Lab # 01

Single Phase Transformer Turn Ratio

1.1 OBJECTIVES
1. To determine the transformer turns ratio on no load by voltmeters
2. To determine the transformer, turn ration on load by ammeters
3. To calculate the transformer’s equivalent circuit

1.2 INFORMATION
A single-phase transformer will be investigated in this lab. It is a step-down transformer
220/110V with a center is tapped and a rated power of 300VA with rated frequency of 50
Hz.

1.3 Pre lab work:

1. Ideal Transformer

A transformer is a device used to change voltages and currents of AC electric power. In

the simplest version it consists of two windings wrapped around a magnetic core;
windings are not electrically connected, but they are coupled by the magnetic field, as it
shown in Figure 1.1. When one winding is connected to the AC electric power, the
electric current is generated. This winding is called the primary winding. The primary
current produces the magnetic field and the magnetic flux links the second winding,
called the secondary winding. The AC flux through the secondary winding produces an
AC voltage, so that if some impedance is connected to the terminals, an AC electric
current is supplied.

ip is
(t) * * (t)
+ +

Vp N N Vs
(t) p s (t)
_

Figure 1.1. Sketch of an ideal transformer.

Figure 1.2 shows the schematic symbols of a transformer.

 i p Np Ns i s
(t) (t)
+ * * +

Vp Vs
(t) (t)

i p Np Ns i s
(t) (t)
+ * * +

Vp Vs
(t) (t)

Figure 1.2. Schematic symbols of a transformer.

The simplest model of the transformer is called the ideal transformer and it neglects any power
losses and leakage magnetic fluxes. Assuming that the primary winding has N p turns of wire, and
the secondary winding has Ns turns, the relationship between the primary voltage and the
secondary voltage is
V p (t) N p
= =a
V s (t) N s

where a is the turns ratio in the primary and secondary windings

Np
a=
Ns

Similarly, for the primary and secondary currents

I p (t ) 1
=
I s (t) a

For AC power the same can be also expressed in the phasor notation
Vp Ip 1
=a and =
Vs Is a
 2. Real Transformer
The ideal model of the transformer is sufficient for approximate analysis of the electric
circuits only. For full analysis a more complete model is needed and it should include: core
losses, winding losses, magnetizing current and all leakage magnetic fluxes. It can be shown
that the equivalent circuit in Figure 1.3 fully represents all these effects.

Ip R X R X Is
p p s s
+ +
**
V R jX N N Vs
M p
p s
_
_
Ideal
transformer

Figure 1.3. The model of a real transformer.

The resistance Rp represents the ohmic resistance of the primary winding and R s – of the
secondary winding. The reactance Xp and Xs model the leakage flux of the primary and
secondary windings, respectively. The resistance Rc is responsible for the core losses due to
hysteresis and eddy currents, and X M for the generation of the main flux (magnetizing
reactance).
All impedances on the secondary side of the transformer can be recalculated for the primary
side. This is also known as the referring to the primary side and results in the equivalent
circuit shown in Figure 1.4.

I Is
p R jX a2 ja2
p p
R s X s a
+ +

V R jX
M aVs
p

_
_

Figure 1.4. The transformer model referred to the primary voltage level

3. Equipment’s used in this lab:

1. Variable AC source
The lab’s variable AC source shown in Figure 1.5 is a complex device, which is designed to
provide safety conditions of your experiments. It consists of single-phase transformer,
variac.
 Figure 1.5. Variable AC source.

2. AC Wattmeter

Electric power is measured by means of a wattmeter. This instrument is of the electrodynamic

type. It consists of a pair of fixed coils, known as current coils, and a movable coil known as the
potential coil. A simplified electrodynamics wattmeter circuit is shown in Figure 1.6.

A * A

~ V * R

Figure 1.6. A simplified electrodynamic wattmeter circuit.

Figure 1.7. Lab AC wattmeter

Figure 1.8. Lab AC voltmeter

Figure 1.9. Lab AC Ammeter

 1.4 Symbols on Analog measuring meters and meeting of it:

Figure 1.10. Symbols on Ammeter.

In above picture, few things are highlighted which 70% of the user neglect to watch. These
symbols give entire specification of your analog measuring meter. This specification includes
type and principle of operation, Accuracy of your meter, at what voltage your equipment is tested
(test voltage) as shown below

In above figure 1st symbol shows the type of Current or Voltage it will measure. If its AC It
represented in sinusoidal form if its DC, its represented in dash
PRICIPLE OF OPERATION:
In figure 2nd symbol shows magnet. This indicates the type of operating principle. Usually there
are many types so we will discuss some of the popular type used.

Permanent magnet moving coil (PMMC): it uses PM for creating the stationary magnetic
field between which the coil moves.
Moving Iron (MI): A soft iron piece when attracted or repelled by the magnetic field a
coil is moves. A pointer is attached with the moving piece. Then shows deflection on a calibrated
scale. These instruments are simple cheap and reasonably accurate and can be used for AC or DC
measurement. Hence if finds use in practical fields. Its used for Ammeter, Voltmeter, Wattmeter.
EMMC (Electromagnetic Moving Coil Instrument): This instrument can be used for the
measurement of voltage, current and power. The difference between the PMMC and
dynamometer (EMMC) type instrument is that the permanent magnet is replaced by an
electromagnet. This instrument can be used for the measurement of voltage, current and power.
Class of Accuracy:
This tells how accurate is your meter. The measured value cannot make exactly with the
theoretical value. What are the different ways these can be represented please refer above figure?
figure 1, 1.5 with circle represents the 1.5 percent error with respect to indicated value (the value
at which pointer points)
figure2, 1.5 with arrow down means 1.5 percent error with respect to FSR (full scale reading i.e,
0 to maximum)
figure3, 1.5 with bracket means 1.5 percent error with respect to span (the difference between
minimum and maximum)
figure4, only numbers are shown, then it means error with respect to fiducial value. (In other
words error with respect to maximum reading, say your ammeter can measure from 25 to 50Amps
then 50amps is your fiducial value)
TYPE OF MOUNTING:
How the meter must be installed? these information is given in 4th symbol as shown in the figure.
Figure shows vertical symbol vertically that means you have place meter vertically to get accurate
readings

TEST VOLTAGE:
All electrical equipment is tested with test voltage. In analog measuring instruments, test voltage
is represented by a star symbol. As shown in the above figure

Empty star means it is tested with 500V, Star with number 2 means it is tested with 2KV,
Similarly Star with number 0 means it’s not tested with any test voltage.

