Module 3

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Module 3

► SELECTION AND ITERATION USING PYTHON:- if-else, elif, for loop, range, while loop.

► SEQUENCE DATA TYPES IN PYTHON - list, tuple, set, strings, dictionary, Creating and
using Arrays in Python (using Numpy library).

► DECOMPOSITION AND MODULARIZATION* :- Problem decomposition as a strategy for

solving complex problems, Modularization, Motivation for modularization, Defining and
using functions in Python, Functions with multiple return values

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Python Lists

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A List is a Kind of Collection

► A collection allows us to put many values in a single “variable”

► A collection is nice because we can carry all many values around in one
convenient package.

friends = [ 'Joseph', 'Glenn', 'Sally' ]

carryon = ['socks', 'shirt', 'perfume' ]

► A list is an ordered set of data values. The values that make up a list are
called its elements or items.

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List Constants

► List constants are surrounded by [ ]

and the elements in the list are >>> print([1, 24, 76])
separated by commas [1, 24, 76]

>>> print(['red', 'yellow', 'blue'])

['red', 'yellow', 'blue’]

>>> print(['red', 24, 98.6])

['red', 24, 98.6]

► A list element can be any Python object >>> print([ 1, [5, 6], 7])
- even another list [1, [5, 6], 7]

>>> print([])
► A list can be empty []

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List Constants

>>> digits=list(range(10))
>>> print(digits)
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

► Lists of integers can also be built using >>> naturals=list(range(1,11))

the range() and list() functions >>> print(naturals)
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

>>> mul5=list(range(10,50,5))
>>> print(mul5)
[10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45]

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Looking Inside Lists

► Just like strings, we can get at any single

element in a list using an index
specified in square brackets

Joseph Glenn Sally

0 1 2

>>> friends = [ 'Joseph', 'Glenn', 'Sally' ]

>>> print(friends[1])
Glenn

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We Already Use Lists!

for i in [5, 4, 3, 2, 1] : 5
print(i) 4
3
2
1

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How Long is a List?

► The len() function takes a list as a >>> greet = 'Hello Bob'

parameter and returns the number of >>> print(len(greet))
elements in the list 9

► Actually len() tells us the number of >>> x = [ 1, 2, 'joe', 99]

elements of any set or sequence (such >>> print(len(x))
4
as a string...) >>>

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Lists and Definite Loops

friends = ['Joseph', 'Glenn', 'Sally']

for friend in friends :
print('Happy New Year:', friend)
Happy New Year: Joseph
print('Done!')
Happy New Year: Glenn
Happy New Year: Sally
Done!
z = ['Joseph', 'Glenn', 'Sally']
for x in z :
print('Happy New Year:’, x)
print('Done!')

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List operations

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Concatenating Lists Using +

► We can create a new list by adding two >>> a = [1, 2, 3]

existing lists together >>> b = [4, 5, 6]
>>> c = a + b
>>> print(c)
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
>>> print(a)
[1, 2, 3]

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Repeats a List Using *

► The * operator repeats a list a given >>> binary=[0,1]

number of times: >>> bytesequence=binary*4
>>> print(bytesequence)
[0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1]

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Equality operator works well on lists

► It checks if two lists have the same >>> even=[2,4,6,8]

elements. >>> mul2=[2,4,6,8]
>>> print(even==mul2)
True

>>> composite=[4,6,8]
>>> print(even==composite)
False

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Relational operators also work with lists

>>> prime=[2,3,5] ► Python starts by comparing the first element from each
>>> even=[2,4,6] list.
>>> print(prime>even)
► If they are equal, it goes on to the next element, and so
False
on, until it finds the first pair of elements that are
different and determines the relation between them.
► In this example, prime[0] == even[0].
► Next, prime[1] and even[1] are compared.
► Thus, the resulting relation is ‘<’ and prime > even is thus
False.
► Once the result is determined, the subsequent elements are
skipped.

