrating factor I.F. = 
dx
x2  a 2
e
ES

= elog x  x 2  a2  = (x  x2  a2 )

2 2 2 2
Now solution: ( x  x  a )  3 x( x  x  a ) + c 
an

Solve and using y(0) = a2, get the volume of c.

Sample Problem-15:
ka

dy ( x  y) 2
Solve the differential equations :  .
dx ( x  2) ( y – 2)
lp

Solution: Put x + 2 = X, y – 2 = Y ...(i)

dY ( X  Y ) 2
so  ; Homogeneous form.
dX XY

Solve by putting Y = vX and in answer replace value of X and Y from (i)

y–2
 2
2y – 4 
4
( x  2) 1    ke x  2
 x2 

10.4. LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

dy
If a differential equation can be written as + P(x).y = Q(x) where P(x) and Q(x) are functions
dx
of x, then, it is called a linear differential equation.

- 10.11 -
 Differential Equations

e
The integrating factor is I.F = P ( x ) dx .

Its solution is y. I.F =  Q( x).I ( x)dx + C

dy 2
Ex.: Solve + y = x3
dx x
2 dx
Sol.: I.F. = e  x = x2
Solution is
3 2
yx 2 =  x .x dx
x6
or x2 y = +A
6
dy y
Ex.: = : y>0
dx y sin y  x
JE
dx y sin y  x
or =
dy y
x
= sin y –
y
ES

dx 1
or  x = sin y
dy y
which is linear differential equation
an

Its solution is xy =  y sin ydy or xy   y cos y  sin y  C .

Sample Problem-16:
ka

x2  y 2
Find the equation of the curve through (1, 0) for which the slope at any point (x, y) is .
2 xy
lp

dy x 2  y 2
Solution: Given  and y(1) = 0
dx 2 xy

Put y = vx and solve yourself.

10.4.1. Equations Reducible to Linear Form
dy
+ Py = Q y n ; P, Q are functions of x
dx
1 dy 1
 n
 P n 1 = Q
y dx y
1 ( n  1) dy dz
Put n 1
= z ; then, – 
y y n dx dx
Differential equation reduces to
1 dz
+ Pz = Q; which is linear.
1  n dx

- 10.12 -
Differential Equations

Sample Problem-17:

dy 
Solve : + (sec x) y = tan x : 0 < x <
dx 2

Solution: I.F. = e  sec x dx = e log (sec x  tan x ) = sec x + tan x

Solution is
y(sec x + tan x) =  tan x (sec x  tan x) dx
2
=  sec x tan x dx +  (sec x  1) dx

= sec x + tan x – x + A
or (y – 1) (sec x + tan x) = A – x

Sample Problem-18:

dy
Solve: = y tan x – 2 sin x.
JE

dx
Solution: I.F. = e– tan x dx = elog cos x = cos x.
y(cos x) = ò–2 sin x cos x dx + c
ES

1
= 2  2 sin xdx  c
cos 2 x
\ y(cos x) = c
2
an

Sample Problem-19:

dy
ka

Solve: + y = e–2x.
dx
Solution: I.F = edx= ex.
lp
x 2 x x

y = e  e .e dx  c
 yex = – e–x + c

Sample Problem-20:

dy 3 x2
Solve : dx  yx
1  x3

3 x2
 1 x2 dx
Solution: I.F. = e  1  x3
y (1 + x3) = x(1 + x3) dx + c
y (1 + x2) = x(1 + x3) dx + c

x 2 x5
y(1 + x2) =  c
2 5

- 10.13 -
 Differential Equations

OBJECTIVE QUESTION-10.3 AND 10.4:

dy
1. If x = y(log y – log x + 1), then the solution of the equation is
dx

x y x y
(a) log y = cy (b) log = cy (c) log y = cx (d) log = cx
x x

 y 
y  log  1
Hint (d): dy   x 
dx x

putting y = vx we have

dv
 v x  v[log v  1]
dx
JE

dv dx
 v log v  x

2. The solution of (x2 + xy)dy = (x2 + y2)dx is

ES

y y
(a) log x = log(x – y) + +c (b) log x = 2log(x – y) + +c
x x

x
an

(c) log x = log(x – y) + y + c (d) none of these

Hint (b): Homegenous form; do yourself.

ka

3. The solution of primitive integral equation (x2 + y2)dy = xy dx, is y = y (x). If y(1) =1 and y(x0) =
e, then x0 is

e2  1
lp

(a) 2(e 2  1) (b) 2(e 2  1) (c) 3e (d)