1.1 PRE-LABORATORY PREPARATION

Read the information section of the lab manual and lab instruments description. Be ready to
answer questions related to the transformer’s theory and practical measurements.
1.2 In Lab work

1. EQUIPMENT
2. Single-phase transformer 1 No.
3. Variable AC source 1 No.
4. Two Digital mustimeters or analog mustimeters 2 No’s
5. Connecting leads as required

2. PROCEDURE
1. Make the connections as shown in the figure 1.10.
2. Connect the primary to the variac.
3. Connect a volt meter on primary side.
4. Connect a volt meter on secondary side.
5. Socket on the supply and note the readings.

1. Rated Quantities
From the transformer nameplate, note the rated values of S 1, V1, and V2. Calculate the
rated maximum currents for the ammeters on the primary and secondary sides-do not exceed
these values.

2. Turns Ratio
The turns ratio of a transformer is equal to the ratio of primary and secondary voltages
at no-load

N p V p0
a= =
N s V s0

where: VP0 – primary voltage

VS0 – secondary voltage
In order to determine the turns ratio, connect the circuit as shown in Figure 1.11. The
transformer is supplied with a variable voltage and both primary and secondary voltages are
measured and recorded.

3. PRECAUTIONS:
1) The connection should be light.
2) Voltmeter used should be within the voltage range.
3) Take the voltmeters readings very accurately
4) Do not turn the power on before your circuit has been checked by your Teacher!
5) When the layout has been completed, have your Teacher to check your circuit
connections and get his/her signature in your log book.

120 V
VP0 VS0
AC

VARIAC TRANSFORMER

Figure 1.11. Transformer ratio measurements

Starting from VP0 =20V turn the variac knob and slowly increase the input voltage.
Measurements and calculations of the turns ratio should be done for VP0 = 20, 40, 60, 80, 100
and 120 V. Complete all the data in Table 1.1.
VP0 VS0 Turns Ratio
(V) (V)
20
40
60
80
100
120
Average Turns Ratio
Table 1.1. Transformer turns ratio measurements and calculations
 Note: You must copy/print the Signature and Marking Sheet from your manual before
coming to the lab session.

3. Transformer Turn ratio on Load:

1. APPARATUS:

1. Transformer single phase 1 No.

2. Ammeter A.C (0-1-5A) 2 No
3. Variac 1 Now
4. Connecting leads as required

2. THEORY:

The transformation ration of a transformer on load can be obtained from the readings of two
ammeters, one on the primary side and the other on the secondary side.

Figure 1.11. Transformer ratio measurements

3. PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connections as shown in the figure 1.11.

2. Connect the primary to the varies.
3. Connect an ammeter on secondary side.
4. Connect an ammeter on primary side. (5) Switch on the supply and take the readings.

4. CONCLUSION:
Ip
The ratio of transformation is given by, e=
Is

PRECAUTIONS: (1)
 1. The connection should be light.
2. Ammeter used should be within the range of cu
3. Take the readings very accurately.

Ip
S. No. Ip Is e=
Is
1
2
3
4
5
Table 1.2. Transformer turns ratio measurements and calculations

1.3 Post task:

Do the same work in matlab/Simulink and submit on Tuesday next lab (date: --------------------).
 Lab # 02
Open and Short circuit test of Single-Phase Transformer

1.4 OBJECTIVES

4. To perform the no-load or open circuit test

5. To perform the full-load or short circuit tests
6. To calculate the transformer’s equivalent circuit

1.5 INFORMATION

A single-phase transformer will be investigated in this lab. It is a step-down transformer

220/110V with a center is tapped and a rated power of 300VA with rated frequency of 50 Hz.

1.6 Pre-lab work:

1. Ideal Transformer

A transformer is a device used to change voltages and currents of AC electric power. In

the simplest version it consists of two windings wrapped around a magnetic core;
windings are not electrically connected, but they are coupled by the magnetic field, as it
shown in Figure 2.1. When one winding is connected to the AC electric power, the
electric current is generated. This winding is called the primary winding. The primary
current produces the magnetic field and the magnetic flux links the second winding,
called the secondary winding. The AC flux through the secondary winding produces an
AC voltage, so that if some impedance is connected to the terminals, an AC electric
current is supplied.

ip is
(t) * * (t)
+ +

Vp N N Vs
(t) p s (t)
_

Figure 2.1. Sketch of an ideal transformer.

2. Real Transformer
The ideal model of the transformer is sufficient for approximate analysis of the electric
 circuits only. For full analysis a more complete model is needed and it should include: core
losses, winding losses, magnetizing current and all leakage magnetic fluxes. It can be shown
that the equivalent circuit in Figure 2.2 fully represents all these effects.

Ip R X R X Is
p p s s
+ +
**
V R jX N N Vs
M p
p s
_
_
Ideal
transformer

Figure 2.2. The model of a real transformer.

The resistance Rp represents the ohmic resistance of the primary winding and R s – of the
secondary winding. The reactance Xp and Xs model the leakage flux of the primary and
secondary windings, respectively. The resistance Rc is responsible for the core losses due to
hysteresis and eddy currents, and X M for the generation of the main flux (magnetizing
reactance).
All impedances on the secondary side of the transformer can be recalculated for the primary
side. This is also known as the referring to the primary side and results in the equivalent
circuit shown in Figure 2.3.

I Is
p R jX a2 ja2
p p
R s X s a
+ +

V R jX
M aVs
p

_
_

Figure 2.3. The transformer model referred to the primary voltage level
3. Determining Equivalent Circuit
Experimental determination of all elements in the transformer equivalent circuit involves three
tests:
1. measurement of the primary resistance
2. open-circuit test
3. short circuit teat

3.1 Measurement of the Primary Resistance

A DC ohmmeter should be connected across the primary terminals and R p should be recorded.
 3.2 Open-Circuit Test
The transformer’s secondary should be open-circuited and primary winding supplied with a
full rated voltage (Figure 2.4). The input voltage (V oc), primary current (Ioc) and power (Poc)
are measured.
i
* (t)
A W p
* + * *
+
V(t V Vp
) ~ (t)

Transform
er

Figure 2.4. Connection for transformer open–circuit test.

primary voltage (Vsc), primary current (Isc) and power (Psc) are measured.
This test is sufficient to calculate the core resistance and magnetizing reactance. The
conductance of the core-loss resistor is given by:
1
GC=
RC
1
BM =
XM
Since these two elements are in parallel, their admittances add and the total excitation
admittance is
1 1
Y E=GC − jB M = -j
RC X M