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Membership operators can be applied to a list as well

>>> even=[2,4,6,8]
>>> composite=[4,6,8]
>>> print(2 in even)
True
>>> print(2 in composite)
False

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Lists Can Be Sliced Using :

>>> t = [9, 41, 12, 3, 74, 15]

>>> t[1:3]
[41,12]

>>> t[:4]
[9, 41, 12, 3] ► Remember: Just like in strings, the
second number is “up to but not
>>> t[3:] including”
[3, 74, 15]

>>> t[:]
[9, 41, 12, 3, 74, 15]

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Lists Can Be Sliced Using :

names = ["Alice", "Bob",

"Charlie", "David", "Emmanuel",
"Fiona"]

last_three = names[-3:]

print(last_three)

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Lists are Mutable

► Strings are “immutable” - we cannot >>> fruit = 'Banana'

change the contents of a string - we >>> fruit[0] = 'b'
Traceback
must make a new string to make any TypeError: 'str' object does not support item
change assignment
>>> x = fruit.lower()
>>> print(x)
Banana

>>> lotto = [2, 14, 26, 41, 63]

>>> print(lotto)
[2, 14, 26, 41, 63]
► Lists are “mutable” - we can change an >>> lotto[2] = 28
element of a list using the index >>> print(lotto) [2, 14, 28,
operator 41, 63]

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Slice operator and mutations

► In Python, the slice operator can be used not only for accessing portions of
sequences but also for modifying mutable sequences like lists.

► By leveraging slicing, you can replace, insert, or remove elements in a list.

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Replacing Elements Using the Slice Operator

► # Replacing a single element

► numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
► numbers[2:3] = [10] # Replace element at index 2 (value 3) with 10
► print(numbers) # Output: [1, 2, 10, 4, 5]

► # Replacing multiple elements

► numbers[1:3] = [20, 30] # Replace elements at index 1 and 2 with 20, 30
► print(numbers) # Output: [1, 20, 30, 4, 5]

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Replacing Elements Using the Slice Operator

► # Replacing 2 elements with 3 elements (expanding the list)

► numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
► numbers[1:3] = [20, 30, 40]
► print(numbers) # Output: [1, 20, 30, 40, 4, 5]

► # Replacing 3 elements with 1 element (shrinking the list)

► numbers[1:4] = [50]
► print(numbers) # Output: [1, 50, 4, 5]

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Inserting Elements Using the Slice Operator
► You can insert new elements into a list at any position by assigning values to an empty slice
(start:stop with start == stop).
► numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
► # Inserting at the beginning
► numbers[0:0] = [10]
► print(numbers) # Output: [10, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

► # Inserting in the middle

► numbers[3:3] = [20, 30]
► print(numbers) # Output: [10, 1, 2, 20, 30, 3, 4, 5]

► # Inserting at the end

► numbers[len(numbers):] = [40]
► print(numbers) # Output: [10, 1, 2, 20, 30, 3, 4, 5, 40]
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Removing Elements Using the Slice Operator
► You can remove elements from a list by assigning an empty list ([ ]) to a slice.
► numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

► # Removing a single element

► numbers[1:2] = [] # Remove element at index 1 (value 2)
► print(numbers) # Output: [1, 3, 4, 5]

► # Removing multiple elements

► numbers[1:3] = [] # Remove elements at index 1 and 2 (values 3 and 4)
► print(numbers) # Output: [1, 5]

► # Removing all elements

► numbers[:] = [] # Remove all elements (empty the list)
► print(numbers) # Output: []
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List methods

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List Methods
Method Description
index() Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified value.

insert() Inserts a specified value at a specified position (index) in the list.

append() Adds a value to the end of the list.
Extends the list by appending elements from another iterable
extend()
(list, tuple, etc.).
remove() Removes the first occurrence of the specified value from the list.
Removes and returns the element at a specified index (default is
pop()
the last element).
Returns the number of times a specified value appears in the
count()
list.
Sorts the list in ascending order (can be customized to sort in
sort()
descending order).
reverse() Reverses the elements of the list in place.

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List Methods
Method Description Example
► Returns the index of the first occurrence of a
specified value. numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
index() ► Syntax: list.index(value) print(numbers.index(30))
► Raises: ValueError if the specified value is not # Output: 2
found.
numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
# Insert 25 at index 2
numbers.insert(2, 25)
► Inserts an element at a specified position. print(numbers)
insert()
► Syntax: list.insert(index, value) # Output: [10, 20, 25, 30, 40,
50]

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List Methods
Method Description Example
numbers = [10, 20, 30]
# Adds 40 to the end of the
► Adds an element at the end of the list. list
append() numbers.append(40)
► Syntax: list.append(value)
print(numbers)
# Output: [10, 20, 30, 40]
numbers = [10, 20, 30]
# Adds all elements from the
► Extends the list by appending elements from second list
numbers.extend([40, 50, 60])
extend() another list (or any iterable). print(numbers)
► Syntax: list.extend(iterable) # Output: [10, 20, 30, 40, 50,
60]

