OBT356 LIFESTYLE DISEASES

UNIT I
INTRODUCTION
Lifestyle diseases – Definition ; Risk factors – Eating, smoking, drinking,
stress, physical activity, illicit drug use ; Obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular
diseases, respiratory diseases, cancer; Prevention – Diet and exercise.
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LIFESTYLE DISEASES -DEFINITION
Lifestyle diseases, also known as non-communicable diseases (NCDs),
are medical conditions that are caused or exacerbated by daily habits and
choices.
Some common lifestyle diseases:

1. Obesity
2. Diabetes
3. Cardiovascular disease (heart disease, stroke)
4. Cancer ( certain types, such as lung, breast, colon)
5. Chronic respiratory diseases (asthma, COPD)
6. Mental health conditions (depression, anxiety)
7. Hypertension (high blood pressure)
8. High cholesterol
9. Osteoporosis
10. Certain types of musculoskeletal disorders (back pain, osteoarthritis)
Characteristics Of Lifestyle diseases
1. Non communicable
2.Late diagnosis
3.Long course
4.More complications
Causes of Lifestyle diseases:

1. Unhealthy diet (high sugar, salt, saturated fats)

2. Physical inactivity
3. Tobacco use
4. Alcohol consumption
5. Stress
6. Poor sleep habits
7. Sedentary behavior
8. Lack of physical activity
9. Unhealthy coping mechanisms
10. Smoking
12.Pollution
By adopting healthy lifestyle choices, individuals can reduce their risk of
developing these diseases and improve their overall well-being.

Types of Risk factors for lifestyle diseases include:

1. Modifiable/Controllable risk factors:
- Unhealthy diet
- Physical inactivity
- Tobacco use
- Excessive alcohol consumption
- Stress
- Poor sleep habits
- Sedentary behavior
2. Non-modifiable risk factors:
- Age
- Gender
- Family history
 - Genetics
- Socioeconomic status
3. Behavioral risk factors:

- Poor nutrition
- Lack of exercise
- Smoking
- Excessive alcohol consumption
- Drug use
4. Environmental risk factors:
- Air pollution
- Noise pollution
- UV radiation
- Exposure to toxins
5. Psychological risk factors:
- Stress
- Anxiety
- Depression
- Poor coping mechanisms
6. Social risk factors:
- Social isolation
- Poor social support
- Low socioeconomic status
7. Cultural risk factors:

- Cultural norms that promote unhealthy behaviors

- Limited access to healthy food options
- Limited access to physical activity opportunities
It's important to note that many of these risk factors are interrelated,
and addressing one risk factor can have a positive impact on others. By
identifying and modifying these risk factors, individuals can reduce their risk
of developing lifestyle diseases.
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Risk’s impact on lifestyle diseases:
1.Unhealthy Eating:
Unhealthy eating is a pattern of eating that involves consuming too many
calorie-dense foods that are low in nutrients. These foods often contain high
levels of unhealthy fats, sugar, salt, and empty calories. Unhealthy eating
can also include not getting enough physical activity

Unhealthy eating habits can have short-term and long-term effects

on your health:
Short-term effects :

 Stress
 Tiredness
 Poor performance
 Decreased brain function
 Mood changes
 Increased cravings

Long-term effects

 Weight gain
 Increased blood pressure
 Heart disease
 Type 2 diabetes
 Osteoporosis
 Some types of cancer
 Depression
 Eating disorders
 Malnutrition Food habits:
 Stroke
 High cholesterol
2. Smoking:
Smoking is the act of inhaling and exhaling smoke from burning plant
material. It's most commonly associated with tobacco, which is smoked in
cigarettes, cigars, or pipes. Smoking can also involve other plant materials,
such as marijuana and hashish.
People smoke because they find it enjoyable. And because it’s hard to quit
once you start, despite the damaging effects of smoking on your body. This is
because of your brain’s cravings for nicotine, which make you feel bad when
you don’t get it.
Nicotine releases chemicals in your brain that make you feel good. Smoking
might make you feel:
 Relaxed and calm
 Buzzed and energized
 More able to focus on tasks
Smoking is also a social activity and a part of people’s routine, just like
morning coffee. You might smoke to have fun, to calm yourself before being
around a lot of people, or to focus and work. Some people like the taste or
just the feeling of holding a cigarette in their hands
Effects:
3. Drinking:
Alcohol consumption is the drinking of beverages containing ethyl alcohol.
Alcoholic beverages are consumed largely for their physiological and
psychological effects