The magnitude of the excitation admittance can be determined by the Equation given as
I
|Y E|= VOC
OC

The angle of the admittance can be found from knowledge of a circuit power factor.
The open circuit power factor (PF) is given by:

PF  cos  POC VOC IOC

and the power factor angle is given by

  cos1 POC VOC IOC

The power factor is always lagging for a real transformer, so the angle of the current always
lags the angle of the voltage by degrees. Therefore, the admittance YE is
 I OC I OC −1 1 1
Y E= ∠−φ= ∠−cos PF= +
V OC V OC RC jX M
Also,

√
I mag = √ I 02−I e 2And Iron loss
current is
W
I e=
V

3.3 Short-Circuit Test

The transformer’s secondary terminals are short-circuited and the primary voltage is supplied with the
voltage, much reduced comparing with the rated value (Figure 2.5). In practical situation, this voltage is
adjusted so that the primary current is approximately rated, and the primary voltage (V SC), primary
current (ISC) and power (PSC) are measured.

* i i
p
(t) s
(t)
A W
* + * *
+
V(t V Vp
) ~ (t)

Transform
er

Figure 2.5. Connection for transformer short–circuit test.

The magnitude of the series impedances referred to the primary side of the transformer is
V SC
Z SC =
I SC

The short circuit power factor (PF) is given by: PSC VSC I SC
PF  cos 

and the power factor angle is given by

PSC
  cos1
VSC I SC
Therefore,
 0
V SC ∠−0 V SC 0
 Z SC = 0
= ∠φ
I SC ∠−φ I SC

The series impedance ZSC is equal to

Z SC  R  jX
eq eq

1.7 PRE-LABORATORY PREPARATION

Read the information section of the lab manual and lab instruments description. Be ready to answer
questions related to the transformer’s theory and practical measurements.

1.8 In Lab work

1. Open Circuit Test

1.1 EQUIPMENT
6. Single-phase transformer 1 No.
7. Variable AC source 1 No.
8. Voltmeter 1 No.
9. Ammeter 1 No.
10. Wattmeter 1 No.
11. Supply board 1 No.
12. Connecting leads as required

1.2 Procedures:
 Connect the apparatus as shown in Figure 1.6.
 Apply the rated input voltage to the primary winding and leave the secondary side open
 Switch on the main supply and measure input voltage, current, power, and output
voltage.

 Do not turn the power on before your circuit has been checked by your Teacher! When the
layout has been completed, have your Teacher to check your circuit connections and get
his/her signature in your log book.

*
A
o W
* oc
c

120 V
Voc V2
AC

VARIAC TRANSFORMER
 Figure 2.6. Transformer open circuit test measurements
 Starting from Voc =20V turn the variac knob and slowly increase the input voltage.
Complete all the data in Table 2.1.
 Determine the parameters of the magnetizing branch using Equations given in pre-lab portion of
this document.

Table 2.1. Transformer open circuit test measurements and calculations.

Voc Ioc P V YE Req Xeq
oc 20 Ie = cos
I mag
(V) (A) (W) (V) 1/ W/V   
20
40
60
80
100
120

1.3 Precautions:
 Avoid loose connections before switching on the supply
 The voltmeter should be parallel to the circuit
 The Ammeter should be in series in the circuit
 Take the readings very carefully
1.4 Observations:
1. Voltmeter readings:
2. Ammeter readings:
3. Wattmeter readings:

2. Short-Circuit Test
1.5 EQUIPMENT
1. Single-phase transformer 1 No.
2. Variable AC source 1 No.
3. Voltmeter 1 No.
4. Ammeter 1 No.
5. Wattmeter 1 No.
6. Supply board 1 No.
7. Connecting leads as required
 1.6 Procedures:

 Short-circuit the secondary winding through an ammeter as shown in Figure 2.7.

 Do not turn the power on before your circuit has been checked by your Teacher! When the
layout has been completed, have your Teacher to check your circuit connections and get
his/her signature in your logbook.
 Slowly and gradually increase the applied voltage and carefully watch the primary and
secondary currents.
 Measurements and calculations ratio should be done for short circuit current values
specified in Table 2.2.
 Calculate the short circuit impedance as measured from the primary using (Show your
calculations in your lab report).
 Complete all the measurements and calculations in Table 2.2.

*
. A
sc W
* sc

120 V
Vsc A2
AC

VARIAC TRANSFORMER
Figure 2.7. Transformer short circuit test measurements

Table 2.2. Transformer short circuit test measurements and calculations

Isc Vsc P I Z cos  R X
SC 20 SC C M

(A) (V) (W) (A)  


0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

1.7 PRECAUTIONS:
6) The connection should be light.
 7) Voltmeter used should be within the voltage range.
8) Take the voltmeters readings very accurately
9) Do not turn the power on before your circuit has been checked by your Teacher!
10) When the layout has been completed, have your Teacher to check your circuit connections
and get his/her signature in your log book.

1.8 Post task:

Do the same work in matlab/Simulink and submit on Tuesday next lab (date: -----------------).

Lab # 03
Transformer Polarity test

1.9 OBJECTIVES

7. To perform the transformer polarity test

8. To check the additive and subtractive polarity

1.10 INFORMATION

A single-phase transformer polarity test will be investigated in this lab. It is a step-down transformer
220/110V with a center is tapped and a rated power of 300VA with rated frequency of 50 Hz.
 1.11 Pre-lab work:
3.1 Polarity Test of Transformer:
Polarity means the direction of the induced voltages in the primary and the secondary winding of
the transformer. If the two transformers are connected in parallel, then the polarity should be
known for the proper connection of the transformer. There are two types of polarity one is
Additive, and another is Subtractive.

Figure 2.1. polarity types of transformer.

1. Additive Polarity: In additive polarity, the same terminals of the primary and the secondary
windings of the transformer are connected i.e., the dot notation will be out of phase for
1800.

Figure 2.2. Additive polarity type of transformer.

2. Subtractive Polarity: In subtractive polarity, different terminals of the primary and
secondary side of the transformer is connected. In other words the dot notation will be in
phase to each side.
 Figure 2.3. subtractive polarity type of transformer.

Figure 2.4. polarity types of transformer.

