MODULE 3

DC MOTOR

WORKING OF DC MOTOR(IMPORTANT)

 DC motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.

 When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a
torque and rotor starts to rotate.
 Working principle: Faraday’s law of electro magnetic induction
 The direction of the mechanical force is given by Fleming's Left-hand Rule and its magnitude is
given by F= BIL Newton.

VOLTAGE EQUATION OF D.C. MOTOR

 V =Applied voltage

Eb = Back e.m.f.
Ra = Armature resistance
Ia = Armature current

SIGNIFICANCE OF BACK E.M.F.

• The presence of back e.m.f. makes the d.c. motor a self-regulating machine i.e., it makes the
motor to draw as much armature current as is just sufficient to develop the torque required by the
load.

• When the motor is running on no load

• If the motor is suddenly loaded

• If the load on the motor is decreased

• It follows, therefore, that back e.m.f. in a d.c. motor regulates the flow of armature current i.e., it
automatically changes the armature current to meet the load requirement.
CLASSIFICATION OF DC MOTOR

Types of D.C Motors

1. Separately Excited D.C Motor

2. Self Excited D.C Motor
(a) D.C Series Motor
(b) D.C Shunt Motor
(c) D.C Compound Motor

SEPARATELY EXCITED D.C MOTOR

V= IaRa+ Eb+ Vbrush

 SHUNT MOTOR

V= IaRa+ Eb+ Vbrush

V= IshRsh
IL= Ia+ Ish
Q)Write voltage equation of a dc shunt motor(1 mark )
V= IaRa+ Eb+ Vbrush

SERIES MOTOR

V= IaRa+ IaRse + Eb+ Vbrush

IL= Ia= Ish

Q)The dc series motor should never be switched on at no load ,State the reason behind this ?
(1 mark )
The speed becomes dangerously high
SHORT SHUNT MOTOR

V= IaRa+ IaRse + Eb+ Vbrush

IL= Ia= Ish

V= IshRsh

LONG SHUNT MOTOR

V= IaRa+ IaRse + Eb+ Vbrush

IL= Ia= Ish

V= IshRsh
Q) Derive the condition for maximum power in dc motor?(3 MARK)
 Q)Define torque in dc motor and compare armature torque and shafts Torque (7 MARK)

Torque of D.C. Motor

• Torque is the turning moment of a force about an axis and is measured by the product of
force (F) and radius (r)
• The sum of the torques due to all armature conductors is known as armature torque (Ta).
Torque T = F × r (N-m)
F = force and r = radius of the armature
Work done = Force × distance = F × 2πr
(where, 2πr = circumference of the armature)

Armature torque (Ta)

Power = work/ time
= (force × circumference × no. of revolutions) / time
= (F × 2πr × N) / 60 …………(1)
F × r = T …………(2)
Substitute value of equation 2 in 1
Power P = T × 2πN/60
 P = T × 2πN/60
 Electrical power = Eb.Ia
Mechanical power = electrical power
Ta × 2πN/60 = Eb.Ia…………(3)
 We know, Eb = ΦZNP / 60A…………(4)
 Substitute value of equation 4 in 3
 Therefore, Ta × 2πN/60 = (ΦZNP / 60A) × Ia
�
��
= 0.159
 Rearranging the above equation,

Ta = 0.159 ΦzIa(P/A)
Shaft Torque (Tsh)
Due to iron and friction losses in a dc machine,
shaft torque is always less than the armature torque.

Tsh = output in watts / (2πN/60)

π = 3.14
������ �� ����� = EbIa

Speed Of A DC Motor
EMF equation of a DC Motor

(where, P = no. of poles, Ø = flux/pole, N = speed in rpm, Z = no. of armature conductors,

A = parallel paths)
Eb can also be given as,
Eb = V- IaRa
thus, from the above equations

but, for a DC motor A, P and Z are constants Therefore,

(where, K=constant)

This shows the speed of a dc motor is directly proportional to the back emf and
inversely proportional to the flux per pole.
13
 Q) A 4 pole, 32 conductor, lap-wound d.c. shunt generator with terminal voltage of 200 volts
delivering 12 amps to the load has ra = 2 and field circuit resistance of 200 ohms. It is driven at
1000 r.p.m. Calculate the flux per pole in the machine. If the machine has to be run as a motor
with the same terminal voltage and drawing 5 amps from the mains, maintaining the same
magnetic field, find the speed of the machine?