Risk factors:
Risk factors for alcohol use disorder include:

 Steady drinking over time.HDrinking too much on a regular basis for

an extended period or binge drinking on a regular basis can lead to
alcohol-related problems or alcohol use disorder.
  Starting at an early age.HPeople who begin drinking — especially
binge drinking — at an early age are at a higher risk of alcohol use
disorder.
 Family history.HThe risk of alcohol use disorder is higher for people
who have a parent or other close relative who has problems with
alcohol. This may be influenced by genetic factors.
 Depression and other mental health problems.HIt's common for
people with a mental health disorder such as anxiety, depression,
schizophrenia or bipolar disorder to have problems with alcohol or other
substances.
 History of trauma.HPeople with a history of emotional trauma or other
trauma are at increased risk of alcohol use disorder.
 Having bariatric surgery.HSome research studies indicate that having
bariatric surgery may increase the risk of developing alcohol use
disorder or of relapsing after recovering from alcohol use disorder.
 Social and cultural factors.HHaving friends or a close partner who
drinks regularly could increase your risk of alcohol use disorder. The
glamorous way that drinking is sometimes portrayed in the media also
may send the message that it's OK to drink too much. For young people,
the influence of parents, peers and other role models can impact risk.
Impact on your safety

Excessive drinking can reduce your judgment skills and lower inhibitions,
leading to poor choices and dangerous situations or behaviors, including:

 Motor vehicle accidents and other types of accidental injury, such as

drowning
 Relationship problems
 Poor performance at work or school
 Increased likelihood of committing violent crimes or being the victim of a
crime
 Legal problems or problems with employment or finances
 Problems with other substance use
 Engaging in risky, unprotected sex, or experiencing sexual abuse or date
rape
 Increased risk of attempted or completed suicide
Impact on your health
Drinking too much alcohol on a single occasion or over time can cause health
problems, including:

 Liver disease.HHeavy drinking can cause increased fat in the liver

(hepatic steatosis) and inflammation of the liver (alcoholic hepatitis).
Over time, heavy drinking can cause irreversible destruction and
scarring of liver tissue (cirrhosis).
 Digestive problems.HHeavy drinking can result in inflammation of the
stomach lining (gastritis), as well as stomach and esophageal ulcers. It
can also interfere with your body's ability to get enough B vitamins and
other nutrients. Heavy drinking can damage your pancreas or lead to
inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis).
 Heart problems.HExcessive drinking can lead to high blood pressure
and increases your risk of an enlarged heart, heart failure or stroke.
Even a single binge can cause serious irregular heartbeats (arrhythmia)
called atrial fibrillation.
 Diabetes complications.HAlcohol interferes with the release of glucose
from your liver and can increase the risk of low blood sugar
(hypoglycemia). This is dangerous if you have diabetes and are already
taking insulin or some other diabetes medications to lower your blood
sugar level.
 Issues with sexual function and periods.HHeavy drinking can cause
men to have difficulty maintaining an erection (erectile dysfunction). In
women, heavy drinking can interrupt menstrual periods.
 Eye problems.HOver time, heavy drinking can cause involuntary rapid
eye movement (nystagmus) as well as weakness and paralysis of your
eye muscles due to a deficiency of vitamin B-1 (thiamin). A thiamin
deficiency can result in other brain changes, such as irreversible
dementia, if not promptly treated.
 Birth defects.HAlcohol use during pregnancy may cause miscarriage. It
may also cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs).HFASDsHcan
cause a child to be born with physical and developmental problems that
last a lifetime.
 Bone damage.HAlcohol may interfere with making new bone. Bone loss
can lead to thinning bones (osteoporosis) and an increased risk of
fractures. Alcohol can also damage bone marrow, which makes blood
cells. This can cause a low platelet count, which may result in bruising
and bleeding.
 Neurological complications.HExcessive drinking can affect your
nervous system, causing numbness and pain in your hands and feet,
disordered thinking, dementia, and short-term memory loss.
  Weakened immune system.HExcessive alcohol use can make it harder
for your body to resist disease, increasing your risk of various illnesses,
especially pneumonia.
 Increased risk of cancer.HLong-term, excessive alcohol use has been
linked to a higher risk of many cancers, including mouth, throat, liver,
esophagus, colon and breast cancers. Even moderate drinking can
increase the risk of breast cancer.
 Medication and alcohol interactions.HSome medications interact
with alcohol, increasing its toxic effects. Drinking while taking these
medications can either increase or decrease their effectiveness, or make
them dangerous.
4. Stress:
Stress can be defined as a state of worry or mental tension caused by a
difficult situation. Stress is a natural human response that prompts us to
address challenges and threats in our lives. Everyone experiences stress to
some degree. The way we respond to stress, however, makes a big
difference to our overall well-being.