Explanation with Connection Diagram
Each of the terminals of the primary, as well as the secondary winding of a transformer, is
alternatively positive and negative with respect to each other as shown in the figure below. Let A1
and A2 be the positive and negative terminal, respectively of the primary side of the transformer and
a1, a2 are the positive and negative terminal of the secondary side of the transformer.
If A1 is connected to a1 and A2 is connected to a2 that means similar terminals of the transformer
are connected, then the polarity is said to be additive. If A1 is connected to a2 and A2 to a1, that
means the opposite terminals are connected to each other, and thus the voltmeter will read the
subtractive polarity.

Figure 2.5. understanding of polarity test.

It is essential to know the relative polarities at any instant of the primary and the secondary
terminals for making the correct connections if the transformers are to be connected in parallel or
they are used in a three-phase circuit.
In the primary side, the terminals are marked as A1 and A2 and from the secondary side, the
terminals are named as a1 and a2. The terminal A1 is connected to one end of the secondary
winding, and a voltmeter is connected between A2 and the other end of the secondary winding.
When the voltmeter reads the difference that is (V1 – V2), the transformer is said to be connected
with opposite polarity know as subtractive polarity and when the voltmeter reads (V1 + V2), the
transformer is said to have additive polarity.

1.12 PRE-LABORATORY PREPARATION

Read the information section of the lab manual and lab instruments description. Be ready to
answer questions related to the transformer’s theory and practical measurements.

1.13 In Lab work

1. Polarity test

1.1 EQUIPMENT
13. Single-phase transformer 1 No.
14. Variable AC source 1 No.
15. Voltmeter 3 No.
16. Supply board 1 No.
17. Connecting leads as required

1.2 Procedure of Polarity Test of Transformer

Figure 2.6. Connection for transformer polarity test.

 Connect the circuit as shown above with a voltmeter (V a) across primary winding and another
voltmeter (Vb) across the secondary winding.
 If available, take down the ratings of the transformer and the turn ratio.
 We connect a voltmeter (Vc) between primary and secondary windings.
 We apply some voltage to the primary side.
 By checking the value in the voltmeter (V c), we can find whether it is additive or subtractive
polarity.
 Do not turn the power on before your circuit has been checked by your Teacher! When the
layout has been completed, have your Teacher to check your circuit connections and get
his/her signature in your log book.
 If additive polarity – Vc should be showing the sum of Va and Vb.
 If subtractive polarity – Vc should be showing the difference between Va and Vb.
 Note: If we require additive polarity, but we have subtractive polarity, we can simply change it by
keeping any of the primary or secondary windings in the same fashion and reversing the winding
connection of the other one. Similarly, if we require subtractive polarity but have additive
polarity, we could do the same procedure as above.
1.3 Precautions:
 Avoid loose connections before switching on the supply
 The voltmeter should be parallel to the circuit
  The Ammeter should be in series in the circuit
 Take the readings very carefully
 Be careful that the max. measuring the voltage of voltmeter Vc should be greater than the sum
of Va (Primary winding) and Vb (Secondary winding) otherwise during the additive polarity, the
sum of Va and Vb comes across it.
1.4 Observations:
Table 1: Subtractive polarity.

S.N Subtractive polarity

Voltage Va Voltage Vb Voltage Vc
o Vc=Va-Vb
1
2
3
4

Table 2: Additive polarity.

S.N Additive polarity

Voltage Va Voltage Vb Voltage Vc
o Vc=Va+Vb
1
2
3
4

1.5 PRECAUTIONS:
11) The connection should be light.
12) Voltmeter used should be within the voltage range.
13) Take the voltmeters readings very accurately
14) Do not turn the power on before your circuit has been checked by your Teacher!
15) When the layout has been completed, have your Teacher to check your circuit
connections and get his/her signature in your log book.

1.6 Post task:

Do the same work in matlab/Simulink and submit on Tuesday next lab (date: ----------------).
 Lab # 04
To find the Efficiency of a Transformer

1.7 OBJECTIVES

9. To perform a test for finding the efficiency of a transformer

10. To find efficiency by direct loading (resistive)
11. To check efficiency by direct loading (inductive load)
12. To check efficiency by back to back test (sumper test)
13. To find the transformer regulation

1.8 INFORMATION

A single-phase transformer regulation and efficiency tests will be investigated in this lab. It is a step-
down transformer 220/110V with a center is tapped and a rated power of 300VA with rated frequency
of 50 Hz.

1.9 Pre-lab work:

THEORY: -
The efficiency and regulation of a transformer on any load condition and at any power
factor condition can be predetermined by O.C. and S.C. test. In this method, the actual
load is not used on transformer. The equivalent circuit parameters of a transformer are
determined by conducting these two tests. The parameters calculated from these test
results are effective in determining the efficiency and regulation of a transformer on
any load condition and at any power factor condition. The advantage of this method is
that without much power loss the tests can be performed and results can be obtained.
Open Circuit Test:
The main purpose of this test is to find the iron loss and no-load current which are
useful in calculating core loss resistance and magnetizing reactance of the transformer.
In O.C. test primary winding is connected to a.c. supply, keeping secondary open.
Sometimes a voltmeter may be connected across secondary as voltmeter resistance is
very high & voltmeter current is negligibly small so that secondary is treated as open
circuit. Usually low voltage side is used as primary and high voltage side as secondary
to conduct O.C. test.
When primary voltage is adjusted to its rated value with the help of variac, readings of
ammeter and wattmeter are to be recorded.
Ammeter gives no load current. Transformer no load current is always very small, 2 to
5 % of its full load current.
As secondary is open, I2 = 0, hence secondary copper losses are zero. And I1 = I0 is very
 low hence copper losses on primary are also very low. Thus, the total copper losses
in
O.C. test is negligibly small, hence neglected. Therefore, the wattmeter reading in O.C.
test gives iron losses which remain constant for all the loads.
Short Circuit Test:
The main purpose of this test is to find full load copper loss and winding parameters
(R01 &X01 or R02 & X02) which are helpful for finding regulation of transformer.
In this test, secondary is short circuited with the help of ammeter. (secondary may
be short circuited with thick copper wire or solid link). As secondary is shorted, its
resistance is very very small and on rated voltage it may draw very large current.
Such large current can cause overheating and burning of the transformer. To limit
this short circuit current, primary is supplied with low/reduced voltage (5 – 15% of
the rated voltage) which is just enough to cause rated current to flow through
primary which can be observed on an ammeter. The reduced voltage can be
adjusted with the help of variac. The wattmeter reading as well as voltmeter,
ammeter readings are recorded.

As the voltage applied is low which is a small fraction of the rated voltage and iron
losses are function of applied voltage, hence iron losses are negligibly small. Since
the currents flowing through the windings are rated currents hence the total copper
loss is full load copper loss. Hence the wattmeter reading is the power loss which is
equal to full load copper losses.

