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Effects of silica nanpowder and silica fume on rheology and strength of high
strength self compacting concrete

Article in Journal of American Science · April 2012

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Journal of American Science, 2012;8(4) http://www.americanscience.org

Effects of silica nanopowder and silica fume on rheology and strength of high strength self compacting
concrete

Mostafa Jalal1*, Ali Reza Pouladkhan2, Ali Akbar Ramezanianpour 3, Hassan. Norouzi4
1.
Young Researchers Club, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
2.
Department of Civil Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
3.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
4.
Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Lenjan branch, Lenjan, Isfahan, Iran
*
Corresponding author: Tel: +98 21 73932487, Email: [email protected] or [email protected]

Abstract: Strength and rheology of high strength self compacting concrete (SCC) containing silica nanopowders
and silica fume have been addressed in the present paper. For this purpose, different mixtures were prepared with
different amounts of nano silica and silica fume admixtures. In order to understand the influence of paste volume on
SCC characteristics, three different binder contents as 400, 450 and 500 kg/m3 were also investigated. For better
comparison of rheological properties, a constant water to binder ratio (w/b= 0.38) was adopted. Rheological
properties were investigated through slump flow time and diameter, V-Funnel flow time and L-box tests.
Mechanical characteristics included compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strengths at the ages of 7, 28 and 90
days. The results showed that compressive and splitting tensile strengths increased in the mixtures containing both
silica fume and nano silica admixtures. Strength enhancement could be due to the fact that the admixtures especially
nanoparticles as a partial replacement of cement could accelerate C–S–H gel formation as a result of increased
crystalline Ca(OH)2 amount at the early ages and hence increase the mechanical properties of SCC specimens.
[Mostafa Jalal, Ali Akbar Ramezanianpour, Ali Reza Pouladkhan, Hassan Norouzi. Effects of silica nanopowder
and silica fume on rheology and strength of high strength self compacting concrete. Journal of American
Science 2012;8(4):270-277]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 36.

Keywords: self compacting concrete; nano silica; silica fume; mechanical properties; rheological properties

1. Introduction al. [8], in SCCs with ground granulated blast furnace

High strength concrete, according to American slag (GGBFS), strength increase can be achieved.
Concrete Institute Committee ACI 363 R [1], is the Kulakowski et al. [9] reviewed the silica fume
concrete which has specific compressive strength of influence on reinforcement corrosion in concrete and
41 MPa or more at 28 days. The HPC offers the effect of metakaolin on transport properties of
significant economic and architectural advantages concrete were also investigated by Shekarchi et al
over NSC in similar situations, and is suited well for [10]. There are several few works on incorporating
constructions that require high durability. nano particles into concrete specimens to achieve
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is also improved physical and mechanical properties which
considered as a concrete which can be placed and most of them have focused on using SiO2 nano
compacted under its own weight with little or no particles [11–15]. High strength SCC seems to be
vibration without segregation or bleeding. It is used promising materials for many applications and
to facilitate and ensure proper filling and good structures. However, this would not be achieved
structural performance of restricted areas and heavily without studying its performance before being widely
reinforced structural members. It has gained adopted in construction. Also, the behavior of
significant importance in recent years because of the structural elements made with high strength SCC
advantages it offers [2–5]. needs better understanding, together with design
Many researchers have used SCC containing provisions.
admixtures to satisfy the great demand for fines The aim of this study is to investigate rheological
needed for this type of concrete, thereby improving and mechanical properties of high strength self
its mechanical, rheological and durability properties compacting concrete incorporating nano silica and
in comparison with normal vibrated concrete (NVC). silica fume. The effect of different binder contents on
Siddique [6] investigated the properties of SCC made the High strength SCC mixtures has also been
with different amounts of fly ash. El-Dieb [7] studied investigated.
mechanical and durability properties of ultra high
strength-fiber reinforced concrete (UHS-FRC) with
self compacting characteristics. According to Fava et

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2. Materials maximum size of 4.75 mm. The particle size

An ASTM Type II Portland cement (PC) was gradation obtained through the sieve analysis and
used to produce the various HPSCC mixtures. In physical properties of the filler, fine and coarse
addition, silica fume and nano silica were used as aggregates are presented in Table 3. All aggregates in
admixtures which are hereafter called Silica Fume this research were used in dry form and the
(SF) and Nano Silica (NS) respectively. Table 1 aggregates are a mixture of eight particle sizes of fine
summarizes physical properties and chemical and coarse aggregates. A polycarboxylic-ether type
composition of the cement and silica fume and table superplasticizer (SP) with a specific gravity of
2 shows the properties of Nano Silica used. The between 1.06 and 1.08 was employed to achieve the
coarse aggregate used was limestone gravel with a desired workability in all concrete mixtures.
nominal maximum size of 12.5 mm. As fine Furthermore viscosity modifying agent (VMA) for
aggregate, a mixture of silica aggregate sand and better stability was used.
crushed limestone (as filler) was used with a

