NDT MIDTERM NOTES PROTEIN NEEDS

NUTRITION IN PREGNANCY AND ● Protein serves as the building

LACTATION​ blocks for growth of body tissues
during pregnancy.​
● The mother’s food habits
and nutritional status before ● Rapid growth of the fetus​
conception, as well as ● Development of the
during pregnancy, influence placenta​
the outcome of the ● Growth of maternal tissues​
pregnancy.​ ● Increased maternal blood
volume​
● Through the food a pregnant ● Amniotic fluid​
woman eats, she gives her ● Storage reserves​
unborn child the ​
nourishment required to ● Protein intake should increase
begin and sustain fetal 25g per day​
growth and development.​ ● Complete protein foods ​
● Milk, eggs, cheese, soy products,
ENERGY NEEDS meat​
● Incomplete proteins​
● Mother needs more energy to:​ ● Legumes, grains​
● Protein-rich foods contribute
● Supply the increased fuel calcium, iron, B vitamins​
demanded by the enlarged
metabolic workload for mother
and fetus.​
​KEY MINERAL AND VITAMIN NEEDS ​
● Spare protein for added ● Calcium​
tissue-building requirements.​ ● Essential for fetal development of
● Increase energy by 300 kcals per bones and teeth​
day​ ● Supplements might be needed in
cases of poor maternal stores or
● Increased complex pregnancies involving more than
carbohydrates and protein in the one fetus​
diet are the preferred sources of ● Iron and Iodine
energy​ ● Iron essential for increased
hemoglobin synthesis​
● Iodine essential to produce more
thyroxine​
● Folate​ ● Quality of foods consumed to
● Builds mature red blood cells increase weight is important.​
during pregnancy​ ● Weight reduction should never be
● Needed during early undertaken during pregnancy.​​
periconceptional period​ ● Average amount of weight gain
● Recommend daily folate intake of during first trimester: 2 to 4 lbs.​​
600 mcg during pregnancy, 400 ● 1 lb. per week weight gain during
mcg per day for non-pregnant remainder of pregnancy​
women during childbearing years​ ● Two to three g per day sodium
needed.​
● Vitamin D​
● Ensures absorption and Approximate Weight of Products of a
Normal Pregnancy​
utilization of calcium and
phosphorus for fetal bone growth​
● Daily intake of three to four cups
fortified milk​
● Exposure to sunlight increases
endogenous synthesis of ​vitamin
D​

WEIGHT GAIN DURING

PREGNANCY​

● Set weight goals according to

mother’s pregnancy nutritional
status and body mass index​
● Underweight women: 28 to 40
DAILY FOOD PLAN
lbs.​
● Normal-weight women: 25 to 35
● Core food plan is designed to
lbs.​
meet increased nutritional needs.​
● Overweight women: 15 to 24 lbs.​
● Ethnic backgrounds, belief
● Obese women: approximately 15
systems, lifestyles may require
lbs.​
alternative food plans.​
● Teenage girls: 35 to 40 lbs.​
● Pregnant women should avoid
● Women carrying twins: 35 to 45
alcohol, caffeine, tobacco, drugs.​​
lbs.​
● Includes sufficient quantity and
regular meals.​
 HIGH RISK MOTHER AND
INFANTS
● Pregnancy is a prime ● Identifying risk factors and
example of physiologic addressing them early are critical.​
synergism in which the ● Identifying poor food patterns can
mother, fetus, and placenta prevent nutritional problems.​​
collaborate to sustain and
● Insufficient food intake​
nurture new life.​
● Poor food selection​
● Through her diet, a
breastfeeding mother
● Poor food distribution
continues to provide all of her throughout day​
nursing baby’s nutritional
needs.​ TEENAGE PREGNANCY​
● Planning personal care​
FUNCTIONAL GIT PROBLEMS ● Work with mother in sensitive
and supportive manner.​
NAUSEA AND VOMITING​ ● Dangerous practices should be
avoided.​
● Associated with increased levels ● Craving for and consumption
of HCG​ of nonfood items sometimes
● Peaks at 12 weeks gestation​ seen​
● Strategies for managing morning
sickness:​ ● Special counseling needs​
● Eat small, low-fat meals and ● Age (adolescents, women
snacks ​ 35+)​
● Drink fluids between meals, avoid ● Parity (several pregnancies within
caffeine​ a certain number of years)​
● Reduce citrus, spearmint, ● Alcohol abuse leading to fetal
peppermint​ alcohol syndrome (FAS)​
● Limit spicy and high-fat foods ​ ● Smoking causing placental
● Avoid lying down after eating or abnormalities and fetal damage​
drinking​ ● Drug use: medicinal or
● Take a walk after meals​ recreational​
● Wear loose-fitting clothes​ ● Vitamin abuse by megadosing
also may cause fetal damage.​
FUNCTIONAL GIT PROBLEMS ● Caffeine used in extreme excess
● Constipation may result in fetal injury.​
● Hemorrhoids ● Poverty puts pregnant women in
● Heartburn danger due to need for resources
● Effects of iron supplement
for financial assistance and food WARNING SIGNS TO STOP
supplements​ EXERCISING