It Increases BP
- Increases risk of: Mental Health Disorders, Cardiovascular Disease,
Weakened Immune System,
- Contributes to: Digestive Problems, Sleep Disorders, Obesity

Common effects of stress:

On the body On the mood On the behavior

Headache Anxiety Overeating or undereating
Muscle tension or pain Restlessness Angry outbursts
Lack of motivation or
Chest pain Drug or alcohol misuse
focus
Fatigue Memory problems Tobacco use
Avoiding friends and staying
Change in sex drive Feeling overwhelmed
at home
Stomach upset Grumpiness or anger Exercising less often
Sadness or
Sleep problems H
depression
Getting sick easier due
to a weaker immune H H
system

Ways to reduce stress

 LearnHstress management
 Keep a daily routine
 Get plenty of sleep
 Connect with othersH
 Eat healthy
 Exercise regularly

5. Physical Inactivity: (Sedentary Life style)

Physical inactivity is defined as not getting the recommended level of regular

physical activity. It can also be called being sedentary, which means not
moving your body for long periods of time. This can include sitting or lying
down for long periods, such as while watching TV, using a computer, or
playing video games. It can also include sitting at a desk for long periods at
work, or sitting in cars, buses, or trains while traveling
It is due to increase use of technology and automobiles
It Increases risk of: Obesity, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, Certain
Cancers
- Contributes to: Weak Bones, Poor Mental Health, Reduced Quality of Life
Effects of physical inactivity

 Muscle atrophy
 Osteoporosis
 Heart disease
 Blood clots
  Type 2 diabetes
 Dementia
 Depression
 Weakened immune system
 Constipation
 Cancer

6. Illicit Drug Use:

An illicit drug is one that is illegal to have (for example, cannabis,
heroin, and cocaine).
While the decision to use one of these drugs for the first time is usually a
voluntary one, an unexpected addiction can make the decision to quit later
significantly harder.
An addiction to illicit drugs changes the way a person’s brain works and,
consequently, the way they think and act.
Impacts:
 physical health problems (for example, thrombosis, abscesses,
overdose, hepatitis B and C,HHIV, and respiratory and cardiac
problems)
 mental health problems (for example, depression, anxiety, paranoia
and suicidal thoughts)
 social difficulties (for example, relationship problems, financial
difficulties, unemployment and homelessness)
 criminal justice problems.
It's important to note that these risk factors often intersect and compound
each other's effects, leading to even greater health risks. By addressing
these risk factors, individuals can significantly reduce their likelihood of
developing lifestyle diseases.

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OBESITY
Obesity is defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher.

BMI is calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared

(kg/m2).

