Effective USB3.2 Filtering and Protection
Effective USB3.2 Filtering and Protection
(Gen 2) and 20 GBit/s (Gen 2x2). ANP024 – The USB Interface from EMC Point of View
480 Mbit/s
USB 2.0 USB 2.0 USB 2.0 USB 2.0
HighSpeed
USB 3.2
20 Gbit/s
Gen 2x2
USB41) 40 Gbit/s : USB-C filter stick used to demonstrate USB 3.2 filtering and
not part of this appnote
1) protection
Table 1: USB standard naming convention evolution
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APPLICATION NOTE
ANP007 | Effective USB 3.2 Gen 2x2 filtering and protection
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ANP007 | Effective USB 3.2 Gen 2x2 filtering and protection
the receiver. The interference signal affects both wires in the strongly dependent on the properties of the CMC. The CMC
same phase, so this cannot have an effect as an interference must have a high degree of symmetry between both windings
signal at the receiver. and low stray inductance. For the choke, this means a high
Furthermore, in the case of the inductive interference effect attenuation for the common-mode rejection in the frequency
(magnetic field), the twisting of the wires achieves range of the data signal in order to reduce interference due to
compensation of the interference effect. Because of the reflection and/or absorption. On the other hand, the choke
symmetry of the partial inductances of the respective twisted must have a low attenuation for the useful signal in order to
wire, the interference influences compensate each other. influence it not too much.
Transient interference signals, such as ESD and bursts, can
generally be limited with varistors. Especially SMD multilayer
varistors, which are particularly fast and withstand a high
level of energy. However, their capacitance is generally too
high, possibly corrupting the signal by acting as low-pass
filter (the higher the capacitance, the lower the cut-off
: Compensation of electrical interference coupling of the frequency). This makes them unsuitable for limiting transients
differential mode signal input and twisted wire pairs in USB 3.2 data lines. Transient limitation with diodes is
shown in Figure 7. Transients are limited against ground, both
2.3 Possibilities of reducing emission and increasing on D+ as well as on D- up to the forward voltage UF of the
interference immunity diodes. This voltage is around 0.7 V for silicon diodes. A
problem appears very quickly here, which is why the diode
It is apparent in practice that interference emissions cannot
pair bellow has two red flashes: The signal voltage of the
be completely prevented and, therefore, interference
"mid-speed" signal is up to 2.8 V (D+ to D-), i.e. 1.4 V to
immunity has stringent requirements. The reason lies in many
ground. The positive branch must therefore be provided with
details, of which these are the most important:
an "offset" in order to avoid impairing higher signal voltages.
Both the inputs/outputs of the USB controller and as well
the track routing are unbalanced; this results in common-
mode interference on the bus.
The layout is not HF/EMC compatible, parasitic
capacitances and the lack of wave impedance matching
generate common mode interference.
The circuit design (USB filter) is inadequate, the filters
affect the signal quality and/or the insertion loss is too low.
The interface design (receptacle, housing) is inadequate, : Diode array to reduce coupled transients (burst, ESD) on the
poor ground reduces the shield attenuation of the cable, USB interface
filters have poor ground reference. An additional TVS diode with a limitation voltage of 6 V sets
The USB cable is asymmetrical, poorly shielded, has the threshold value to approximately 6.7 V. This is sufficient
inadequate ground connection. The cable deteriorates the protection, as TVS diodes with lower limitation voltages are
signal quality, radiates signal harmonics and has too slow to limit ESD. The voltage levels are illustrated in
insufficient shield attenuation towards external Figure 8. Transient limitation at the connection of the supply
voltage can be achieved at the same time using the additional
interference sources.
diode D5 in Figure 9. Although the capacitance of the TVS
diode is low at 5 pF, it would be too high for USB 3.2. As VR1 is
2.4 Methods of reducing emission and increasing
in series with D3 and D4, however, the capacitance of VR1
interference immunity reduces the overall capacitance that affects the signal, as D3
Common mode chokes (CMC) are fundamental for attenuating and D4 have capacitances of approximately 2 pF. The
interference. Extremely low capacitances between the data capacitors are in series with D3 and D4 with reference to the
line and ground are needed with USB 3.2. The values are
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ANP007 | Effective USB 3.2 Gen 2x2 filtering and protection
signal, there is an overall signal-to-signal capacitive load of 03. HIGH FREQUENCY COMMON MODE
2 pF and signal against ground of around 3 pF. CHOKES
Common mode chokes are inductors with two or more
isolated windings. When a common mode signal passes
through the component, magnetic flux accumulates in the
core, resulting in high impedance at some frequencies. As
differential signals cancel out the magnetic flux in the core,
the impedance is low, allowing the signal to pass nearly un-
attenuated.