COMPLICATION OF PREGNANCY ● Vaginal bleeding, uterine

contractions, decreased fetal
● Anemia​ movement, fluid leaking from
● Neural tube defect​​ the vagina ​
● Intrauterine growth failure​​ ● Dizziness or feeling faint,
● Pregnancy-induced hypertension​ increased shortness of breath ​
● Gestational diabetes​ ● Chest pain, headache, muscle
● Preexisting disease​ weakness, calf pain or swelling ​

EXERCISE DURING PREGNANCY NUTRITION IN INFANCY

BENEFITS OF EXERCISING DURING
PREGNANCY LACTATION TRENDS
● Helps reduce backaches, ● Breastfeeding has many known
constipation, bloating, and health benefits for infants,
swelling ​ children, and mothers and is a
● May help prevent or treat key strategy to improve public
gestational diabetes ​ health. ​
● Increases energy, improves mood ● Breastfeeding on rise since 1960​
and sleep ​ ● In general, exclusive
● Improves your posture, promotes breastfeeding practices across
muscle tone, strength, and the countries are expected to
endurance ​ increase from 39% in 2018 to
43% by 2025.​
● Acceptable activities:​​ ● More mothers are informed on
● Walking, dancing, biking​ benefits.​
● Swimming, Yoga​ ● Practitioners recognize human
● Exercises to avoid:​ milk can meet unique infant
● Downhill Skiing, Scuba needs.​
Diving, Trampoline​ ● Maternity wards and birth centers
● Contact Sports (Ice modified to support lactation.​
Hockey, Basketball,
Amusement Slides)​
● Hot tubs ​
Exclusive breastfeeding (% of children
under 6 months) - Country Ranking​ PHYSIOLOGIC PROCESSES OF
LACTATION​
1. Croatia 98.13 2008​
2. Rwanda 86.93 2015​ ● Throughout pregnancy mammary
3. Chile 84.50 2006​ glands prepare for lactation.​
4. Burundi 82.33 2017​ ● Mammary glands extract
5. Sri Lanka 82.00 2016​ nutrients from maternal blood and
synthesize other compounds.​
Data for those countries were based on ● Stimulation of nipple from infant
breastfeeding rate estimates from 2010 suckling stimulates milk
or more recently.​ production.​
● Stimulates prolactin: produces
1. Uruguay ranked highest - 98.7% ​ milk​
2. Sweden and Oman - 98%.​ ● Oxytocin: Responsible for
3. US - 74.4%​ let-down reflex​
4. France - 63% ​ ● The more mother breastfeeds,
5. Ireland - 55%​ the more milk is produced.​
​
LACTATION TRENDS NUTRITIONAL NEEDS FOR
LACTATION​
● Breastfeeding is recommended
for at least first 12 postpartum ● Milk production requires 800
months.​ kcals per day.​
● Proper instruction can overcome ● Need for protein during lactation
common difficulties.​ is 25 g per day more than
● Well-nourished mothers who woman’s average need.​
breastfeed exclusively provide ● About 3 L per day of water,
adequate nutrition​ juices, milk, soup contribute to
● Solid foods are added to baby’s necessary fluids.​
diet at four to six months of age.​ ● Rest, moderate exercise,
relaxation are necessary​
ADVANTAGES OF BREASTFEEDING PROCESS OF METABOLISM

● Fewer infections​ WHAT IS METABOLISM?