Obesity is a major lifestyle disease that increases the risk of many serious
health problems, including:
1. Diabetes: Obesity is a leading cause of type 2 diabetes.
2. Cardiovascular Disease: Obesity increases the risk of heart disease, stroke,
and high blood pressure.
3. Certain Cancers: Obesity is linked to a higher risk of cancers, including
breast, colon, and kidney cancers.
4. Joint Problems: Obesity puts additional strain on joints, leading to
osteoarthritis and other musculoskeletal disorders.
5. Sleep Apnea: Obesity is a common cause of sleep apnea, a condition that
disrupts breathing during sleep.
6. Mental Health: Obesity is linked to depression, anxiety, and other mental
health concerns.
7. Fatty Liver Disease: Obesity can lead to fatty liver disease, a condition in
which the liver becomes damaged.
8. Kidney Disease: Obesity increases the risk of kidney disease and kidney
failure.
9. Gastrointestinal Problems: Obesity is linked to an increased risk of
gastrointestinal problems, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
10. Reduced Life Expectancy: Severe obesity can reduce life expectancy by 3
to 11 years.

Prevention and treatment of obesity involve a combination of:

- Healthy eating habits
- Regular physical activity
- Weight management
- Lifestyle changes
- Medical treatment (in some cases)
It's important to note that obesity is a complex condition, and seeking
professional help is often necessary for effective management and
treatment.
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CANCER:
Cancer is a9disease in which some of the body's cells grow
uncontrollably and9spread to other parts of the body.

Cancer cells are cells that undergo uncontrolled growth and division,
resulting in the development of an abnormal tissue mass referred to as a
tumor.

Causes:
 Alcohol
 Tobacco
 Smoking
 Hormones
 Chemicals
 Immuno suppression
 Infection
 Obesity
 Radiation
  Chronic inflammation
 Genetic
 Asbestos
 Radiation
 Ultraviolet
 Physical inactivity
Symptoms:

 Fatigue
 Lump or area of thickening that can be felt under the skin
 Weight changes, including unintended loss or gain
 Skin changes, such as yellowing, darkening or redness of the skin,
sores that won't heal, or changes to existing moles
 Changes in bowel or bladder habits
 Persistent cough or trouble breathing
 Difficulty swallowing
 Hoarseness
 Persistent indigestion or discomfort after eating
 Persistent, unexplained muscle or joint pain
 Persistent, unexplained fevers or night sweats
 Unexplained bleeding or bruising
Prevention:

Cancer risk can be reduced by:

 not using tobacco;

 maintaining a healthy body weight;
 eating a healthy diet, including fruit and vegetables;
 doing physical activity on a regular basis;
 avoiding or reducing consumption of alcohol;
 getting vaccinated against HPV and hepatitis B if you belong to a group
for which vaccination is recommended;
 avoiding ultraviolet radiation exposure (which primarily results from
exposure to the sun and artificial tanning devices) and/or using sun
protection measures;
 ensuring safe and appropriate use of radiation in health care (for
diagnostic and therapeutic purposes);
 minimizing occupational exposure to ionizing radiation; and
 Reducing exposure to outdoor air pollution and indoor air pollution,
including radon (a radioactive gas produced from the natural decay of
uranium, which can accumulate in buildings — homes, schools and
workplaces).
Types:

There are more than 200 types of cancer.

Some common types are

 Blood & Lymphoid Cancer. Hodgkin Lymphoma. Leukemia.

 Bone & Soft Tissue Cancer.
 Brain & Central Nervous System Cancer.
 Breast Cancer.
 Digestive System Cancer.
 Head & Neck Cancer.
 Lung Cancer. Lung. Mesothelioma.
 Pelvic Area Cancer. Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia. Prostate.
 Urinary Cancer
 Skin cancer
 Eye cancer
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CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE:
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a general term for conditions
affecting the heart or blood vessels.
It's usually associated with a build-up of fatty deposits inside the arteries
(atherosclerosis) and an increased risk ofHblood clots.
It can also be associated with damage to arteries in organs such as the brain,
heart, kidneys and eyes.
CVD is one of the main causes of death andHdisabilityH but it can often largely
beHprevented by leading a healthy lifestyle.
Types of CVD
There are many different types of CVD. 4 of the main types are.
1.Coronary heart disease
Coronary heart disease occurs when the flow of oxygen-rich blood toHthe
heart muscle is blocked or reduced.
This puts an increased strain on the heart, and can lead to:

 anginaH– chest pain caused by restricted blood flow to the heart muscle
 heart attacksH–Hwhere the blood flow to the heart muscle is suddenly
blocked
 heart failureH– where the heart is unable to pump blood around the
body properly
2.Strokes and TIAs
A stroke is where the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off, which can
cause brain damage and possibly death.
A transient ischaemic attack (also called a TIA or "mini-stroke") is similar, but
the blood flow to the brain is only temporarily disrupted.
The main symptoms of a stroke or TIA can be remembered with the word
FAST, which stands for:

 FaceH– the face may have drooped on one side, the person may be
unable to smile, or their mouth or eye may have dropped.
 ArmsH– the person may not be able to lift both arms and keep them
there because of arm weakness or numbness in one arm.
 SpeechH– their speech may be slurred or garbled, they may not be
able to talk at all or they may not be able to understand what you are
saying to them.
 TimeH– it's time to dial 999 immediately if you see any of these signs
or symptoms.
3.Peripheral arterial disease
Peripheral arterial disease occurs when there's a blockage in the arteries to
the limbs, usuallyHthe legs.
This can cause:

 dull or cramping leg pain, which is worse when walking and gets better
with rest
 hair loss onHthe legs and feet
 numbness or weakness in the legs
 persistent ulcers (open sores) onHthe feet and legs
4.Aortic disease
Aortic diseases are a group of conditions affecting the aorta. This is the
largest blood vessel in the body, which carries blood fromHthe heart to the
rest ofHthe body.
One of most commonHaortic diseases is an aortic aneurysm, where the aorta
becomes weakened and bulges outwards.
This doesn't usually have any symptoms, butHthere's a chance it could burst
and cause life-threatening bleeding.
Causes of CVD
The exact cause of CVD isn't clear, but there are lots of things that can
increase your risk of getting it. These are called "risk factors".
The more risk factors you have, the greater your chances of developing CVD.
1.High blood pressure
High blood pressure (hypertension) is one of the most important risk factors
for CVD. If your blood pressure is too high, it can damage your blood vessels.
2.Smoking
Smoking and other tobacco useHis also a significant risk factor for CVD. The
harmful substances in tobacco can damage and narrow your blood vessels.
3.High cholesterol
Cholesterol is a fatty substance found in the blood. If you have high
cholesterol, it can cause your blood vessels to narrow and increase your risk
of developing a blood clot.
4.Diabetes
DiabetesHis a lifelong condition that causes your blood sugar level to become
too high.
High blood sugar levels can damage the blood vessels, making them more
likely to become narrowed. Many people withHtype 2 diabetesHare also
overweight or obese, which is also a risk factor for CVD.
5.Inactivity
If you don't exercise regularly, it's more likely that you'll have high blood
pressure, high cholesterol levels and be overweight. All of these are risk
factors for CVD.
Exercising regularly will help keep your heart healthy. When combined with a
healthy diet, exercise can also help you maintain a healthy weight.
6.Being overweight or obese
Being overweight or obese increases your risk of developing diabetes and
high blood pressure, both of which are risk factors for CVD.
You're at an increased risk of CVD if:

 your body mass index (BMI)HisH25 or aboveH– use theHBMI healthy

weight calculatorHto work out your BMI
 you're a man with a waist measurementHofH94cmH(about 37 inches) or
more, or a woman with a waist measurementHofH80cm (about 31.5
inches)Hor more
7.Family history of CVD
If you have a family history of CVD, your risk of developing it is also
increased.
You're considered to have a family history of CVD if either:
 your father or brother were diagnosed with CVD before they were 55
 your mother or sister were diagnosed with CVD before they were 65
Tell your doctor or nurse if you have a family history of CVD. They may
suggest checking your blood pressure and cholesterol level.
8.Ethnic background
In the UK people of south Asian and Black African or African Caribbean
background have an increased risk of getting CVD.
This is because people from these backgrounds are more likely to have other
risk factors for CVD, such as high blood pressure or type 2 diabetes.
9.Other risk factors
Other factors that affect your risk of developing CVD include:

 age – CVD is most common in people over 50 and your risk of

developing it increases as you get older
  gender – men are more likely to develop CVD at an earlier age than
women
 diet – an unhealthy diet canHlead toHhigh cholesterol and high blood
pressure
 alcohol –HexcessiveHalcoholHconsumption can also increase your
cholesterol and blood pressure levels, and contribute to weight gain
Preventing CVD
A healthy lifestyle canHlower your risk of CVD. If you already have CVD,
staying as healthy as possible can reduce the chances of it getting worse.
1.Stop smoking
If you smoke, you should try to give up as soon as possible.
2.Have a balanced diet
A healthy, balanced diet is recommended for a healthy heart.
AHbalanced diet includes:

 low levels of saturated fat – try to include healthier sources of fat, such
as oily fish, nuts and seeds, and olive oil, and avoid unhealthy fats
such as fatty cuts of meat, lard, cream, cakes and biscuits
 low levels of saltH– aim for less than 6g (0.2oz or 1 teaspoon) a day
 low levels of sugar
 plenty of fibreHand wholegrain foods
 plenty of fruit and vegetables
3.Exercise regularly
Adults are advised to do at least 150 minutes ofHmoderate activityHa week,
such as cycling or brisk walking.
If you find it difficult to do this, start at a level you feel comfortable with and
gradually increase the duration and intensity of your activity as your fitness
improves.
Visit your GP for a health check if you haven't exercised before or you're
returning to exercise after a long break.
4.Maintain a healthy weight
If you're overweight or obese, a combination of regular exercise and a
healthy diet can help you lose weight.
If you're struggling to lose weight, your GP or practice nurse can help you
come up with a weight loss plan and recommend services in your area.
5.Cut down on alcohol
If you drink alcohol, try not to exceed the recommended limit of 14 alcohol
unitsHa week for men and women.
If you do drink this much, you should aim to spread your drinking over 3 days
or more.
A unit of alcohol is roughly equivalent to half a pint of normal-strength lager
or a single measure (25ml) of spirits. A small glass of wine (125ml) is about
1.5 units.
Your GP can give you help and advice if you're finding it difficult to cut down
your drinking.
6.Medicine
If you have a particularly high risk of developing CVD due to high blood
cholesterol, your GP may recommend taking medicines calledHstatinsHto
reduce your risk.
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DIABETES:
Diabetes is a condition that happens when your blood sugar (glucose)
is too high. It develops when yourHpancreasHdoesn’t make enoughHinsulinHor
any at all, or when your body isn’t responding to the effects of insulin
properly. Diabetes affects people of all ages. Most forms of diabetes are
chronic (lifelong), and all forms are manageable with medications and/or
lifestyle changes