Table 1. Chemical composition and physical properties of cement and silica fume
Chemical analysis (%) Cement Silica fume
Sio2 20< 93.6
Al2O3 6< 1.3
Fe2O3 6< 0.9
CaO <50 0.5
MgO <5 1
SO3 <3 0.4
K2O <1 1.52
Na2O <1 0.45
Loss of ignition <3 3.1
Specific gravity 3.15 2.2
Blaine fineness (cm2/g) 3260 21090

Table 2. Properties of Nano Silica

Diameter (nm) Surface volume ratio Density (g/cm3) Purity (%)
2
(m /g)
15±3 165±17 <0.15 >99.9

Table 3. Sieve analysis and physical properties of the filler, fine and coarse aggregates
Sieve size (mm) Filler (%passing ) Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate
(%passing ) (%passing )
12.5 100 100 97.9
9.5 100 100 79.3
4.75 100 98.38 13.2
2.36 100 76.45 0
1.18 100 46.65 0
0.6 100 39.32 0
0.3 100 15.26 0
0.15 90.9 3.62 0
0.075 33.7 0 0
Bulk density (kg/m3) 1460 1450
Specific gravity (g/m3) 2.619 2.6
Absorption (%) 8 2.72 0.4

3. Grading packing can be achieved when the cumulative

In fact, the packing theory of Fuller and Particle Size Distribution (PSD) obeys Eq. (1) [18]:
Thompson[16] represents a special case of the more  D 
q

P( D)   Equation (1)
general packing equations derived by Andreasen and 
Andersen[17]. According to their theory, optimum  Dmax 

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Journal of American Science, 2012;8(4) http://www.americanscience.org

where P is the fraction that can pass through a sieve Though q=0.37 improves workability because of
with opening diameter D; Dmax is maximum particle increase of finer grains, however it leads to strength
size of the mix. The parameter q has a value between and durability problems of the hardened concrete and
0 and 1, Andreasen and Andersen [17] have found hence it is not suitable to be used in high
that optimum packing is obtained when q = 0.37. The performance concrete mix design. Although strength
grading by Fuller is obtained when q = 0.5 [18]. improvement was expected by using Fuller grading
PSD curve of some of the mixtures used in this curve, but it lead to decrease of finer grains compared
research has been compared with the Fuller and A&A to Andreasen and Andersen and resulted in
optimized PSD curve, shown in Fig. 1. segregation while making self-compacting concrete.
100
In order to reach a more optimal gradation satisfying
90
strength, durability and workability purposes, q=0.45
80 power 0.45 was considered as a base and according to the
available aggregates, it was tried to prepare a
Cumulative finer (%)

modified grading
70

60
power 0.37 modified grading curve which is plotted in Fig. 1.
power 0.5
50

40
4. Mix proportions
30
A total number of 12 concrete mixtures were
20
designed with a constant water/binder (w/b) ratio of
10
0.38 and total binder content of 400, 450 and 500
0
kg/m3. Concrete samples were prepared with 10%
100 10 1 0.1 0.01 and 2% (by weight) replacement of Portland cement
Particle size (D) [mm]
by Silica Fume and Nano Silica respectively. The
Fig. 1. Analysis of actual PSD of aggregates used with other mixture proportions of concrete and binder paste are
models
given in Table 4. The abbreviations used in the study
for labeling the mixtures were adopted in such a way
As shown, the more the PSD curve of the
that they clearly show the main parameters and their
mixtures approaches the Fuller curve (q=0.5), the
amount. SCC stands for high performance self
more the results for the fresh HPSCC tests and
compacting concrete which is followed by the binder
segregation resistance of the mixes are improved. In
content. SF and NS denote Silica Fume and Nano
this paper q=0.45 was used and the modified grading
Silica respectively which are followed by their
curve is shown in Fig. 1. The figure shows four
percentages.
grading curves with three different values of q.

