International Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences- ISSN (2522-6584) July & Aug 2020

August 31, 2020

Introduction to Drone Technology for Agriculture Purposes: A Brief Review

Author’s Details:
Noor Atiqah BADALUDDIN1*, Saiful Iskandar KHALIT ( )1, Noor Afiza BADALUDDIN 1, Nizaroyani
SAIBANI2, Rashwan Haqeem MOHAMED RAMELI3
(1)
School of Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, University of Sultan
Zainal Abidin, Besut Campus, 22200 Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia (2)Department of Mechanical and Materials, Faculty of
Engineering and Built Environment, National University of Malaysia, Bangi Campus 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
(3)
Radial Drone Enterprise, PT22007, Jalan Kolej 6, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
Correspondence: [email protected]
Contact: Noor Atiqah Badaluddin, phone: +60145384110, email: [email protected]

Received Date: 19-July-2020 Accepted Date: 10-Aug-2020 Published Date: 31-Aug-2020

_________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract
Decades ago, drones developed for the uses of the military as they without a human pilot and can save more lives during
war and battlefield. With the technology transformations in this recent year, drones are expanding their application to
other areas such as photography, environment, and agriculture. Special features and facilities fitted to the drone such as
HD cameras, GPS, tracker, smart sensors and others to enhance the drone’s functions. As for agriculture, companies and
fellow researchers uncover the drone technology and developing it for agriculture purposes to overcome challenges faced
by the farmers to produce better crop yields. Drones are one of the excellent approaches to improve the crop by aerial
monitoring, analyzing and spraying. The technology of drones and its purposes for agriculture that was uncovered by
fellow researchers will be compiled and reviewed on this paper hoping that it could bring advantages, especially to
farmers to ease their difficulties.
Keywords: Drone, UAV, Agriculture, Spraying system
_________________________________________________________________________________________
1 Introduction
Over hundreds of years ago, the development of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) or commonly known as
drones started to be used in the war and battlefield. These drones were created for military purposes and
intelligence agencies in the year 0f 1800s. The difference between drones and other aircraft is that drones do not
carry any human pilot. They are controlled remotely by on the ground human pilot operator or they fly freely
with software guided plans equipped in their systems.
Currently, there are thousands of drones used worldwide in a variety of applications such as photography,
military, agriculture and many more. Drones also integrated with functions that can reach beyond human
limitations. Drones can fly high up to 400 meters in the sky to get the best picturesque natural landscape
pictures. A hobbyist drone equipped with HD cameras to capture sharp images, GPS and tracker to fly in larger
distances beyond the human eye distance and even portable LCD that can be remotely controlled.
As the technology of drones increasing, the threat of drones also increases. This includes the injury that occurs
related to drone flying. Reported cases of drone-related injuries such as skull fracture, blunt trauma, amputation,
and others are mostly caused by drone parts such as propellers or rotors and struts. The drone operator should
follow the safe and guide for drone flying to avoid injuries to the operator, public, and property damage.
The applications of drones are expanding from military and hobbyists to industries such as agriculture.
Currently, drones that are developed specifically for the uses of agriculture are out in the market. There are
varieties of features that fitted with facilities to help the farmers overcome challenges for better crop production.
With the help of a drone, the agriculture industry can be less difficult to handle for both large and small crops.

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Thus, this review presents a compilation of several studies and finding that revealed the technology of drones
and how drones can be an excellent approach for the agriculture industry.
What Is Drone?
2.1 History of Drones
Drones are the most common names as in the early years it is known as flying robot [1]. A formal
description of drones is an unmanned aircraft system that remote-controlled pilot-less. As the drone flying soar
up in the air, the best thing about drones that they are flying without any human or people inside controlling it.
The human pilot that controls the drone by an onboard computer on land where sometimes who’s called an
operator [2].

Hewitt-
Sperry
Automatic
Airplane
“flying
Austrian Kettering Gipsy DH.82B TDD1-Target
bomb” Radioplan
Balloons Bug Moth Queen Bee Drone Denny 1