Q)A DC series motor takes 40A at 220 V and runs at 800 r.p.m. If the armature and field
resistance are 0.2Ω and 0.1Ω respectively. Find the torque developed in the armature?(3MARK)

(Q )Explain the electrical and mechanical characteristics of dc shunt Motor?(7MARK)

CHARACTERISTICS OF SHUNT MOTOR

1) Ta/Ia CHARACTERISTICS

 We know for DC Motor Ta α ϕ Ia

 In Shunt motor, Flux is constant because voltage across field winding remain same.
 Since flux is constant we can neglect flux, Then T α Ia

SPEED AND TORQUE CHARACTERISTIC (N/Ta) (MECHANICAL

CHARACTERISTIC)

 In Shunt motor, Flux is constant because voltage across field winding remain same, since
flux is constant speed will be also constant.
 In shunt motor speed will remain same even if load varies

CHARACTERISTICS OF SERIES MOTOR

Q)Explain the electrical characteristics of a dc series motor?(3 Mark)

2) Ta/Ia CHARACTERISTICS
We know FOR DC Motor Ta α ϕ Ia
 In Series motor, Flux depends on load currentor armature current ,when load vary flux
develop also vary .
 Since flux ϕ α Ia,we can write Ta α Ia. Ia
Ta α Iaa2

2) SPEED AND TORQUE CHARACTERISTIC(N/Ta)

(MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTIC)

In series motor, Flux vary according to load

.
If flux decrease, Torque also decreases, Speed increase vice versa.
Losses in a D.C. Motor

• The losses occurring in a d.c. motor are the same as in a d.c.generator

(i) copper losses
(ii) iron or core losses
(iii) mechanical losses.
Q) List the losses in a dc motor? (1 Mark Que)
Core loss,Copper loss,Mechanical loss

Efficiency of a D.C. Motor

• As for a generator the efficiency of a d.c. motor will be maximum

• when – Variable losses = Constant losses

POWER STAGES

CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY

 Condition for maximum efficiency of dc motor=Variable loss=constant loss

 Variable loss = Copper loss=I2R

 Constant loss = Iron loss

Necessity of DC motor starter

At starting, there is no back e.m.f. in the

armature. V = Eb+ IaRa,
If Eb=0, V=IaRa
 At starting back emf will be zero
 Motors are started with the help of resistance,resistance limit the Current ,after attaining
rated speed resistance is cut out.

STARTERS

DC MOTOR STARTERS USED

DC SERIES MOTOR TWO POINT
DC SHUNT MOTOR, THREE POINT
COMPOUNDMOTOR STARTER,FOUR POINT

 In a two-point starter, no volt coil is connected in series with the armature.

Three Point Starter

(Q )Explain Three point starter with the help of a figure(7 Mark )
  Construction wise a starter is a variable resistance, integrated into the number of sections.
 Three terminals are available from starter
 L-Line terminal (connected to positive of supply)
 A-Armature terminal (connected to the armature winding)
 F-Field terminal (connected to the field winding)
 In a three-point starter, no volt coil is connected in series with the field coil.

Drawback
In a three-point starter, the no-volt release coil is connected in series with the shunt
field circuit so that it carries the shunt field current, while exercising speed control
through field regulator, the field current may be weakened to such an extent that the no-
volt release coil may not be able to keep the starter arm in the on position.

Four-Point Starter (IMPORTANT)

(Q ) Explain Four point starter with the help of a figure. (7 Mark )

 Here NVC is connected as an independent circuit through a fourth terminal, N. It has 4 main
terminals
 L-line terminal (connected to positive of supply.)
 A-armature terminal (connected to the armature winding.)
 F- field terminal. (connected to the field winding.)
 N-connected to the no voltage coil (NVC)
 while in a four-point starter, the no-volt coil is connected in parallel with the field coil
Q)Type of starter used in DC shunt motors is(1 mark )
Three or Four point starter
Q)Name any two starters used for dc motors? (1 mark )
Three point starter, Four point starter

TESTING OF D.C. MOTORS:

D.C. motors are tested either directly or indirectly to know the losses and then efficiency. The
following are the various methods of testing:
1. Brake test (direct method)
2. Swinburne's test or no load test (indirect method)

Test Method
Brake test Load test Direct method
Swinburne's test No load test Indirect method

BRAKE TEST OR LOAD TEST:(IMPORTANT)

Q)Illustrate calculation of efficiency of dc motor using load test?(7 mark )
 To determine losses and then efficiency.

 It is a direct method of testing. or load test.