Regulation and Efficiency of a single-phase transformer using direct loading test:

Theory:
This method of calculation of efficiency and regulation of a transformer is entirely
different from the determination of efficiency and regulation by o.c. and s.c. test on
transformer.
In this method secondary of transformer is connected to load. When secondary is
loaded, the secondary current I2 is set up. The magnitude and phase of I 2 with respect
to terminal voltage V2 depends on the type of load (If load is resistive then I2 will be in
phase with V2, for inductive load I2 will lag behind V2 and for capacitive load it will
lead the voltage V2).

Because of this secondary current I2, there is a drop in terminal voltage V2 . Drop in
 voltage depends on the impedance of load & p.f.
For leading p.f. voltage drop may be negative and for lagging p.f. it is always positive.
Since the flux passing through the core is same from no load to full load conditions,
core losses remain same and since the copper losses depend on the square of the
current, they vary with the current.
Regulation is defined as the ratio of change in terminal voltage from no load to
full load to the no load voltage.

V2 (no load) - V2 (full load)

Regulation =  V2 (no load)
Regulation can be found out at any p.f. and at any load current.
Efficiency is defined as the ratio of output power to the input power of the
transformer. Efficiency of a transformer varies with power factor at different loads.

V2 I2 cos ø
 output 
V2I2cos ø  Wi  Wcu
input
Cos ø =1 for resistive load. Wi = iron loss, Wcu =copper loss.

Discussion Questions Figure 2.1.

polarity types of
1. What is regulation and efficiency of a transformer?
transformer.
2. Why is core made from silicon steel alloy and not
ordinary steel?
3. Why the core is made from thin laminations and not a 1.10 P
solid steel core? RE-
4. Why core losses remain almost constant at any load?
LABOR
5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of
ATORY
direct loading method over open circuit and
PREPA
short circuit test?
RATION
6. Justify-open circuit test gives core losses while short
circuit test gives copper losses. Read the
7. Discuss the effect of output power on efficiency and information
regulation.
section of the lab
8. Why reduced voltage is required for s.c. test?
9. Why s.c. test is generally performed with L.V. side short manual and lab
circuited? instruments
10. Why o.c. test is generally performed on L.V. side. description. Be
ready to answer
questions related
to the
transformer’s
theory and
practical
 measurements.
v

Figure 2.1.
polarity types of
transformer.
Observation table
1.11 In Lab work for open circuit
(o.c.) test: -
A)
Sr. Primary
Procedure:
No. rated
A) O.C. test: Voltage
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram. V1
2. Switch on the supply after checking connection (volts)
by concerned teacher. 1
3. Increase the input voltage to the
transformer winding upto rated value
(230V) slowly using dimmer stat.
4. Measure the primary voltage, primary B) cddd
current, primary circuit power and
secondary voltage of transformer. Circuit Diagram :
5. Reduce the voltage slowly using variac. (0- short circuit
6. Switch off the supply and remove connections. 5A) A (s.c.) Test

Circuit Diagram : open circuit (o.c.) Test CT

(0-5A)

A
(0-5A)
1
A
-
r
p
1 r h
- Watt meter V a
Watt mete
p P.f. meter s
h V1 V2
KWH P.f. mete e
a KWH
s 2
e
3
2 0
3
0 v
 5
From Open circuit
0
Test:
H
W0
z cos ϕ 0=
V 1 I0
AC supply V1 I w =I 0 cos ϕ 0
I m=I 0 sin ϕ 0

Observation table for short circuit (s.c.) test:-

Sr Primar Primary Secondary Wattmeter

. y W
N Voltag current current
(F.L.
I1sc I2sc
o e Vsc (Watts)
. (volts (Amp (Amp
) ) )
1

Calculations:

Calculations:
 From O.C. Test :

W0
cos ϕ 0= I w =I 0 cos ϕ 0 I m=I 0 sin ϕ 0
V 1 I0

V1 V1
R0  ; X0 
I 0 cos o I 0 sin o

From S.C. Test :

Rsc Wsc Vsc Z sc 2  R2 sc
 Z sc X sc 
I1 2sc  I1sc
R01  Rsc X 01  X sc
 % Efficiency  KVA rating 103  p. 10 p.f.- load power factor
f. 0
KVA rating 10  p. f .  Wcu  Wi
3

I1[R01 cos  X 01
% Re gulation 100
 sin].
V1
In the above equation: + sign is to be used for lagging p.f.
: - sign is to be used for leading p.f.

Calculate efficiency & regulation at following load power factor-

1. At unity p.f.
2. At 0.8 p.f. lagging
3. At 0.8 p.f. leading

B)

Aim: To determine Regulation and Efficiency of a single- p h a s e transformer using direct

loading test.

Apparatus: -
Single phase dimmer stat, Ammeter (AC), Voltmeter (AC)
Single phase transformer, Wattmeter, Resistive Load Bank
Procedure: -
1) Make the connections as shown in diagram.
2) Keep all the switches of loading rheostat in off position and variac at zero position.
3) Switch on the supply.
4) Apply 230 V to the primary winding.
5) Note down secondary voltage (V2NL) where VNL- No load voltage.
6) Switch on the load and note down all meter readings correctly.
7) Go on increasing the load till the rated secondary current flows up to 8.6 Amp.

Precaution:
1) Do not put on the supply until the circuit is checked by concerned teacher.
2) Do not touch any live part of circuit.
3) Be careful for primary & secondary winding rated current.

Graphs:

1) Output power vs. efficiency

2) Output power vs. regulation.

Result & Conclusion:

Discussion questions:
1) What is regulation and efficiency of a transformer?
2) What are the ranges of efficiency and regulation of a transformer in ideal and
practical condition?
3) Why core losses remain almost constant at any load?
4) What is the condition for maximum efficiency? Derive it.
5) Why wattmeter is not used to measure the secondary power or output power in
direct loading test?
6) What are the advantages and disadvantages of direct loading method over open
circuit (o.c.) and short circuit (s.c.) test?
7) What will happen if the efficiency of a transformer is poor?Explain in terms of losses,
loading capacity and cooling requirements.
8) What will happen if the regulation of a transformer is poor? Have you experienced
the effect of poor regulation, if yes when and where?
Aim: To determine Regulation and Efficiency of a single phase Transformer using direct
loading test.