2

dy xy
Hint (c): dx  2 ; Homogeneous form. Do yourself.
x  y2

dy
4. The solution of (1 + x2) + 2xy – 4x2 = 0 is
dx

4 3 4 3
(a) y (1  x 2 )  x A (b) y (1  x 2 )  x A
3 3

(c) y (1  x 2 ) 
4 3 (d) none of these
x A
3

- 10.14 -
Differential Equations

dy 2x 4x
Hint (a): Given equation is  2
y
dx 1  x 1  x2

2x
I.F. = e  1 x2  (1  x 2 )
dx

4x
y (1 + x2) = 1 x 2
.(1  x 2 )dx  c

 solution is: y (1 + x2) = 2x2 + c

5. The solution of (1 + y2) dx = (tan–1 y – x) dy is

1 y 1 y
(a) x  tan 1 y  1  ce  tan (b) x  tan y  1  ce tan

1 y
(c) x  tan 1 y  1  ce  tan (d) none of these
JE
1 dy 1
Hint (c): Given equation is 2
 1 ....(i)
1  y dx tan y  x

put tan–1y = t
ES

1 dy dt
 
1  y 2 dx dx

dt 1
an

From (i) 
dx t  x

dx
  x  t ; linear differential form
dt
ka

dy
6. The solution of the equation  3 y  sin 2 x is
dx
lp

3 x 1 3 x 1
(a) ye  e (2cos 2x + 3 sin 2x) + c (b) y   (2cos 2x + sin x) + ce3x
13 13

1 1
(c) y   cos (2x – tan–1 3/2) + ce3x (d) y   sin (2x + tan–12/3) +ce3x
13 13
Hint (a,b,c,d):
Linear differential equation. Solve yourself.
dy
7. The general solutions of the differential equation  x  xy is
dx
2 2 2
(a) y  ce  x /2
(b) y  ce x /2
(c) y  ( x  c) e  x /2
(d) None of these

dy
Hint (d):  xy  x . Linear form.
dx

- 10.15 -
 Differential Equations

  xdx
 e x
2
/2
 I.F. = e
2 2
Its solution is ye  x /2
  xe  x /2 dx  c

dy
8. Solution of cos x  y sin x  1 is
dx
(a) y sec x tan x = c (b) y sec x = tan x + c
(c) y tan x = sec x tan x + c (d) none of these
dy sin x 1
Hint (b):  y
dx cos x cos x
sin x
 P dx   dx   log cos x  log(cos x )1
cos x

 e 
Pdx
 (cos x) 1  sec x
JE

 solution is y sec x =  sec x.sec xdx  c  y sec x = tan x + c

dy 1 1
9. Solution of the equation :  tan y  2 tan y sin y is
dx x x
ES

(a) 2x = sin y (1 + 2cx2) (b) 2x = cos y (1 + cx2)

(c) 2x + sin y (1 + cx2) = 0 (d) None of these
Hint (a): Dividing given equation by tan y sin y, we get
an

dy 1 1
cot y cosec y  cosec y  2
dx x x
dy dv
Put cosec y = v   cosec y.cot y. 
ka

dx dx
dv 1 1 dv 1 1
  v 2   v 2
dx x x dx x x
lp

1 1 1
P , Q  2 ,  P dx   dx = – log x = log x–1
x x x
1  1 
I.F. = e 
Pdx 1
 e log x  x 1 1
 sol is: v.x   x  2  dx  c
x 
1 1
 cosec y.  2  c  2 x  sin y (1  2cx 2 )
x 2x
dy 1
10. Solution of the differential equation  y  x 2 y 6 is :
dx x

1 5 5x2 x5 2
(a) x 5 y 5  2 x 2  c  c (c) 5  5 x  c
5 5
(b) x y  (d) none of these
2 y

dy y dy 1 5
Hint (a):   x 2 y 6  y 6  y  x2
dx x dx x

- 10.16 -
Differential Equations

5 6 dy dz
Put y  z   5 y 
dx dx
1 dz 1 dz 5
  z  x 2   z  5 x 2 which is linear in z.
5 dx x dx x

5
e 
Pdx
P  e 5log x  x 5
x

 solution is z.x 5   x 5 (5 x 2 )dx  c

1 5
 x5 y5  2 x2  c

10.5. EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Sometimes given differential equation may be written by using total operator ‘d’ of differentiation
JE

and then integrating it .