Table 4. Mix proportions of the concrete specimens

No Concrete ID w/b Cement Silica Nano Filler Fine aggregate Coarse Sp VMA
fume silica aggregate
(kg/m3)
1 SCC400 0.38 400 - - 177 1003 578 2.5 2
2 SCC450 0.38 450 - - 177 1003 578 2.81 2.25
3 SCC500 0.38 500 - - 177 1003 578 3.12 2.5
4 SCC400SF10% 0.38 360 40 - 177 1003 578 2.5 2
5 SCC450 SF 10% 0.38 405 45 - 177 1003 578 2.81 2.25
6 SCC500 SF 10% 0.38 450 50 - 177 1003 578 3.12 2.5
7 SCC400NS2% 0.38 392 - 8 177 1003 578 2.5 2
8 SCC450 NS 2% 0.38 441 - 9 177 1003 578 2.81 2.25
9 SCC500 NS 2% 0.38 490 - 10 177 1003 578 3.12 2.5
10 SCC400SF10NS2% 0.38 352 40 8 177 1003 578 2.5 2
11 SCC450SF10NS2% 0.38 396 45 9 177 1003 578 2.81 2.25
12 SCC500SF10NS2% 0.38 440 50 10 177 1003 578 3.12 2.5

5. Mixing procedure (cement, silica fume and nano silica) in a laboratory

Since the SP plays a very important role in the drum mixer. The powder material and aggregates
flowability of SCC mixes [19], a modified mixing were mixed in dry form for 2 minutes. Then half of
procedure was adopted to take the benefit of action of the water containing the whole amount of Super
adsorption of molecules of poly-carboxylic ether plasticizer was poured and mixed for 3 minutes. After
based SP on the cement particles for all the mixes. that, about 1 minute rest was allowed and finally rest
SCC mixtures were prepared by mixing the coarse of the water containing VMA was added into the
aggregates, fine aggregates and powder materials mixture and mixed for 1 minute.

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Journal of American Science, 2012;8(4) http://www.americanscience.org

6. Preparation of the specimens flow time and L-box blocking ratio (ratio of heights
Cubic moulds with dimensions of 150×150×150 at the two edges of L-box) according to the
mm and cylindrical moulds with dimension of ‘‘Specification and Guidelines for SCC” prepared by
100×200 mm were made for compressive and EFNARC (European Federation for Specialist
splitting tensile tests respectively. The moulds for Construction Chemicals and Concrete Systems) [23].
SCC were covered with polyethylene sheets and
moistened for 48 h. Then the specimens were 7.2. Tests on hardened concrete
demoulded and cured in water at a temperature of Tests performed on hardened concrete aimed to
20ºC until the test time. The compressive and determine the mechanical properties including the
splitting tensile strengths of the concrete samples compressive and splitting tensile strengths of the
were determined at 3, 7, 28 and 90 days and the concrete specimens. Compressive strength values
average of two trials was reported. were measured according to BS-1881 [24] on 150 ×
150 × 150 mm cube specimens with two specimens
7. Testing of the specimens for each concrete mix on 3, 7, 28 and 90 days of
When the mixing procedure was completed, tests curing.
were conducted on the fresh concrete to determine The splitting tensile strengths were determined
slump flow time and diameter, V-funnel flow time on 3, 7, 28 and 90 days on cylinders measuring 100-
and L-box height ratio. Segregation was also visually mm diameter and 200 mm height and cured in water
checked during the slump flow test. From each until the date of test according the ASTM C496 [25].
concrete mixture, 150×150×150 mm, 100×100×100 Flexural tests were performed conforming to the
mm cubic and 100×200 mm cylinder specimens were ASTM C293 standard on 50×50×200 mm cubes [26].
cast for the determination of compressive strength,
split tensile strength and durability tests (absorption, 8. Results and discussion
capillary, specific electrical resistance and 8.1. Fresh concrete properties
penetration Cl- ion tests). All specimens were cast in In this experimental program, workability of
one layer without any compaction. At the age of 48 h, SCC was measured by slump flow (D (mm) and T50
the specimens were demolded and stored in water at (sec)), V-funnel, and L-box tests. Table 5 lists the test
21 ± 2 ºC until the date of testing. results performed on fresh concrete. The slump flow
diameters of all mixtures were in the range of 640–
7.1. Tests on fresh concrete 840 mm, slump flow times were less than 2.4 s, and
The flow rate of a SCC mixture is influenced by the V-funnel flow times (sec) were in the range of 4–
its viscosity. When developing an SCC mixture in the 12 s. The lowest V-funnel flow time as 4 s was
laboratory, a relative measure of viscosity is useful. measured for the SCC500N2% while the
The time it takes for the outer edge of the concrete to SCC400NS2%SF10% mixture had the highest flow
spread and reach a diameter of 20 in. (500 mm) from time as 12 s. Incorporating SF and NS in binary and
the time the mold is first raised, based on the ternary systems, generally made the concretes more
procedure described in the slump flow test, provides viscous. In order to increase V-funnel flow time of
a relative measure of the unconfined flow rate of the the concretes, the mineral admixtures as SF were
concrete mixture. For similar materials, this time used in binary blends. The L-box height ratios were
period, termed T50, gives an indication of the in the range of 0.73–0.98. Almost all workability test
viscosity of the SCC mixture [20]. According to results were in the range established by EFNARC
Nagataki and Fujiwara [21], the slump flow [23] except some T50 flow times. T50 measurements
represents the mean diameter of the mass of concrete of some mixtures were less than the lower limit;
after release of a standard slump cone; the diameter is however, all concrete mixtures filled the molds by its
measured in two perpendicular directions. Basic own weight without the need for vibration. In
workability requirements for an acceptable SCC are addition to the above properties, visual inspection of
summarized by Khayat [22] as; excellent fresh concrete did not indicate any segregation or
deformability, good stability, and lower risk of considerable bleeding in any of the mixtures
blockage. containing SF and NS during the slump flow, V
Workability properties of SCC mixtures in this funnel and L box tests; however, a little bleeding was
study were evaluated through the measurement of observed in the control specimens without any SF
slump flow time (T50) to reach a concrete 50 cm and NS.
spread circle, slump flow diameter (D), V-funnel