Apparatus:

Sr. Name of Apparatus Range/Rating Make

No
.
1 Single phase dimmer stat
2 Ammeter (AC)
3 Voltmeter (AC)
4 1-phaseTransformer
5 Multi-function meter
6 Resistive Load Bank

Circuit diagram:-

Circuit Diagram : Direct loading

Test (0-5A)

(0-5A)
CT
A
1- phase
230 v
50Hz L
r V2 A
AC supply V1 r O
Watt mete D
P.f. mete
KWH
 Observation table :-

% Regulation
% Efficiency
voltage V1

Secondary

Secondary
current I1
Primary

Primary

reading

Second
Voltage

current
Sr. No.

power
meter
Watt-

ary
V1 I1 W1 V2 I2 W2  V2 I2 W V V
% Re gu  2NL2L 100
%  2 V
2NL
100
W
1
1 0
2
230 volts constant

3
4
5
6
7
8
9 8.6

1.12 Post task:

Do the same work in matlab/Simulink and submit on Tuesday next lab (date: ------------------).
 Lab 05
Three-Phase Transformers Configurations

1. OBJECTIVES
14. To use three single phase transformers as star to star connected three phase
transformers
15. To use three single phase transformers as star to delta connected three phase
transformers
16. To use three single phase transformers as star to star connected three phase
transformers
17. To use three single phase transformers as star to delta connected three phases
18. transformers
2. INFORMATION
Three single-phase transformers will be investigated for different type of a connections and will
be treated as a three-phase transformer. The three single phase transformers are step-down
(220/110V) with a center is tapped and a rated power of 300VA with rated frequency of 50 Hz
each.
3. Pre-lab work:

3.1. Theory:
Transformer power levels range from very small, low-power applications, such as in consumer
electronics, to very high-power applications, such as in power distribution systems. For
higher-power applications, three-phase transformers are commonly used. At moderate scales,
three single-phase transformers are used; at larger scales, a single multi-leg transformer is
more common. Figure 1 illustrates two possible constructions. Three legs are the minimum.
Frequently, a five-leg transformer structure is used instead—the extra legs provide paths for
unbalanced flux. Regardless of the actual structure, the present lab exercise will treat a three-
phase transformer as if it were three single-phase transformers.
The labeling convention is as follows, and is roughly standard:

• Primary side lines are ABC and neutral N; secondary side are abc and n

A1 B1 C1 A1 B1 C1
+ + + + + +
ˆ V VB VC VA VB VC
A
- ˆ - ˆ -
ˆ - ˆ - ˆ -
A2 B2 C2 A2 B2 C2

a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
+ + + + + +
Va Vb Vc Vˆa Vˆb Vˆc
ˆ - ˆ - ˆ - - - -
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
 (a) Three leg (b) Five leg

Figure 1: Common three-phase transformer constructions.

Figure 2: Three ideal transformers.

• Coils are labeled e.g. A1 and A2, where A1 is the end with the dot (polarity
marking)

• All of the polarities are consistent

• A complete transformer bank will have terminals H1, H2, H3 and possibly H0
(neutral) on the high-voltage (primary) side, X1, X2, X3 and possibly X0 on the low-
voltage (secondary) side
• For clarity, all line and phase voltages will be indicated with two subscripts; for
exam- ple, VˆAB is the voltage measured from line A (positive) to line B (negative)

• Coil voltages will be indicated as e.g. VˆA , meaning the voltage measured from
terminal
A1 (positive) to A2 (negative) of a single coil on a single transformer

• Positive (abc) sequence is assumed throughout

To begin the analysis, the transformers will be treated as if they were ideal. Figure 2
indicates the three transformers as well as the lines and neutrals on the two sides, which
may be connected to the transformers in various ways. Being ideal, they satisfy the following
voltage relationships:
 The three primary coils may be connected in delta or wye, and the three secondary
coils may be connected in delta or wye, for four possible configurations1. For wye-wye
and
Note: 1“Wye” is also called “star,” and “delta” is also called “mesh.”

Figure 3: Wye-Wye connection.

Figure 4: Delta-Delta connection.

delta-delta (Figures 3 and 4), the line voltages are related as

The transformer coils are commonly drawn as shown to imply the 120° phase separation.

Figure 5: Delta-Wye connection.

Figure 6: Wye-Delta connection.

A more common configuration is delta-wye, as shown in Figure 5. With abc sequence,

That is, the secondary line voltage leads the primary voltage by 30°, and is scaled by both
the turns ratio and √3.
Similarly, for the wye-delta configuration of Figure 6, the secondary voltage is

That is, the secondary voltage lags the primary voltage by 30° and is scaled by both the
turns ratio and 1/√3.

Figure 7: Scott-T connection.

Some early power systems were two-phase instead of three-phase, and a few examples re-
main (Philadelpha, PA; Hartford, CT). Whereas the phases in a three-phase set are
displaced by 120°, the phases in a two-phase set are displaced by 90°. To provide two-
phase power from a three-phase source, the Scott-T connection shown in Figure 7 may be
used. The primary windings must have tap locations at 1/2 and √3/2. In fact, many 240 V
transformers have taps at 120 V and 208 V; 208/240 = √3/2 to three significant figures. In
this case,
Again, assuming balanced positive sequence on the primary and rewriting in terms of VˆAB,
the secondary voltages are

Thus, the secondary side has two voltages of equal magnitude, displaced by 90°, as
required.

4. In-Lab work:

4.1. Objective:
To learn how to use 3 single phase transformers as star to star connected 3 phase transformers.

4.2. Apparatus:
 Transformer single phase (3).
 Connecting Leads as required

4.3. Procedure:
 Make the connections as shown in the figure.
 Connect the primary side in star connection as shown in the figure.
 Connect also secondary side in star connection.
 Check the line and phase voltages.

4.4. Precautions:
 Connections should be tight.
 Switch off the main while connecting the connection wires.
 While checking the line and phase voltage the voltmeter should be used within the range of
voltage.
 Make the connections very carefully.

4.5. Circuit Diagram:

 Figure 8: Circuit Diagram.

4.6. Formula:
1
Vp= V
√3 L
Here V L = line to line voltage

Vp = Phase voltage

4.7. Measurements:

1.13 Table 1: Primary phase Voltages:

Va
Vb
Vc
 1.14
1.15 Table 2: Secondary phase Voltages
Va
Vb
Vc

1.16 Table 3: Primary line Voltages:

Vab
Vbc
Vca

1.17 Table 4: Secondary line Voltages:

Vab
Vbc
Vca

4.8. Conclusion:
In this lab we learned how to connect 3 single phase transformers as a star to star 3 phase transformers
using the connecting leads and measuring its line as phase voltages using a Multimeter.

