Electrical Machines

Lab # 01
Single Phase Transformer Turn Ratio

1.1 OBJECTIVES
1. To determine the transformer turns ratio on no load by voltmeters
2. To determine the transformer, turn ration on load by ammeters
3. To calculate the transformer’s equivalent circuit

1.2 INFORMATION
A single-phase transformer will be investigated in this lab. It is a step-down transformer 220/110V with a
center is tapped and a rated power of 300VA with rated frequency of 50 Hz.

1.3 Pre-lab work:

1. Ideal Transformer

A transformer is a device used to change voltages and currents of AC electric power. In the simplest version
it consists of two windings wrapped around a magnetic core; windings arenot electrically connected, but
they are coupled by the magnetic field, as it shown in Figure 1.1. When one winding is connected to the
AC electric power, the electric current is generated.This winding is called the primary winding. The primary
current produces the magnetic field and the magnetic flux links the second winding, called the secondary
winding. The AC flux through the secondary winding produces an AC voltage, so that if some impedance is
connected to the terminals, an AC electric current is supplied.

i p (t) i s (t)

Vp (t) Vs (t)
_

Figure 1.1. Sketch of an ideal transformer.

Figure 1.2 shows the schematic symbols of a transformer.
 Figure 1.2. Schematic symbols of a transformer.

The simplest model of the transformer is called the ideal transformer and it neglects any powerlosses and
leakage magnetic fluxes. Assuming that the primary winding has Np turns of wire, and the secondary
winding has Ns turns, the relationship between the primary voltage and the secondary voltage is

𝑉𝑝 (𝑡) 𝑁𝑝
= =𝑎
𝑉𝑠 (𝑡) 𝑁𝑠

where 𝑎 is the turns ratio in the primary and secondary windings

𝑁𝑝
𝑎= 𝑁𝑠
Similarly, for the primary and secondary currents
𝐼𝑝(𝑡) 1
=
𝐼𝑠 (𝑡) 𝑎
For AC power the same can be also expressed in the phasor notation
𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑝 1
=𝑎 and =
𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠 𝑎
 2. Real Transformer

The ideal model of the transformer is sufficient for approximate analysis of the electric circuits only. For
full analysis a more complete model is needed and it should include: core losses, winding losses,
magnetizing current and all leakage magnetic fluxes. It can be shown that the equivalent circuit in Figure
1.3 fully represents all these effects.

Figure 1.3. The model of a real transformer.

The resistance Rp represents the ohmic resistance of the primary winding and Rs – of the secondary
winding. The reactance Xp and Xs model the leakage flux of the primary and secondary windings,
respectively. The resistance Rc is responsible for the core losses due tohysteresis and eddy currents, and
XM for the generation of the main flux (magnetizing reactance).

All impedances on the secondary side of the transformer can be recalculated for the primary side. This is
also known as the referring to the primary side and results in the equivalent circuitshown in Figure 1.4.

Figure 1.4. The transformer model referred to the primary voltage level

3. Equipment’s used in this lab:

1. Variable AC source
The lab’s variable AC source shown in Figure 1.5 is a complex device, which is designed to provide safety
conditions of your experiments. It consists of single-phase transformer, variac.
 Figure 1.5. Variable AC source.
2. AC Wattmeter

Electric power is measured by means of a wattmeter. This instrument is of the electrodynamictype. It

consists of a pair of fixed coils, known as current coils, and a movable coil known as the potential coil. A
simplified electrodynamics wattmeter circuit is shown in Figure 1.6.

Figure 1.6. A simplified electrodynamic wattmeter circuit.

Figure 1.7. Lab AC wattmeter

Figure 1.8. Lab AC voltmeter

Figure 1.9. Lab AC Ammeter

 1.4 Symbols on Analog measuring meters and meeting of it:

Figure 1.10. Symbols on Ammeter.

In above picture, few things are highlighted which 70% of the user neglect to watch. These symbols give
entire specification of your analog measuring meter. This specification includes type and principle of
operation, Accuracy of your meter, at what voltage your equipment is tested (test voltage) as shown below

In above figure 1st symbol shows the type of Current or Voltage it will measure. If its AC It represented in
sinusoidal form if its DC, its represented in dash

PRICIPLE OF OPERATION:
In figure 2nd symbol shows magnet. This indicates the type of operating principle. Usually there are many
types so we will discuss some of the popular type used.
Permanent magnet moving coil (PMMC): it uses PM for creating the stationary magnetic field between
which the coil moves.

Moving Iron (MI): A soft iron piece when attracted or repelled by the magnetic field a coil is moves. A
pointer is attached with the moving piece. Then shows deflection on a calibrated scale. These instruments
are simple cheap and reasonably accurate and can be used for AC or DC measurement. Hence if finds use
in practical fields. Its used for Ammeter, Voltmeter, Wattmeter.