Following results are helpful in such problems :

d(xy) = xdy + ydx
ES

1
d ( x 2  y 2 ) = xdx ± yd y
2
x ydx  xdy
d  =
y y2
an

 y xdy  ydx
d  =
x x2
ka

 y xdy  ydx
d log   =
 x xy
 y xdy  ydx
d  tan 1  =
lp

 x x2  y2
 x
d  tan 1  = ydx  xdy
 y x2  y 2
xdy  ydx
d(sin–1 (x y)) =
1  ( xy ) 2

xdy  ydx
Ex.: Solve xdx + ydy + =0
x2  y2
As d(x2 + y2) = 2 (x d x + y d y )
 y xdy  ydx
and d  tan 1  =
 x x2  y2
Differential equation becomes

- 10.17 -
 Differential Equations

1  y
d (x 2 + y 2) + d  tan 1  = 0
2  x

1 y
 d  ( x 2  y 2 )  tan 1   0
2 x
Integrating we get
1 2  1 y 
(x + y2) +  tan x  = C
2  

Sample Problem-21:

Solve: xdy – ydx = x y3 (1 + log x) dx.

ydx  xdy
Solution: – = xy (1 + log x) dx
y2
JE

x
or – d   = xy (1 + log x) dx
 y
ES

x x
or  d   = x2 (1 + log x) dx
y  y 

x x 2
Integrating, –  d  = x (1  log x ) dx
y  y 
an

2
1x x3 x3 1
or    = (1 + log x)  . dx 
2 y
ka

3 3 x

2
1 x x3 x3
or    = (1 + log x) – A
2 y  3 9
lp

Sample Problem-22:

Find the equation of the curve passing through (1, 2) whose differential equation is
y(x + y3)dx = x(y3 – x)dy.

Solution: (xy + y4) dx = (xy3 – x2) dy

or y3 (ydx – xdy) + x(ydx + xdy) = 0

2 3 xdy  ydx y  y 1
or  x y  x d ( xy ) = 0 or  d    2 2 d ( xy ) = 0
x 2 x  x x y

Integrating, we get

- 10.18 -
Differential Equations

2
1 y 1
    = A or y3 + 2x + 2A x2 y = 0
2 x  xy

As it passes through (1, 2), condition is

5
8 + 2 + 4 A = 0  A = –
2
Thus curve is y3 + 2x – 5x2 y = 0.

Sample Problem-23:

dy 3 x 2 y 4  2 xy
Solve the differential equation  2 .
dx x  2x3 y 3

dy
Solution: Differential equation is (3x 2 y 4  2 xy )  ( x 2  2 x3 y 3 ) 0
dx
Divide by y2,
JE

 2 2 x  x2 
 3x y  2  dx   2  2 x 3 y  dy = 0
y y 
  
ES

 x2 
or d  x 3 y 2   =0
 y 
 
x2
 x3 y2 + =C
y
an

OBJECTIVE QUESTION-10.5:

1. The solution of y dx – x dy = xy dx is
ka

(a) y = Ax e–x (b) y = Ax ex (c) y = Ax + e–x (d) none of these

lp

x
d 
ydx  xdy x y
Hint (a): Given: 2
 dx Þ    dx
y y x
 
 y
On integrating both the sides
x
 log y = x + c

2. The solution of (x + y) (dx – dy) = dx + dy is

(a) x – y + A = log | x + y | (b) x + y + A = log (x + y)

(c) x – y + log (x + y) = A (d) none of these

- 10.19 -
 Differential Equations

d ( x  y)
Hint (a): Given d ( x  y )  ( x  y )

On integrating: (x – y) = log (x + y) + c.

3. The solution of the differential equation ydx – xdy = y2 (ydx + xdy) is

x y x
(a) = xy + c. (b) = xy + c (c) = xy + c (d) none of these
y x y2

2
xdy  ydx  y 
Hint (a): Given:     d  xy 
x2 x
2
 y  y
 d      d ( xy )
x x

 y
JE

d 
x
Þ   2  d ( xy )
 
 y
 
x
ES

1
  y / x  xy  c

x
an

 y  xy  c

4. The solution of (y (1 + x–1) + sin y)dx + (x +log x + x cos y)dy = 0 is

ka

(a) (1 + y–1 sin y) + x–1 log x = C (b) (y + sin y) + xy log x = C

(c) xy + y log x + x sin y = C (d) none of these
lp

y 
Hint (c): We have : (xdy + ydx) +  dx  log xdy  + (sin y dx + x cos y dy) = 0
x 