5. 3-Phase star to delta connected Transformer

5.1. Objective:
To learn how to use 3 single phase transformers as star to delta connected 3 phase transformers.

5.2. Apparatus:
 Transformer single phase (3).
 Connecting Leads as required

5.3. Procedure:
 Make the connections as shown in the figure.
 Connect the primary side in star connection as shown in the figure.
 Connect also secondary side in delta connection.
 Check the line and phase voltages.

5.4. Precautions:
 Connections should be tight.
  Switch off the main while connecting the connection wires.
 While checking the line and phase voltage the voltmeter should be used within the range of
voltage.
 Make the connections very carefully.

5.5. Circuit Diagram:

Figure 9: Circuit Diagram.

5.6. Formula:
Primary and secondary line voltages relation is given by;

n
Vl= Vl
√3
Here n = NS/Np

5.7. Measurements:

1.18 Table 4: Primary phase Voltages:

Va
Vb
Vc
 1.19 Table 5: Primary line Voltages:
Vab
Vbc
Vca

1.20 Table 6: Secondary line Voltages:

Vab
Vbc
Vca

5.8. Conclusion:
In this lab we learned how to connect 3 single phase transformers as a star to delta 3 phase transformer
using the connecting leads and measuring its line as phase voltages using a Multimeter.

6. Post-Lab Work:
Do the same work in matlab/Simulink and submit on Tuesday next lab.
 Lab# 06
THE DC SEPRATELY EXCITED SHUNT GENERATOR
Magnetic Characteristics of the DC Shunt Generator

7. OBJECTIVES
19. To study the dc separately excited shunt generator
20. Magnetic Characteristics of the DC Shunt Generator
21. Load Characteristics of the DC Shunt Generator
8. INFORMATION
Three single-phase transformers will be investigated for different type of a connections and will
be treated as a three-phase transformer. The three single phase transformers are step-down
(220/110V) with a center is tapped and a rated power of 300VA with rated frequency of 50 Hz
each.
9. Pre-lab work:

9.1. Theory:

The separately excited generator has many applications. However, it does have the
disadvantage that a separate direct current power source is needed to excite the shunt
field. That is coastally and sometime inconvenient; and the self-excited DC generator is
often more suitable.

In a self-excited generator, the field winding is connected to the generator output. It may be
connected across the output. The way in which the field is connected (Shunt) determines
many of the generator characteristics.

The above generator can have identical construction; self-excitation is possible because of
the residual magnetism in the stator pole pieces. As the armature rotates a small voltage is
induced across its winding. When the field winding is connected in parallel (shunt) with the
armature a small field current will flow. If this small field current is following in the proper
direction, the residual magnetism will be enforced which further increases the armature
voltage and thus, a rapid voltage build up occurs.
If the field current flows in the wrong direction, the residual magnetism will be reduced
and voltage build-up cannot occur. In this case, interchanging the shunt field leads will
correct the situation. It is the purpose of this lab experiment to show these major points.

Background: Shunt generator is also called self-excited generator as field is connected

across the armature so that armature voltage can supply the field current. Some residual
magnetism must exist in the magnetic circuit of the generator because of this residual
magnetism small voltage appears across the armature terminal even when the field current
is disconnected.

On connecting the field, armature voltage increases which in turn increase the field current,
which again builds up the voltage, so this process continues unit a specific voltage is
reached. In actual cases, this build up follows approximately the magnetization curve.

Field circuit resistance is important for the voltage stabilization. If the resistance slope
coincides with somewhat linear portion of the magnetization curve it results in unstable
voltage situation. If resistance is greater than this, build up is insignificant. And for lower
values of resistance, generator will build up higher voltages.

Shunt generator uses a field having suitable impedance across the armature such that the
armature voltage supplies the necessary field current although in some cases separate
external voltage may also be applied.
Use a field current rheostat for simplicity we assume magnetic linearity & find that
Ø ∝ Iƒ
Kₐ Ø = K ƒ I ƒ

For no load condition we have speed relation as

ωm = Vt / Kƒ Iƒ
thus, speed varies inversely with field current speed also varies inversely with load and for
load t we have the following relation

ωm = Ea Ia / T
i.e.
ωm ∝1/T
Where T = Torque applied by load

Important characteristics of shunt generator are

 Residual magnetism is present in the magnetic field and armature system.
 Field is wound such as to aid the residual magnetism.
 Field circuit resistance is less than the critical field current resistance.
10. In-Lab Work:

10.1. Equipment:
 DC Shunt Generator.
 Drive Machine (DC PM Motor)
 R.P.M Meter.
 Power supply for DC Shunt Generator field. (F1, F2 Field Excitation). ∙ DC Drive for
Prime mover.
 Voltmeters.
 Ammeters.
 Rheostat / Field Excitation supply for Generator.
 Load.
 Connecting Leads.

10.2. Procedure:
 Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
 The three-phase motor acting as prime mover for the DC generated, three phase
motor with speed of 1440r.p.m.
 Power up the circuit with rheostat at its maximum.
 Wait for voltage and current to settle down before taking the readings.
 For next readings slowly decrease the resistance, which increases the field current
as well as the voltage. Take care not to decrease the voltage once it is increase by
decreasing the resistance.
 In this way take ten readings of ascending voltages.
 Now start decreasing the voltage step and note the corresponding current & voltage
values. It is important to note that the voltage values this time will be greater for
same current values.
 Now draw the graph between voltage and current, both for ascending and
descending voltages on same graph. Voltage on the y-axis and field current on the x-
axis.

10.3. Circuit Diagram:

Figure 1: Common three-phase transformer constructions.

 Figure 1: Common three-phase transformer constructions.

10.4. Observations:

Table 1: Observation:
Sr. No. Field Current Iƒ (mA) Voltage Generated VG

Ascending Descending

9
 10

Graph:
Field Current Iƒ (mA)

10.5. Comments:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

11. Post-Lab Work:

Do the same work in matlab/Simulink and submit on Tuesday next lab.