: WE-CNSW HF
: π-filter-topology
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ANP007 | Effective USB 3.2 Gen 2x2 filtering and protection
: Eye diagram with the WE-CNSW filter (left) and the WE-CNSW HF filter (right) at 5 GBit/s
: Eye diagram with the WE-CNSW filter (left) and the WE-CNSW HF filter (right) at 2.5 GBit/s
: Eye diagram with the WE-CNSW filter (left) and the WE-CNSW HF filter (right) at 7 GBit/s
In Figure 12, the eye diagram for the WE-CNSW (left side) and At 2.5 GBit/s the difference is smaller (Figure 13). The
the WE-CNSW HF (right side) is compared at 5 GBit/s. Both harmonics of the signal are not filtered by the high frequency
components have almost the same impedance in common component nor the standard component.
mode (Figure 15). The main difference is in the differential The difference between the WE-CNSW and the WE-CNSW HF
mode impedance. The difference is big enough to see that the is not significant in the low frequency data range. Both will
eye is smaller with the standard version. allow the data signal to pass as both WE-CNSW series are
designed to have low differential impedance in this frequency
range. However, a data signal with a higher frequency will be
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ANP007 | Effective USB 3.2 Gen 2x2 filtering and protection
presented with higher levels of differential impedance. With Additionally, the WE-TVS High Speed Series are high
the WE-CNSW, the cut-off frequency is about 2 GHz, whereas performance TVS diode arrays that include surge rated
with the WE-CNSW HF the cut-off frequency is much higher, diodes. They are an excellent choice to protect high-speed
while still having the same impedance for common mode data lines, like USB 2.0, VGA and Ethernet. The WE-TVS High
signals. At a data rate of 7 GBit/s the WE-CNSW also Speed Series exceeds the requirements outlined in
attenuates the base frequency of the signal while the EN 61000-4-2. Due to their ultra-low capacitance (< 2.0 pF)
WE-CNSW HF only attenuates the high frequency harmonics they are nearly invisible on the signal lines.
resulting in a passed eye diagram test (Figure 14).
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ANP007 | Effective USB 3.2 Gen 2x2 filtering and protection
From the above pin layout, the power pairs are A1/A4, A9/A12,
B1/B4 and B9/B12, the SuperSpeed+ pairs A2/A3/B10/B11 and
A10/A11/B2/B3 and the non-SuperSpeed+ A6/A7 and B6/B7.
These three functions can be treated separately and the
necessary protection and filtering can be seen below
(Figure 19).
Additionally, A5/B5 are used to detect the connection and The USB 3.2 standard states a data rate of to 5 GBits/s
configure the interface. A8/B8 can be used for audio or (Gen 1) and 10 GBit/s (Gen 2). To attenuate any high
additional features that have yet to be designated. frequency noise coupling to the power line, a low pass filter
can be used with a cut-off frequency of approximately 1/10th
The nominal differential impedance of USB 3.2 data lines is
of the data rate.
90 Ω, which must be maintained in the differential microstrip
of the filter stick. Z0 is calculated using the standard 5.2 100 W (20 V / 5 A) applications
microstrip formula (1). To achieve impedance matching, the The WE-MSPB (742 792 261 01) ferrite has its maximum
trace width w and height t, the trace separation distance s of impedance in the range from approximately 100 MHz to
the differential data traces in addition to the PCB permittivity 1000 MHz in which the highest level of interference is to be
and thickness h must be considered (Equation 2). anticipated in USB data transmission. At 750 MHz the ferrite
87 5.98 h (1) acts like an ohmic resistor with no reactive components.
Z0 = ln � �
�ɛr + 1.41 (0.8 w + t)
Above this resonance frequency, the capacitive behavior
s
Zdiff = 2 ∙ Z0 ∙ �1 -0.48 ∙ e
�-0.96 ∙ �
h � (2) dominates the impedance. Table 2 shows an overview of the
most important parameters, the impedance curve is
The calculated parameters were implemented as seen
presented in Figure 22.
(Figure 20).
Properties Test conditions Value Tolerance
IR ΔT = 40 K 8A Max.
Table 2: Electrical data of WE-MPSB SMD ferrite (742 792 261 01)
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ANP007 | Effective USB 3.2 Gen 2x2 filtering and protection
WCAP-CSGP
C1 885 012 107 018 4.7 µF / 25 V
0805
WCAP-CSGP
C2 885 012 107 018 4.7 µF / 25 V
0805
: Complex impedance curve and the effect of DC current on
the impedance of the WE-MPSB SMD ferrite (742 792 261 01) D6 WE-TVS 824 045 810 20 V
Properties Test conditions Value Tolerance Table 4: Selected components for the 100 W design
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ANP007 | Effective USB 3.2 Gen 2x2 filtering and protection
UR 20 V Typ.
IR ΔT = 20 K 600 mA Max.