Þ d(xy) + d(y log x) + d (x sin y) = 0

Integrating

Þ xy + y log x + x sin y + c

5. The solution of the differential equation ydx + (x + x2y) dy = 0 is

1
(a)  xy = C (b) log y = Cx
1 1
(c) xy + log y = C (d)  xy + log y = C
Hint (d): Given: xdy + ydx + x2y dy = 0
On dividing by x2y2 we have

- 10.20 -
Differential Equations

xdy  ydx dy
 0
( xy )2 y

d ( xy ) dy
Þ  0
( xy) 2 y
On integrating :
1
  xy  log y  c

6. The solution of (x + log y) dy + y dx = 0 where y (1) = 0 is

(a) y (x – 1 + log y) = 0 (b) y (x + 1 + log y) = 0
(c) x (y + 1) + log y = 0 (d) none of these
Hint (a): We have : xdy + ydx + log y dy = 0
Þ d(xy) + log y dy = 0
JE

Integrating:
Þ xy + (y log y –y)dy = c
* Since òlog x dx = x log x – x + c´
ES

7. The solution of the differential equation (x 2  yx 2 )dy  (y 2  x 2 y 2 )dx  0 is

1 1 1 1
(a) x  y  log y  x  c (b) x  y  log y  x  c

1 1 1 1
an

(c) x  y  log y  x  c (d) x  y  log y  x  c

3 dy
Hint (a): ( x  2 y ) y
dx
ka

dx x 2 dx 1 2
 dy  y  2 y  dy  x  y   2 y
 
This is the linear differential equation
lp

1
I. F.  e  log y 
y

x
Solution of the D. E. is  y2  c
y

8. The equation of the curve satisfying the differential equation y(x + y3) dx = x (y3 – x) dy and passing
through the point (1, 1) is
(a) y3 – 2x + 3x2y = 0 (b) y3 + 2x + 3x2y = 0 (c) y3 + 2x – 3x2y = 0 (d) none of these
Hint (c): y (x + y3) dx = x (y3 – x) dy
 y3 (ydx – xdy) + x (ydx + xdy) = 0

 ydx  xdy  y  y d  xy 
 x2 y3    xd  xy   0   x d  x   x2 y 2  0
 x2   

- 10.21 -
 Differential Equations

2
 y
 
 x  1 c
integrating,  y3 + 2x + 2cx2y = 0
2 xy
3
It passes through the point (1, 1)  c = 
2
the curve is y3 + 2x – 3x2y = 0

9. Solution of ydx – xdy + y2 cosx dx = 0 is

(a) x = –y sinx + cy (b) x = –y cos x + cy
(c) x = y sin x + cy (d) none of these
Hint (a): The given differential equation can be rewritten as

ydx  xdy  x
  cos xdx  d    cos xdy
y2  y

 x
JE
x
 
 d     cos xdx    sin x  c  x = –y sin x + cy,
 y y

which is the required solution.

ES

10. Solution to (y(1+x–1) + sin y)dx + (x + log x + x cos y)dy is

(a) xy + y log x + x cos y = c (b) xy + y log x + x sin y = c
(c) xy – y log x – x sin y = c (d) none of these
an

  1 
Hint (b): Given  y  1   dx  ( x  log x ) dy   [sin ydx  x cos ydy ]
  x 
Þ d(x + log x)y + d (x sin y) = 0; now, integrate both the sides.
ka

MISCELLANEOUS SAMPLE PROBLEMS

lp

Sample Problem-24:

d2y dy
Show that the function y = bex + ce2x is a solution of the D.E. 2
–3 + 2 y = 0.
dx dx

Solution: y = bex + ce2x

dy
= bex + 2 ce2x = y + ce2x
dx

d2y
= bex + 4 ce2x = y + 3ce2x
dx 2

d2y dy
 2 y  0.
 2
–3
dx dx

- 10.22 -
Differential Equations

Sample Problem-25:

dy 1 y 2
Solve : + =0
dx 1 x 2

dy dx
Solution:  =–   sin–1 y = –sin–1 x + C
2 2
1 y 1 x

or sin–1y + sin–1x= C

Sample Problem-26:

Find the equation of the curve that passes through the point P(1, 2) and satisfies the differential
dy  2 xy
equation = 2 : y > 0.
dx x 1
JE

dy 2 xy
Solution: = 
dx x2  1
ES

dy 2x
  y
=–  2
x 1
dx

 log | y | = –log (x2 + 1) + log A0

an

 log(| y| (x2 + 1)) = log A0

 | y | (x2 + 1) = A0 (a constant)
ka

As point P(1, 2) lies on it,

2(1 + 1) = A0 or A0 = 4
lp

 Curve is y(x2 + 1) = 4.

- 10.23 -
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