EXPERIMENT # 07
To study different parts of a dc machine along with the connections and operation of a self-
excited shunt-wound dc generator when driven with the help of a prime mover
APPARATUS:
Two DC machines of the same type (Model: M-1/EV); one will be used as a shunt-wound DC
generator and another one as a shunt-wound DC motor i.e. the prime mover, a variable DC
power supply (Model: CEM-E-A/EV), connecting wires, voltmeters, and ammeters.
NAMES AND FUNCTIONS OF MAIN PARTS:
1. Yoke

The outer magnetic frame (i.e. casing) is known as yoke. It acts as a protective covering for the
whole machine. It also supports the poles.
2. Armature

Armature is the rotating part of a DC machine. There are slots on the outer periphery of armature
which house armature conductors.
3. Poles & Field Windings

Poles are actually the field magnets. They produce magnetic flux that is cut by the revolving
armature conductors. There may be permanent magnetic poles (having no field windings) or
electromagnetic poles with field windings and energized with DC.
4. Commutator

Commutator acts as a mechanical rectifier and converts AC induced in the rotating armature
conductors into DC at the machine terminals.
5. Brushes

In case of a DC generator, the role of carbon brushes is to collect DC from the commutator and
supply it to an electrical load. Whereas in case of a DC motor, the role of carbon brushes is to
supply external DC to the rotating armature conductors via the commutator.

Armature slot
Armature core
Bearing
PROCEDURE:
 Connect one DC machine as a shunt-wound DC motor and another as a shunt-wound DC
generator according to the circuit diagram.
 The shunt-wound DC motor will be used as a prime-mover to mechanically drive the
armature of the shunt-wound DC generator.
 Note that prime mover is the machine which mechanically drives the shaft of the
generator i.e. which provides mechanical energy to the generator.
 Mechanically couple the shafts (armatures) of the two DC machines.
 Now switch on the DC power supply and gradually increase the input voltage of the
shunt-wound DC motor.
 The shunt-wound DC motor will start rotating and will also mechanically drive the
armature of the shunt-wound DC generator.
 As soon as the armature of the shunt wound-DC generator starts rotating, it will build up
the voltage across its output terminals detectable by a DC voltmeter.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 Figure 1: Circuit Diagram of the experiment.
Table 1: Input and output voltages

Sr. No. Input excitation voltage (VT) Voltage Generated VT (V)

Ascending Descending

10

EXPERIMENT # 08
TO STUDY THE CONNECTIONS AND OPERATION OF A SELF-EXCITED SERIES-
WOUND DC GENERATOR WHEN DRIVEN WITH THE HELP OF A PRIME MOVER
APPARATUS:
Two DC machines of the same type (Model: M-1/EV); one will be used as a series-wound DC
generator and another one as a shunt-wound DC motor i.e. the prime mover, a variable DC
power supply (Model: CEM-E-A/EV), connecting wires, voltmeters, and ammeters.
PROCEDURE:
Connect one DC machine as a shunt-wound DC motor and another as a series-wound DC
generator according to the circuit diagram. The shunt-wound DC motor will be used as a prime-
mover to mechanically drive the armature of the series-wound DC generator.
Note that prime mover is the machine which mechanically drives the shaft of the generator i.e.
which provides mechanical energy to the generator.
Mechanically couple the shafts (armatures) of the two DC machines. Now switch on the DC
power supply and gradually increase the input voltage of the shunt-wound DC motor. The shunt-
wound DC motor will start rotating and will also mechanically drive the armature of the series-
wound DC generator. As soon as the armature of the series-wound DC generator starts rotating,
it will build up the voltage across its output terminals detectable by a DC voltmeter.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

EXPERIMENT # 09:
TO STUDY THE CONNECTIONS AND OPERATION OF A SELF-EXCITED COMPOUND-
WOUND DC GENERATOR (WITH A SHORT-SHUNT CONNECTION) WHEN DRIVEN
WITH THE HELP OF A PRIME MOVER
APPARATUS:
Two DC machines of the same type (Model: M-1/EV); one will be used as a compound-wound
DC generator and another one as a shunt-wound DC motor i.e. the prime mover, a variable DC
power supply (Model: CEM-E-A/EV), connecting wires, voltmeters, and ammeters.
PROCEDURE:
Connect one DC machine as a shunt-wound DC motor and another as a compound-wound DC
generator (with a short-shunt connection) according to the circuit diagram. The shunt-wound DC
motor will be used as a prime-mover to mechanically drive the armature of the compound-wound
DC generator.
Note that prime mover is the machine which mechanically drives the shaft of the generator i.e.
which provides mechanical energy to the generator.
Mechanically couple the shafts (armatures) of the two DC machines. Now switch on the DC
power supply and gradually increase the input voltage of the shunt-wound DC motor. The shunt-
wound DC motor will start rotating and will also mechanically drive the armature of the
compound-wound DC generator. As soon as the armature of the compound-wound DC generator
starts rotating, it will build up the voltage across its output terminals detectable by a DC
voltmeter.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

EXPERIMENT # 11:
TO STUDY THE CONNECTIONS AND OPERATION OF A TACHOGENERATOR AS A
TACHOMETER FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF RPM (OF ROTATING SHAFT )OF A
MACHINE
APPARATUS:
A DC machine (Model: M-1/EV) which will be used as a shunt-wound DC motor),
tachogenerator (Model: M-16/EV), variable DC power supply (Model: CEM-E-A/EV),
connecting wires, voltmeters
PROCEDURE:
Connect the DC machine as a shunt-wound DC motor as shown in the circuit diagram. It will be
used as a prime mover. So mechanically couple the shaft of the shunt-wound DC motor with the
tachogenerator. The objective is to find the RPM of the shunt-wound DC motor. Switch on the
DC power supply and gradually increase the input voltage of the shunt-wound DC motor, it will
speed up accordingly. Connect a DC voltmeter (since tachogenerator is a DC generator) across
the output terminals of the tachogenerator and measure its output voltage. The tachogenerator
has two output voltage scales calibrated in terms of RPM. Such that:
Output Voltage Scale# 1: 300 Volts=5000 RPM ⟹ 0.06 Volts=1 RPM
Output Voltage Scale# 2: 10 Volts=5000 RPM ⟹ 0.002 Volts=1 RPM
Using Output Voltage Scale# 1:
5000 RPM
Unknown RPM of machine= × 95 Volts(measured value)=1500 RPM
300 Volts
Using Output Voltage Scale# 2:
5000 RPM
Unknown RPM of machine= ×3 Volts (measured value)=1500 RPM
10 Volts
It is clear that no matter whether we use scale# 1 or scale # 2, both gives the same value of RPM.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATIONS:
Quantity / Observation No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Voltage on output Scale # 1 (Volts):
Voltage on output Scale # 2 (Volts):
RPM mathematically calculated
(From output scale#1)
RPM mathematically calculated
(From output scale#2)
RPM value obtained from
tachometer