Glucose (sugar) mainly comes fromHcarbohydratesHin your food and

drinks. It’s your body’s go-to source of energy. Your blood carries glucose to
all your body’s cells to use for energy..
When glucose is in your bloodstream, it needs help — a “key” — to
reach its final destination. This key is insulin (aHhormone). If your pancreas
isn’t making enough insulin or your body isn’t using it properly, glucose
builds up in your bloodstream, causingHhigh blood sugar (hyperglycemia).
Over time, having consistently high blood glucose can cause health
problems, such asHheart disease, nerve damage and eye issues
The technical name for diabetes is diabetes mellitus. Another condition
shares the term “diabetes” —Hdiabetes insipid usH— but they’re distinct. They
share the name “diabetes” because they both cause increased thirst and
frequent urination. Diabetes insipid us is much rarer than diabetes mellitus.
Types:
There are several types of diabetes. The most common forms include
Type 2 diabetes: With this type, your body doesn’t make enough insulin
and/or your body’s cells don’t respond normally to the insulin (insulin
resistance). This is the most common type of diabetes. It mainly affects
adults, but children can have it as well
Prediabetes: This type is the stage before Type 2 diabetes. Your blood
glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be officially
diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes: This type is anHautoimmune diseaseHin which
yourHimmune systemHattacks and destroys insulin-producing cells in your
pancreas for unknown reasons. Up to 10% of people who have diabetes have
Type 1. It’s usually diagnosed in children and young adults, but it can
develop at any age
Gestational diabetes: This type develops in some people
duringHpregnancy. Gestational diabetes usually goes away after pregnancy.
However, if you have gestational diabetes, you’re at a higher risk of
developing Type 2 diabetes later in life
Type 3c diabetes: This form of diabetes happens when your pancreas
experiences damage (other than autoimmune damage), which affects its
ability to produce insulin.HPancreatitis,Hpancreatic cancer,Hcystic
fibrosisHandHhemochromatosisHcan all lead to pancreas damage that causes
diabetes. Having your pancreas removed (pancreatectomy) also results in
Type 3c
Latent Autoimmune diabetes in Adults[LADA]:Like Type 1 diabetes,
LADA also results from an autoimmune reaction, but it develops much more
slowly than Type 1. People diagnosed with LADA are usually over the age of
30.
Maturity Onset diabetes of Young[MODY]: MODY, also called monogenic
diabetes, happens due to an inheritedHgenetic mutationHthat affects how
your body makes and uses insulin. There are currently over 10 different
types of MODY. It affects up to 5% of people with diabetes and commonly
runs in families
Neonatal Diabetes: This is a rare form of diabetes that occurs within the
first six months of life. It’s also a form of monogenic diabetes. About 50% of
babies with neonatal diabetes have the lifelong form called permanent
neonatal diabetes mellitus. For the other half, the condition disappears
within a few months from onset, but it can come back later in life. This is
called transient neonatal diabetes mellitus

CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE

Chronic lung diseases are a group of conditions that affect the lungs and
airways, causing breathing difficulties and other respiratory problems. Some
common chronic lung diseases include:
1. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A progressive lung
disease that makes it hard to breathe, caused by long-term exposure to lung
irritants like smoke and air pollution.
2. Asthma: A chronic inflammatory disease that causes recurring episodes of
wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath.
3. Pulmonary Fibrosis: A condition where scar tissue builds up in the lungs,
making it difficult to breathe and causing fatigue, dry cough, and chest pain.
4. Cystic Fibrosis: A genetic disorder that causes severe damage to the lungs,
digestive system, and other organs, leading to respiratory and digestive
problems.
5. Emphysema: A type of COPD that damages the air sacs in the lungs,
making it hard to breathe and causing shortness of breath.
6. Bronchiectasis: A condition where the airways are damaged, leading to
recurring lung infections and chronic coughing.
7. Chronic Bronchitis: A type of COPD that causes inflammation and
congestion in the bronchial tubes, leading to coughing and mucus
production.
These diseases can be managed with medication, lifestyle changes, and
pulmonary rehabilitation, but early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to
slow disease progression and improve quality of life.
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Prevention of lifestyle diseases-diet and exercise
Diet and exercise are crucial for preventing lifestyle diseases. Here are some
tips:
Diet:
1. Eat a balanced diet rich in whole foods, fruits, vegetables, whole grains,
and lean proteins.
2. Limit processed and sugary foods.
3. Choose healthy fats, such as avocado and nuts.
4. Drink plenty of water and limit sugary drinks.
5. Practice portion control and mindful eating.
Exercise:
1. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, or 75
minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise, or a combination of both each
week.
2. Incorporate strength training exercises into your routine, targeting all
major muscle groups.
3. Include high-intensity interval training (HIIT) for improved cardiovascular
health.
4. Aim for 10,000 steps daily.
5. Incorporate physical activity into your daily routine, such as taking the
stairs instead of the elevator.
Additional Tips:
1. Get enough sleep (7-8 hours for adults).
2. Manage stress levels through relaxation techniques, such as meditation or
yoga.
3. Limit alcohol consumption and avoid smoking.
4. Get regular check-ups and health screenings.
5. Stay connected with friends and family to maintain social connections and
support.
Remember, small changes can add up over time. Start with one or two
changes and gradually work towards a healthier lifestyle.
By incorporating these diet and exercise tips, you'll be well on your way to
preventing lifestyle diseases and maintaining overall health and well-being.
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