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Table 5. Fresh properties of SCC mixtures

Mix No Concrete ID Slump Flow V funnel flow L box
D (mm) T50 (sec) time H2/H1
(sec)
1 SCC400 750 2 9 0.73
2 SCC450 800 1.7 5 0.78
3 SCC500 840 1.5 4 0.84
4 SCC400SF10% 650 2.2 10 0.81
5 SCC450SF10% 700 2.1 7 0.9
6 SCC500SF10% 760 2.2 5 0.96
7 SCC400NS2% 740 2.1 10 0.75
8 SCC450NS2% 790 1.9 6 0.8
9 SCC500NS2% 820 1.7 4 0.85
10 SCC400SF10NS2% 640 2.4 12 0.84
11 SCC450SF10NS2% 700 2.3 8 0.93
12 SCC500SF10NS2% 740 2.1 6 0.98
Acceptance criteria of SCC suggested by Slump flow V funnel flow L box
ERNARC D (mm) T50 (sec) time H2/H1
(sec)
Min 650 2 6 0.8
Max 800 5 12 1

The effect of including SF and NS with various

binder content: 400 kg/m3 binder content: 450 kg/m3
volume fractions decreased flowability binder content: 500 kg/m3
characteristics; however, they can improve the 14

consistency of concrete mixtures. Less bleeding and 12

segregation were also observed in the mixtures 10
containing SF+NS. Variations of Slump Flow (mm) 8
V funnel (sec) and L box are shown in Figs. 2, 3 and 6
4 respectively. Generally it can be inferred from the 4
figures that rheological properties of the mixtures 2
containing 2% NS were close to those of the mixtures 0 SCC
without admixtures (SCC in the figures) and addition SCC-SF10% SCC-NS2% SCC-SF10+NS2%

of 2% NS did not change the workability Fig. 3. Variations of V funnel (sec) based on binder content
significantly. However, the rheological properties
changed more in the mixtures containing 10% SF and binder content: 400 kg/m3 binder content: 450 kg/m3
10% SF+2% NS and the concrete matrix gets more 1.2
binder content: 500 kg/m3

viscous and in other words, the consistency of the

1
matrix increase which can result in less bleeding and
0.8
segregation.
0.6

0.4
binder content: 400 kg/m3 binder content: 450 kg/m3
binder content: 500 kg/m3 0.2
900
800 0
SCC SCC-SF10% SCC-NS2% SCC-SF10+NS2%
700
600 Fig. 4. Variations of L-box ratio based on binder content
500
400
300 8.2. Mechanical properties
200 The results of compressive, split tensile and
100
0 flexural strengths are given in table 6. This table
SCC SCC-SF10% SCC-NS2% SCC-SF10+NS2%
presents the average of the compressive strength as
Fig. 2. Variations of slump flow diameter based on binder content
determined from two cubic specimens and splitting
tensile strength as reported from two cylindrical
specimens at each age. Increasing the SF content
increased the compressive strength considerably,
especially at older ages. Compared to control
specimens, replacement by 10% SF in binary
mixtures increased the compressive strength for
binder content of 400, 450 and 500 by 34, 9 and 9%,

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Journal of American Science, 2012;8(4) http://www.americanscience.org