 The motor shaft is coupled to a pulley which is loaded by weight as shown in fig.
 One end of the band is fixed with earth via spring balance S and other isconnected
to a suspended weight W1.
 The motor is running and the load on the motor is adjusted till it carries itsfull load

current.
 W1- suspended weight in Kg

 W2- reading on spring balance in kg-wt

 R = radius of pulley, N = speed in rps, V = Supply voltage, I = Full LoadCurrent

 Net pull due to friction at the pulley = (W1-W2)kg-m

 This method is used for small motors only.

Swinburnes test (No load test or Losses method)

 It is an indirect method or no load test.
 Machines are tested for finding out losses, efficiency and temperature rise.
 This method is applicable to shunt and compound motors.
 The machine is running as a motor at rated voltage and speed.

The no-load power input to the machine supplies the following:

• Iron loss in the core

• Friction losses in the bearings and commutators.
• Windage loss
• Armature copper loss at no load = (I0-Ish)2 Ra
Q)List advantages and disadvantages of Swinburne’s test?(3 mark )

Advantages of Swinburne's Test

1. It is convenient and economical because power required to test a large machine is small

2. The efficiency can be predetermined at any load

Main Disadvantages
1. No account is taken of the change in iron losses from no-load to full-load. At full-load, due to
armature reaction, flux is distorted which increases the iron losses in some cases by as much as
50%.
2. We don’t know commutation would be satisfactory at full-load and whether the temperature rise
would be within the specified limits.

Q)Name the no load test to find the constant loss of a DC shunt machine? (1 mark )
Swinburne’s test

Q)State the purpose of testing in dc machines? (1 mark)

Testing is performed on dc machines to determine efficiency and power losses

Q)List any two applications of each series, shunt and compound motors.(3 mark)

MOTOR APPLICATION
DC SHUNT MOTOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
(CONSTANT SPEED) LATHES
BLOWERS
DC SERIES MOTOR FOR TRACTION WORK
(HIGH SPEED TORQUE) TROLLEY
CRANES
ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES
COMPOUND MOTOR ELEVATORS
(HIGH STARTING CONVEYERS
TORQUE AND VARIABLE HEAVY PLANNERS
SPEED )

Q)A 4-pole, 240 V, wave connected shunt motor gives 1119 kW when running at 1000 r.p.m. and
drawing armature and field currents of 50 A and 1.0 A respective It has 540 conductors. Its
resistance is 0.1 Ω. Assuming a drop of 1 volt per brush, find (a) total torque (b)useful torque (c)
useful flux / pole?(7 mark)
Q)A 4 pole, 32 conductor, lap-wound d.c. shunt generator with terminal voltage of 200 volts
delivering 12 amps to the load has ra =2 and field circuit resistance of 200 ohms. It is driven at
1000 r.p.m.Calculate the flux per pole in the machine. If the machine has to be run as a motor
with the same terminal voltage and drawing 5 amps from the mains, maintaining the same
magnetic field, find the speedof the machine.(7 mark)

(Q )A 200-V, 14.92 kW dc shunt motor when tested by the Swinburne method gave the
following results: Running light: armature current was 6.5 A and field current 2.2 A. With the
armature locked, the current was 70 A when a potential difference of 3 V was applied to the
brushes. Estimate the efficiency of the motor when working under full- load conditions?(7 mark)

No-load input current = 6.5 + 2.2 = 8.7 A

No-load power input = 200 × 8.7 = 1,740 W
No-load input equals Cu losses and stray losses.
Field Cu loss = 200 × 2.2 = 440 W
Armature Cu loss = 6.5 × 0.04286 = 1.8 W(Ra = 3/70 = 0.04286Ω)
∴ Constant losses = 1,740 − 1.8 = 1738 W
We will assume that constant losses are the same at full
Let, Ia = full-load armature current
F.L. armature Cu loss = 0.04286 Ia2 W ; Constant losses = 1,738 W
F.L. total loss = 1,738 + 0.04286 Ia2
F.L. output = 14,920 W ; F.L. input = 200 (Ia + 2.2) W
We know, input = output + losses
or 200 Ia + 440 = 14,920 + 1,738 + 0.04286 Ia2
or 0.04286 Ia2 − 200 Ia + 16,218 = 0 ∴ Ia = 82.5 A
∴ Input current = 82.5 + 2.2 = 84.7 A
F.L. power input = 200 × 84.7 A = 16,940 W
∴ η= 14,920 × 100/16,940 = 88%