EMMC (Electromagnetic Moving Coil Instrument): This instrument can be used for the measurement of
voltage, current and power. The difference between the PMMC and dynamometer (EMMC) type
instrument is that the permanent magnet is replaced by an electromagnet. This instrument can be used
for the measurement of voltage, current and power.

Class of Accuracy:

This tells how accurate is your meter. The measured value cannot make exactly with the theoretical value.
What are the different ways these can be represented please refer above figure?

figure 1, 1.5 with circle represents the 1.5 percent error with respect to indicated value (the value at which
pointer points)
figure2, 1.5 with arrow down means 1.5 percent error with respect to FSR (full scale reading i.e, 0 to
maximum)

figure3, 1.5 with bracket means 1.5 percent error with respect to span (the difference between minimum
and maximum)

figure4, only numbers are shown, then it means error with respect to fiducial value. (In other words error
with respect to maximum reading, say your ammeter can measure from 25 to 50Amps then 50amps is your
fiducial value)

TYPE OF MOUNTING:

How the meter must be installed? these information is given in 4th symbol as shown in the figure. Figure
shows vertical symbol vertically that means you have place meter vertically to get accurate readings

TEST VOLTAGE:

All electrical equipment is tested with test voltage. In analog measuring instruments, test voltage is
represented by a star symbol. As shown in the above figure

Empty star means it is tested with 500V, Star with number 2 means it is tested with 2KV, Similarly Star with
number 0 means it’s not tested with any test voltage.

1.1 PRE-LABORATORY PREPARATION

Read the information section of the lab manual and lab instruments description. Be ready to answer
questions related to the transformer’s theory and practical measurements.
1.2 In Lab work

1. EQUIPMENT
2. Single-phase transformer 1 No.
3. Variable AC source 1 No.
4. Two Digital mustimeters or analog mustimeters 2 No’s
5. Connecting leads as required

2. PROCEDURE
1. Make the connections as shown in the figure 1.11.
2. Connect the primary to the variac.
3. Connect a volt meter on primary side.
4. Connect a volt meter on secondary side.
5. Socket on the supply and note the readings.
1. Rated Quantities
From the transformer nameplate, note the rated values of S1, V1, and V2. Calculate therated maximum
currents for the ammeters on the primary and secondary sides-do not exceed these values.

2. Turns Ratio
The turns ratio of a transformer is equal to the ratio of primary and secondary voltagesat no-load

𝑁𝑝 𝑉𝑝0
𝑎= =
𝑁𝑠 𝑉𝑠0

where: VP0 – primary voltage VS0 –

secondary voltage
In order to determine the turns ratio, connect the circuit as shown in Figure 1.11. The transformer is
supplied with a variable voltage and both primary and secondary voltages aremeasured and recorded.

3. PRECAUTIONS:
1) The connection should be light.
2) Voltmeter used should be within the voltage range.
3) Take the voltmeters readings very accurately
4) Do not turn the power on before your circuit has been checked by your Teacher!
5) When the layout has been completed, have your Teacher to check your circuit connections
andget his/her signature in your log book.

P0 S0

Figure 1.10. Transformer ratio measurements

Starting from VP0 =20V turn the variac knob and slowly increase the input voltage.

Measurements and calculations of the turns ratio should be done for VP0 = 20, 40, 60, 80, 100and 120 V.
Complete all the data in Table 1.1.

VP0 (V) VS0 (V) Turns Ratio

20
40
60
80
100
120
Average Turns Ratio
Table 1.1. Transformer turns ratio measurements and calculations
 Note: You must copy/print the Signature and Marking Sheet from your manual beforecoming to the
lab session.

3. Transformer Turn ratio on Load:

1. APPARATUS:
1. Transformer single phase 1 No.
2. Ammeter A.C (0-1-5A) 2 No
3. Variac 1 Now
4. Connecting leads as required
2. THEORY:
The transformation ration of a transformer on load can be obtained from the readings of two ammeters,
one on the primary side and the other on the secondary side.

ip is
A1 A2

AC
230 V
P S
Load

Figure 1.11. Transformer ratio measurements

3. PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as shown in the figure 1.11.
2. Connect the primary to the varies.
3. Connect an ammeter on secondary side.
4. Connect an ammeter on primary side. (5) Switch on the supply and take the readings.

4. CONCLUSION:
𝐼𝑝
The ratio of transformation is given by, 𝑒 = 𝐼𝑠

PRECAUTIONS: (1)
1. The connection should be light.
 2. Ammeter used should be within the range of cu
3. Take the readings very accurately.
𝐼𝑝
S. No. Ip Is 𝑒=
𝐼𝑠
1
2
3
4
5
Table 1.2. Transformer turns ratio measurements and calculations

1.3 Post task:

Do the same work in matlab/Simulink and submit on Tuesday next week.