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ANP007 | Effective USB 3.2 Gen 2x2 filtering and protection
Including capacitance in the filter forms a low-pass second There are a number of issues with the layout in Figure 28,
order filter. A diode array is used here instead of capacitors. which include:
The integrated diodes also have a parasitic capacitance, which The ground connection to the capacitor is too long. 1 cm of
can be effectively used. In addition, the parasitic inductance of track corresponds to 6-10 nH inductance.
the TVS diodes in the array is very low. This is necessary to
The ground connection should pass directly to the housing,
attain a short response time to the overvoltage transients.
as the ground reference of the cable shielding and the
Therefore, an almost ideal capacitor is combined with
ground reference of the filter must lie on the same HF
effective transient protection. The most important electrical
characteristics and the structure of the array are presented in potential.
Table 7 and Figure 27. The long connecting line from the coil to the capacitor
Properties Test conditions Value represents an additional inductance in series with the
capacitor. This inductance renders the capacitor ineffective
VGND = 0 V; VI/O = 1.65 V; 0.18 pF typ.
CCh with increasing frequency.
f = 1 MHz; I/O to GND 0.27 pF max.
The filter input inductively couples to the GND terminal of
VGND = 0 V; VI/O = 1.65 V; 0.04 pF typ.
CX the capacitor. The filter is short-circuited with increasing
f = 1 MHz; I/O to I/O 0.08 pF max.
frequency.
Table 7: Electrical characteristics of the WE-TVS Super Speed Series The components couple capacitively as they are located
(824 012 823)
parallel to one other. Here too, the coupling is greater with
increasing frequency.
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ANP007 | Effective USB 3.2 Gen 2x2 filtering and protection
5.6 Measurement
The test setup (1 m cable and the type C filter stick) was
connected to the analyzer by a measuring fixture. The
respective eye diagrams were taken at 5 GBit/s
(USB 3.2 Gen 1). Figure 30 shows the variation of the
differential impedance Zdiff in a time domain reflectometry
(TDR). Here you can see well the slightly too high PCB
impedance (around 105 Ω) which is caused by a pool board
without impedance-controlled manufacturing (correct value
should be at 90 Ω).
When components are added to the PCB (Figure 31), the
effect on the signal can be observed. The gray line
corresponds to the measurement of an unpopulated PCB (see
Figure 30). The first measurement includes the CMC, the
second the TVS diodes and the third shows the effect when
the solder mask is applied.
The basis for the measurement at 10 GBit/s is the adapter
with all components and solder resist (Figure 32). The receiver
can open the eye cleanly with the USB equalizer settings
based upon the USB 3.2 r1.0 specification. Thus, a
transmission with all protection components and connectors
is well possible. With optimized components, you can achieve
better results in advance and thus increase the range. The eye
pattern test shows that the WE-TVS and WE-CNSW HF do
not disturb the USB 3.2 signal. To refresh the signal, there is
an equalizer in each USB receiver, which is responsible for
opening the eye (Figure 32).
: Time domain measurements and eye diagram of USB Type-C filter stick
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ANP007 | Effective USB 3.2 Gen 2x2 filtering and protection
: Time domain measurements and eye diagram of USB Type-C filter stick
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ANP007 | Effective USB 3.2 Gen 2x2 filtering and protection
: Eye diagram of the filter stick with activated USB equalizer (@ 10 GBit/s)
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ANP007 | Effective USB 3.2 Gen 2x2 filtering and protection
A Appendix
WCAP-CSGP
C1 / C2 C = 4.7 µF (25 V) 0805 885 012 107 018
Ceramic Capacitor, X5R
D1 / D2 / D3 / WE-TVS Super Speed TVS Diode Array, VDC = 3.3 V; IPeak = 3 A;
DFN1210-6L 824 012 823
D4 2 channel ESD Protection VESD,Contact/Air = 8/15 kV
WE-CNSW
L1 Z = 90 Ω @ 100 MHz 0805 744 231 091
Common Mode Choke
WE-CNSW HF
L2 / L3 / L4 / L5 Z = 60 Ω @ 100 MHz 0504 744 233 56 00
Common Mode Choke
L6 / L8 (100 W WE-MPSB Z = 100 Ω @ 100 MHz,
1812 742 792 261 01
Aufbau) Multilayer Power Suppression Bead IR = 8 A, RDC = 6 mΩ
L7 (100 W WE-MAPI
L = 1.2 µH, IR = 5.8 A 4020 744 383 560 12
Aufbau) SMT Inductor
L7 (60 W WE-MAPI
L = 1.2 µH, IR = 3.9 A 3020 744 383 360 12
Aufbau) SMT Inductor
WR-COM; Male USB 3.1 Type C 24
X1 632 712 000 011
pins 90° THT & SMT LP 0.8
WR-COM Female USB 3.1 Type C 24
X2 632 723 130 112
pins 90° THR & SMT LP mid mount 1.6
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ANP007 | Effective USB 3.2 Gen 2x2 filtering and protection
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