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List Methods
Method Description Example
► Removes the first occurrence of a specified numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 30]
value. # Removes the first occurrence of
30
remove() ► Syntax: list.remove(value) numbers.remove(30)
► Raises: ValueError if the specified value is print(numbers)
not found. # Output: [10, 20, 40, 30]
► Returns the number of occurrences of a numbers = [10, 20, 30, 10, 20, 10]
print(numbers.count(10))
count() specified value.
# Output: 3
► Syntax: list.count(value)

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List Methods
Method Description Example
numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

# Remove and return the element at index 1

► Removes and returns the element at removed_element = numbers.pop(1)
a specified position. print(removed_element) # Output: 20
print(numbers)
► If no index is provided, removes and # Output: [10, 30, 40, 50]
pop()
returns the last element.
► Syntax: list.pop(index) (index # Remove and return the last element
is optional) removed_element = numbers.pop()
print(removed_element) # Output: 50
print(numbers) # Output: [10, 30, 40]

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List Methods
Method Description Example
numbers = [50, 10, 40, 30, 20]
# Sorts in ascending order
numbers.sort()
► Sorts the list in ascending order by default print(numbers)
(can be customized to sort in descending # Output: [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
sort()
order).
► Syntax: list.sort(reverse=False) # Sort in descending order
numbers.sort(reverse=True)
print(numbers)
# Output: [50, 40, 30, 20, 10]

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List Methods
Method Description Example
numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
# Reverses the list
► Reverses the elements of the list in place.
reverse() numbers.reverse()
► Syntax: list.reverse() print(numbers)
# Output: [50, 40, 30, 20, 10]

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Best Friends: Strings and Lists

s = "hello"
lst = list(s)
print(lst) # Output: ['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']

► The list() method converts an iterable (like a string) into a list of its
elements
► When used with a string, it breaks the string down into a list of individual
characters

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Best Friends: Strings and Lists

s = "apple banana cherry“ s2 = "apple,banana,cherry"

# Default delimiter is space # Splitting by comma
fruits = s.split() fruits2 = s2.split(",")
print(fruits) print(fruits2)
# Output: ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry'] # Output: ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

► The split() method is used to split a string into a list, based on a

specified delimiter.
► By default, split() breaks the string at spaces, but you can specify any
character as the delimiter.
► Syntax: string.split(delimiter)

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Exercises - List Slicing

► Objective: How to use slicing to access parts of a list.

► Instructions:
► Create a list of numbers from 1 to 10.

► Print the first 5 elements of the list using slicing.

► Print the last 3 elements using slicing.

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Exercises - List Methods (Append, Insert, Remove)

► Objective: Practice the append(), insert(), and remove() methods.

► Instructions:
► Start with an empty list called colors.

► Use append() to add "red", "green", and "blue" to the list.

► Use insert() to add "yellow" at the second position.

► Use remove() to remove "green" from the list.

► Print the final list.

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Exercises - List Methods (Append, Insert, Remove)

► Objective: Practice the append(), insert(), and remove() methods.

► Instructions:
► Start with an empty list called colors.

► Use append() to add "red", "green", and "blue" to the list.

► Use insert() to add "yellow" at the second position.

► Use remove() to remove "green" from the list.

► Print the final list.

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Exercises - Find the Largest Number in a List

► Objective: How to loop through a list and find the largest element.
► Instructions:
► Create a list of numbers: [12, 75, 34, 99, 45, 67].

► Write a loop to find the largest number in the list.

► Print the largest number.

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Exercises - Find the Largest Number in a List

► Objective: How to loop through a list and find the largest element.
► Instructions:
► Create a list of numbers: [12, 75, 34, 99, 45, 67].

► Write a loop to find the largest number in the list.

► Print the largest number.

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Exercises - Counting Occurrences in a List

► Objective: Use the count() method to count occurrences of a value in a list.

► Instructions
► Create a list: ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple", "apple", "banana"].

► Count how many times "apple" appears in the list.

► Count how many times "banana" appears in the list.

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Exercises - Reversing a List

► Objective: Use the reverse() method to reverse the order of elements in a list.
► Instructions:
► Create a list of numbers: [10, 20, 30, 40, 50].

► Reverse the order of the list.

► Print the reversed list.

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Exercises - Remove Duplicates from a List

► Objective: Remove duplicate elements from a list using a loop or set.

► Approach:
► Create an empty list to store unique elements.

► Loop through the original list, and for each element, check if it is already in the new
list.
► If the element is not in the new list, add it.

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