1894 1916 1918 1929 1935 1939 1950

Fig. 1 Timeline of the development of drones in the early years

The name drones acquired from the honeybee drones where the bees are doing their task unconditionally
(mindlessly) because they are controlled by the mighty queen in a faraway [3]. Amazingly, the drone works the
same way as the bees as they are being microcontroller programmed by the operator to be on autopilot and the
innovation of the drone keeps expanding with the aid of technology.
As the timeline in Fig. 1 shows, the earliest use of drones recorded in 1849, known as the Austrian
balloons where they attacked Venice, Italy with a pilotless balloon armed with bombs. Then, the use of drones
progressed as in World War I in 1916, the Ruston Proctor Aerial target used and followed by the Hewitt-Sperry
Automatic Airplane that popularly known as “flying bomb” [4]. The innovation increases as in 1929, Gipsy
Moth produced in the United Kingdom. A successor of the Gipsy Moth then created named de Havilland Tiger
Moth as radio controls are put on the drone. The final product of the evolution is the DH82B Queen Bee as it
was the first returnable and reusable UAV that was used as practice targets. As the drone is widely used for
military purposes, the Vietnam War also affected by the rising of drone technology. The roles of drones not
only as explosive loaded but also work as combat’s decoy, missiles launching on fixed targets and spreading
leaflets for psychological techniques [1]. Target Drone Denny 1 or shorted as TDD1 was a drone that contract
signed by the US Navy. Their roles were as an actor and radio control model aircraft. TDD1 are the first
instance of the name “drone” are being associated with unmanned remotely piloted vehicle [3].
2.2 Type Of Drones
There are various types of drones available in the market. Some experts categorized the drones based on
their weight and flight range. In Table 1, the categorization of drones proposed based on their weight started
from micro and mini drones that weigh less than 5kg with a flight range of 25km to 40km [5]. The super heavy
drones or combat aircraft weighs more than 500kg and can fly in the range of 1500km. Other experts grouped
the drones based on the physical properties such as the number of propellers or rotors and based on the purposes

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of drones such as surveillance, aerial photography, engineering, construction, and entertainment. Table 2 shows
the categorization proposed where the drones grouped by their number of propellers or rotors [3].

Table 1 Categorization of drones based on their weight and flight range [6]
Drone Properties Weight Range Flight Range
Micro and mini UAVs close range W ≤ 5 kg 25 km ≤ R ≤ 40 km
Heavy medium-range UAVs 500 kg ≤ W 70 km ≤ R ≤ 300 km
Unmanned combat aircraft 500 kg < W R ≤ 1500 km
Lightweight UAVs medium range 50 kg < W ≤ 100 kg 70 km ≤ R ≤ 250 km
Lightweight UAVs small range 5 kg < W ≤ 50 kg 10 km ≤ R ≤ 70 km
Medium heavy UAVs 300 kg < W ≤ 500 kg 70 km ≤ R ≤ 300 km
Heavy UAVs large endurance 1500 kg ≤ W R ≤ 1500 km
Table Average UAVs 100 kg < W ≤ 300 kg 150 km ≤ R ≤ 1000 km 2

Categorization of drones by number of rotors or propellers [3]

Type of Drones Properties Example
Single rotor drones -helicopter look alike
-heading controlled by the small rotor on the tail
-simple and scalable easily

Tricopters -has 3 motors for light use

(Three rotor or -compact, foldable, lighter
propellers) -can carry small load only for camera

Quadcopters -the most famous multicopters

(Four rotors or -faster, easy to manufacture, affordable
propellers) -4 propellers to lift up the aircraft
-great maneuverability, thrust, and power
-can be fixed easily and available readily in the market

Hexacopters -upgraded from quadcopter

(Six rotors or -can fly high up with expensive cameras
propellers) -high speed, high power, fly higher due to six rotors
-120 degrees apart motors that can pick up the slack if one of the
motors dies
-more expensive than quadcopters
-difficult to fly in small spaces due to large size
-motor parts are very expensive

Octocopters -same benefits with hexacopters but with more speed and power
(Eight rotors or -fly higher to capture sharp capture images and footages
propellers) -have 8 motors and propellers
-cannot be hindered by wind or rain
-if the 2 or 3 motors dies, the craft will not be crashing down
- very large and expensive

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Fixed-wing drones -have wings like common airplanes
-use for long-distance fly, mapping, monitoring, and agriculture
-have a higher cost and special training needed to handle the
aircraft

