Types of the Operating System

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Fatma oushah
 Types of the Operating System

•Batch Processing Operating System

•Time Sharing /Multitasking Operating System
•Multiprogramming Operating System
•Multiprocessing Operating System
•Network Operating System
•Distributed Operating System
)Real Time Operating System(RTOS
 Batch Processing Operating System

• Its major task was to transfer control automatically

from one job to the next .
• Batch Processing Systems: In a batch processing
operating system, the prime concern is CPU efficiency.
The batch processing system operates in a strict one
job- at-a-time manner; within a job, it executes the
programs one after another. Thus only one program is
under execution at any time. The opportunity to
enhance CPU efficiency is limited to efficiently
initiating the next program when one program ends
and the next job when one job ends, so that the CPU
does not remain idle
 A batch def
• A batch is a sequence of user jobs. Batch
processing is a technique in which an
Operating System collects the programs and
data together in a batch before processing
starts.
 Multiprogramming Systems

• A multiprogramming operating system focuses on

efficient use of both the CPU and I/O devices. The
system has several programs in a state of partial
completion at any time. The OS uses program
priorities and gives the CPU to the highest
priority program that needs it. It switches the
CPU to a low-priority program when a high
priority program starts an I/O operation, and
switches it back to the high-priority program at
the end of the I/O operation. These actions
achieve simultaneous use of I/O devices and the
CPU .
 :Multiprogramming Operating System

• A multiprogramming operating system is a system that

allows more than one active user program to be stored in
main memory simultaneously.
• ❖If running process perform I/O or some other event
which do not require CPU then instead of sitting idle, CPU
make a context switch and picks some other process and
this idea will continue.
• ❖In Multiprogramming, CPU never sit idle unless there is
no process ready to execute or at the time of context
switch
• It has a high CPU utilization and less waiting time and
response time.
• ❖Main memory management is required all the time.
 Types of multiprogramming/ms
• Multiprogramming s/m
• Cooperative multitasking
• Preemptive multitasking
• Mulithreading
• Multiprocessing s/m
 Time-Sharing Systems

• A time-sharing operating system focuses on

facilitating quick response to sub requests made
by all processes, which provides a tangible
benefit to users. It is achieved by giving a fair
execution opportunity to each process through
two means: The OS services all processes by turn,
which is called round-robin scheduling. It also
prevents a process from using too much CPU time
when scheduled to execute, which is called
timeslicing. The combination of these two
techniques ensures that no process has to wait
long for CPU attention.
 Multitasking System

• Technically, multitasking is same as multiprogramming. In a

multitasking OS, a single user can execute multiple
programs at the same time. Multitasking is the system’s
capability to work one or more than one job or process at
the same time. It means that whenever a job needs to
perform I/O operations, the CPU can be used for execuating
some other job or process that is also residing in the system
and is ready to use the CPU. NOTE : The term
multiprogramming is used for multi-user systems i.e.,
systems that are simultaneously used by many users such
as mainframeand server class system. The term
multitaskingis used for single user system i.e., systems that
are used by only one user at a time such as personal
computer.
 Multitasking System (Continued
• Thus multitasking is the method of processing the
multiple tasks concurrently in a single user system. For
Example: A user is running separate program in 4
different windows at the same time. The program in
window 1 could be printing a document, he program in
window 2 could be displaying an e-mail of user, a
spreadsheet program in window 3 could be preparing
sales report and compilation of a program is in
progress in window 4. in this manner, a user may work
on many tasks at the same time. Thus, progress of
different tasks can be viewed on different windows in a
multitasking system.
 types of multitasking
• There are two types of multitasking:

• 1. Cooperative Multitasking
• In Cooperative Multitasking, a program can acquire the
CPU for the required amount of time. A program can
share CPU with any other program that is executing
simultaneously.
• 2. Pre-emptive Multitasking .
• In Pre-emptive Multitasking the OS allocates particular
time to a program. The CPU is preempted if a higher
priority job arrives in a system.
 Multiprocessing/ Parallel/ Tightly
Coupled System
• Most systems to date are single-processor
systems; that is they have only one main CPU.
However, multiprocessor systems ( also known
as parallel systems or tightly coupled systems )
are growing in importance. Such systems have
more than one processor in close
communication, sharing the computer bus,
the clock, and sometimes memory and
peripheral devices..
 The advantages of Multiprocessor
systems :
• 1. Increased throughput : By increasing the number of
processors, we hope more work done in less time. The
speed-up of N processors is not N; rather it is less than N.
When multiprocessors cooperate on a task, a certain
amount of overhead is incurred in keeping all the parts
working correctly. This overhead, plus contention for
shared resources, lowers the expected gain from additional
processors. 2. Economy of Scale: Multiprocessor systems
can save more money than multiple single processor
systems, because they can share peripherals, mass storage,
and power supplies . If several programs operate on same
set of data, it is cheaper to store those data on one disk and
to have all the processors share them, than to have many
computers with local disks & many copies of the data
Multiprocessing System (Continued…)
• 3. Increased reliability. If functions can be distributed
properly among several processors, then the failure of
one processor will not halt the system, only slow down
it. If we have ten processors and one fails, then each of
the remaining nine processors must pick up a share of
the work of the failed processor. Thus, the entire
system runs only 10 percent slower, rather failing
altogether. This ability to continue providing service
proportional to the level of surviving hardware is called
graceful degradation. Systems designed for graceful
degradation are also called fault tolerant. Types of
multiprocessor systems 1. Symmetric Multiprocessing
• 2. Asymmetric Multiprocessing .
 Real-Time Systems

A real-time operating system is used to implement

a computer application for controlling or tracking of
real-world activities. The application needs to
complete its computational tasks in a timely
manner to keep abreast of external events in the
activity that it controls. To facilitate this, the OS
permits a user to create several processes within an
application program, and uses real-time scheduling
to interleave the execution of processes such that
the application can complete its execution within its
time constraint
 Distributed Systems

• A distributed operating system permits a user

to access resources located in other computer
systems conveniently and reliably. To enhance
convenience, it does not expect a user to
know the location of resources in the system,
which is called transparency.
 A networking operating system(NOS)
• A networking operating system(NOS) is the
software that runs on a server and enables
the server to manage data, users, groups,
security, applications, and other networking
functions.