● Fewer allergies and intolerances​
● Ease of digestion​ ● It is the chemical reactions
● Convenience and economy​ involved in maintaining the state
● Improved cognitive development​ of cells and organisms. ​
● Higher lactose than cow’s milk​ ● It is linked to nutrition and the
● Bottle feeding may cause availability of Nutrients.​
malformation of dental arch​ ● One of the vital components of
● Cow’s milk protein causes allergy​ metabolism is Energy formation.

BREASTFEEDING MISCONCEPTION​ ​
● In the human body, Metabolism is
1. A mother sick with TB cannot illustrated in:​
breastfeed​ ● Reactions that break substances
2. Breast milk is not good if mother down.​
has stayed long under the sun. ● Reactions that produce larger
3. . Mother cannot breastfeed substances from smaller
during pregnancy​ substances​
4. . Mother cannot breastfeed with ● Reactions that chemically modify
only one breast if the other breast substances​
is painful​ ● In metabolism, your body gets
5. Mother cannot breastfeed if she the energy it needs from the food,
has cold, flu, or diarrhea​ It is the chemical reactions in our
6. Breast milk is not good if mother body’s cells that change food into
has been caught in a sudden energy. This energy is needed by
shower​ the body to do work or activities.​

Factors affecting milk secretion​ 2 TYPES OF METABOLISM

1.Diet​ CATABOLISM
2. Nutritional state of mother​ - Is a set of metabolic pathway that
3. Emotional and physical state​ break down molecules into
4. Suckling/sucking​ smaller units that either oxidized
5. Use of contraceptives and drugs​ to release energy or used in other
anabolic reaction.
ANABOLISM
- Is the set of metabolic pathway NUTRITION IS THE KEY TO
that construct the molecules METABOLISM​
from smaller units, these ● The Pathways of metabolism rely
reaction requires energy, upon the nutrients that they break
known also an endergonic down in order to produce energy.​
process. ● This energy is required by the
body to produce new proteins,
Catabolism vs Anabolism​ nucleic acids( DNA. RNA) among
other nutrients.​
CATABOLISM​ ● Food provides a variety of
● IS THE BREAKDOWN OF substances that are essential for
MOLECULES TO OBTAIN the building, upkeep and repair of
ENERGY​ body tissues
● OR Destructive metabolism,​
● is the process that produces the CARBOHYDRATES IN METABOLISM
energy needed for all activity in
the cells. ​ ● 3 forms of Carbohydrates in
● Cells break down large molecules FOOD:​
(Carbs and fats) to release ● 1) starch 2) sugar 3)
energy.​ cellulose (fiber)​
ANABOLISM ● Starches and sugars are
● IS THE SYNTHESIS OF ALL the main sources of energy
COMPOUNDS NEEDED BY THE for humans.​
CELLS​ ● Fibers provide bulk in the
● OR CONSTRUCTIVE diet.​
METABOLISM​ ● Carbohydrates and sugars
● supports the growth of new cells, produce glucose by
the maintenance of body tissues, digestion or metabolism​
and the storage of energy for
future use.​ PROTEIN IN METABOLISM
● small molecules change into ● Proteins- main tissue builders of
larger, more complex molecules the body.​
of carbohydrates, protein, and fat.​ ● FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS:​
● Aid in cell structure functions and
hemoglobin formation to carry
oxygen and enzymes in the
execution of vital reactions and
numerous functions of the body.​
 ●
● Important in supplying nitrogen ● ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS=
for DNA and RNA genetic 25; Important elements
material and energy production.​ include: Ca, P, Fe, Na, Cl, K,
● Essential Amino acids =8 ( the Cu, Co, Mn, Zn Mg, F, I.​
body is unable to manufacture)-
lysine, tryptophan, methionine, Important vitamins in
leucine, isoleucine, Metabolism:​
phenylalanine, valine, Threonine​ ● Vitamin A​
● Vitamin B2- riboflavin​
FATS IN METABOLISM ● Niacin or Nicotinic acid​
● Panthothenic acid​
● FATS- concentrated sources of
energy.​
● Functions:​
● 1) help form the cellular
structure​
● 2)to form a protective
cushion and insulation
around vital organs.​
● 3)To help absorb fat
soluble vitamins​
● 4) To provide a reserve
storage for energy.​
●
ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS-
Unsaturated fatty acids that
includes: Linoleic, linolenic,
arachidonic acid.​

MINERALS AND VITAMINS IN

METABOLISM

Minerals in food: ​

● FUNCTIONS:​
● Body regulators​
● Role in the metabolic
pathways of the body.​