2.3 Recommended Safety and Precautions Operating Drones

The popularity of recreational drones has been increasing in the last decade [7]. Almost 2 million
recreational or hobbyist drones being sold in 2016 and around 4 million will be sold expectedly in 2020 [8]. As
the sale increases, drone-related injuries also increasing and several cases were published as the injuries are
getting serious [9]. For example, a 13-year-old boy struck by a racing drone and cause him to suffer a depressed
skull fracture [10] and a 9-year-old hit by unprotected propellers and suffered an ocular globe rupture [11].
Approximately almost 12 842 recreational drone injuries were registered to the U.S emergency department in
the year 2010 to 2017. From these total injuries, 74.2% were recorded suffered injuries caused by propellers and
rotors. The injury can lead to lacerations and amputations of injured body parts such as fingers and hands [7].
Drone-related injury can occur not only to the drone operator himself but also to the public and can lead
to general damage to property. To avoid any injury to the drone operator, personal protective equipment (PPE)
must be worn all time when handling the drone. A hard hat can protect the head from falling drones while safety
goggle protects the eyes from shattered propellers [4]. A high visibility vest with a reflective label can be seen
easily and identified especially handling the drones in the crowd. To avoid injuries to the public, the drone
operator must only fly on the designated area with signage to aware others of the drone operations. The
designated area must be physical restraint by barricading the area using drone nets or chain tape [5]. To protect
property damage, the drone must-have safety features on risky components. For example, the propellers must be
from plastic material instead of carbon fiber because it can cause scratch or dent to the property if hits [11]. The
propeller must have guards to protect both the propellers and the surrounding. The drone operator often advised
to always bring a first aid kit and a fire extinguisher in case of fire or explosion [7].
2.4 Application of Drone

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Type of Application

Environment Flight Zone

Mission
Underwater Indoor Outdoor

Water Military Civil

Ground Missile launching Flying Videography/Photography

drones camouflage
Air Disaster response
Bomb-dropping Aviation/
Space drones Delivery
City/Government
Solar powered Battlefield
high altitude WIFI medical Environment & climate
drones supply
Construction drones
Invisible spy Landing field
drones drones Space drones

Communication Maritime
disruptors
Mining/Oil & Gas

Hobby Meteorology Inspections

Agriculture

Mapping

Fig. 2 Application of drone classification [6]

The uses of drones cover both in the military and civil sectors. One of the purposes of drones is that can
reach beyond human limitations. They can fly indoor or outdoor flight zone in very challenging conditions [12].
Various sensors, cameras, and system attached to different types of drones to enhance their functionality for
surveillance, reconnaissance and intelligence missions [13]. Drones application can be grouped to a different
type of missions, flight zone, and environment. Fig. 2 shows the flow chart of drones’ applications according to
researchers [14, 15].
Experts predicted that drones may have more than two hundred functions according to their type in the
[13, 14]
future . For example, micro-drones that are equipped with a camera can provide images and videos even in
the darkness. In the battlefield, only small size drones can be used to view inside a building and detect any
nuclear, biological weapon or other threats [16]. As in civil applications, the drones are being used in many
creative ways. In Rwanda, they use drones to deliver medications while in New Zealand, drones fly to deliver
pizza and take aerial photographs for popular realtor websites [3]. The innovation of drones’ application widens
in the agriculture, film, deliveries, engineering and other sectors.
2.41 Drones In Videography/Photography

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In movies or films, the use of drones is very common as they use drones equipped with high-quality
cameras that can capture footage and scenes from above and give more real impact to the film. The production
companies can save up to thousands of dollars in making a film by using drones [17]. Instead of using the
cameraman to fly up high to capture scenes, the usage of drones also can prevent human casualties. In
photography, drones can be a business tool for wedding photography, corporate videos, video editing and many
more. Some used drones as a hobby to take scenic photography beyond human reach [18]. Real estate sites use
drones to capture panoramic views such as homes, lands, and skyscrapers because, from high altitude, regular
photography was impractical [19].
Fig. 3 Istanbul district shot from the sky [18]

Fig. 4 Cappadocia scene shot from the sky [18]

2.42 Drones in Environment and Climate

Even though drones are an essential tool in the military sector, they are also increasingly being used to
perform environmental missions. For example, national parks and reserve forests can be managed by drones
easily, wildlife can be tracked in various ranges, the impact of climate change can be uncovered and numerous
flora and fauna can be discovered from oceans to rainforest worldwide [20]. Drones also can detect and
investigate natural catastrophes such as bush fires, disasters on hill and mountains and others [21, 22]. Table 3
shows researchers have been using drones to control the population and climate change in the year 2018 where
the technology of drones started to widen in the environment application.
Table 3 Research studies conducted by using the drone for environment and climate
Year Research Purposes Reference
[23]
2018 Monitoring aquatic environment using drone-based fluorosensor
[24]
2019 Research on turtles and other marine vertebrates using drones
[25]
2020 Modeling of outdoor microclimate using infrared assisted drone
[26]
2020 Beach litter assessment by commercial aerial drone
[27]
2020 Monitoring visual and acoustic behavior of gray whales in Mexico by using two drones