17.5, 12 and 11%, 9, 21 and 23% at 7, 28 and 90 days 28 and 90 days respectively. Generally in binary
respectively. Replacement by 2% NS in binary mixtures, the compressive strength improvement was
mixtures increased the compressive strength for higher in the mixtures containing 2% NS and the
binder content of 400, 450 and 500 by 22, 38 and highest in ternary mixtures. Generally in all ages (7,
43%, 21, 55 and 61%, 22, 56 and 62% at 7, 28 and 90 28 and 90 days) ascending trends were observed in
days respectively. Replacement by 10% SF and 2% compressive strength values by increasing the binder
NS in ternary mixtures increased the compressive content.
strength for binder content of 400, 450 and 500 by
62, 52 and 55%, 38,61 and 70%, 30, 67 and 73% at 7,

Table 6. Compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strength results of SCC specimens
No Concrete ID Compressive strength Splitting tensile strength Flexural strength
(Mpa) (Mpa) (Mpa)
7 28 90 7 28 90 7 28 90
days days days days days days days days days
1 SCC400 36.4 51.8 53.1 2.9 3.6 3.9 3.4 3.9 5.3
2 SCC450 36.4 52 53 2.7 4.5 4.6 3.8 4.4 5.7
3 SCC500 40.2 52.5 53.2 3.7 4.7 4.8 4 4.8 5.9
4 SCC400NS2% 44.3 71.3 75.9 3 3.7 4.4 4.2 5.7 6.4
5 SCC450NS2% 44.1 80.4 85.3 3.1 4.5 4.8 4.4 5.9 6.9
6 SCC500NS2% 49.1 82.1 86.1 3.6 4.7 4.9 4.6 6.1 7.2
7 SCC400SF10% 48.7 56.5 58.1 3.1 3.7 4.3 3.8 4.6 5.9
8 SCC450SF10% 42.8 58.3 59.3 3.2 4.3 4.6 4.1 4.8 6.1
9 SCC500SF10% 43.9 63.4 65.1 3.7 4.7 4.8 4.3 5.2 6.3
10 SCC400SF10NS2% 59 78.8 82.4 3.4 4.8 4.9 4.2 6.2 7.8
11 SCC450SF10NS2% 50.1 83.5 89.9 3.8 4.9 5.1 4.5 6.8 8.6
12 SCC500SF10NS2% 52.3 87.9 92.1 3.7 4.8 5.3 4.8 7.3 9

Regarding splitting tensile strength, it can be the hydration of cement is accelerated and larger
inferred from the results that the highest values volumes of reaction products are formed. Also TiO2
belong to the mixtures containing both silica fume nanoparticles recover the particle packing density of
and nano silica with binder content of 500 kg/m3. the blended cement, directing to a reduced volume of
Compared to control specimens, replacement by 10% larger pores in the cement paste.
SF and 2% NS in ternary mixtures increased the Several studies have also been conducted on flexural
splitting tensile strength for binder content of 400, strength of cementitious composites reinforced by
450 and 500 by 17, 33 and 25%, 40,8 and 11%, 27, 2 nanoparticles and some possible reasons have been
and 11% at 7, 28 and 90 days respectively. In the represented to show the increment of flexural
same mixtures, binder content increase has also lead strength:
to average increase of splitting tensile strength by 1) When a small amount of the nanoparticles is
about 4%. In general, it may be seen from the results uniformly dispersed in the cement paste, the
that the splitting tensile strength has increased nanoparticles act as a nucleus to tightly bond
significantly by addition of both silica fume and nano with cement hydrate and further promote cement
silica particles. It is also noted that the splitting hydration due to their high activity, which is
tensile strength has increased rather significantly at favorable for the strength of cement mortar
more advanced ages. [27,28].
Foe flexural strength results compared to control 2) The nanoparticles among the hydrate products
specimens, replacement by 10% SF + 2% NS in will prevent crystals from growing which are
ternary mixtures increased the flexural strength for positive for the strength of cement paste [28,29].
binder content of 400, 450 and 500 by 23.5, 18.4 and 3) The nanoparticles fill the cement pores, thus
20, 58.9, 54 and 52%, 47%, 50 and 52% at 7, 28 and increasing the strength. Nano-TiO2 can
90 days respectively. contribute in the hydration process to generate
The higher flexural strength in the mixtures C–S–H through reaction with Ca(OH)2 [30].
containing nanoparticles with respect to control
specimens may be as a result of the rapid
consumption of crystalline Ca(OH)2 which are
quickly formed during hydration of Portland cement
specially at the early ages as a result of high
reactivity of TiO2 nanoparticles. As a consequence,

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9. Conclusion 10. Shekarchi et al. M., Transport properties in

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