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Fig. 5 Research studies conducted in the agriculture sector

Others
10%

Crop Spraying
monitorin 60%
g
30%

3 Drones and Agriculture

Over the years, drones develop the expectation of a large turning point in the way people grow crops. By
depending on the technology of drones, precision agriculture can be accomplished while resolving water and
food crisis [28]. Precision agriculture can be defined as the management of crop that involves GPS and big data
[29]
. Lately, drones have been helping the farmers increase crop yield using their abilities. For example, drones
can capture, remodel and analyze leaves individually on corn plants by flying from 120 meters height, getting
some soil capacity of water-holding to variable-rate water application and delivering agriculture intelligence for
both farmers and agricultural consultants [30]. The development of the drone in agriculture application concerns
assisting both small and large farming operations.
The Association of Unmanned Vehicle International reported that the legalization of commercial drones
will be predicted to create more than €70 billion in economic impact in a decade from the year 2015 to 2025 [31].
In the prediction, precision agriculture will provide a large part of economic growth. Fig. 5 shows the
proportion of research studies conducted by using drones in agriculture but with a different type of applications.
It can be seen that drone application in agriculture consists of aerial pesticide or fertilizer spraying, crop
monitoring and a few others. 60% of the papers referred to deal with aerial spraying.
Aerial spraying has many potentials especially in Asia countries such as South Korea, China, and Japan.
In 1997, Japan developed UAV spraying to cover thousands of hectares of forestry and crop. Yamaha
Corporation (Japan) initiate the pilotless helicopter for agricultural purposes. Later in 2007, the export of the
helicopters is banned to avoid being used by others [32]. The unmanned helicopters then named Yamaha R-MAX
and currently, Yamaha offers services to interested farmers instead of selling the unit. On the other hand, China
has developed the idea of the unmanned helicopter into a foldable octocopter with smart flight mode, carbon
fiber materials and compact called DJI Agras MG-1 [33]. DJI is one of the large companies in China that build
drones and monopolized the market by producing all types of drones from micro to heavy-duty drones. Inspired
by both countries, many researchers developed their unmanned drones for agricultural purposes. Table 4 and
Table 5 shows the features and specifications of the Yamaha helicopter, DJI drones, and other researchers'
agriculture drones.

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Table 5 Features and specifications of drones for spraying in the agriculture sector

Agras Drone
Yamaha 3WQF120- 3CD- HY-B-
Properties MG-1 mounted 6-rotor UAV N-3 UAV WSZ-0610
RMAX 12 15 15L
DJI sprayer

Maximum
8 m/s - - 16 m/s 4 m/s 5 m/s 6 m/s 4 m/s 4.5 m/s
speed

Flight time 30
- 1 hour - 25 min - 50 min 40 min 35 min
duration min

Vehicle
8.8 kg 100 kg 6 kg 10 kg - - - - -
weight

Number of
4 - 4 4 2 2 4 2 5
nozzles

2 Flat
Type of Rotary Flat Centrifugal
- - Flat fan Electrostatic LUI20-02 fan and
nozzle atomizer fan 01 atomizer
1 cone

Tank
10 L 16 L 5L 10 L 25 L 12 L 15 L 10 L 15 L
capacity

Rotor 2.24
- 3.1 m - - 3.2 m 2.41 m 2.22 m 2.46 m
diameter m

Number of
8 1 6 6 1 1 1 6 1
rotors

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Vehicle 1471
2750 mm 420 mm 1500 mm - - - - -
length mm

Vehicle 482
1080 mm 450 mm 600 mm - - - - -
height mm

Vehicle 1471
720 mm 1300 mm 400 mm - - - - -
width mm

Cost per $ 15 $35 $27

$120 000 - - - $32 000 $13 000
vehicle 000 000 000

5 Conclusions
The uses of drones are widening to a variety of applications and industries including agriculture. There are more
than can be discovered through the technology of drone from its features, specifications, and facilities that can
bring significant technology transformations, especially to the agriculture application. With the hope that this
paper can be an eye-opener to fellow researchers and others to develop and integrate more drones to overcome
the agriculture challenges better and increase the crop yield better in the future.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by Sultan Zainal Abidin University with the help others.
Compliance with ethics guidelines Noor Atiqah Badaluddin, Saiful Iskandar Khalit, Noor Afiza Badaluddin, Nizaroyani Saibani and Rashwan
Haqeem Muhamad Rameli declare that they have no conflict of interest or financial conflicts to disclose. All applicable institutional and national
guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed.

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