Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

ARCADE BRITISH INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY

LESSON NOTES FOR BASIC SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLGY (BST)
COMPONENT: Basic Science
JSS1 First Term
WEEK ONE
LIVING THING AND NON-LIVING THING (I)
Performance Objectives
Students should be able to:

 MEANING OF MATTER
 IDENTIFICATION OF MATTER
 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

Content
REFERENCE

 Precious seed BASIC SCIENCE FOR JUNIOR SECONDARY

SCHOOLS BOOK 1
 NIGERIAN BASIC SCIENCE PROJECT BOOK ONE, Integrated
Science made Easy By F.I Kehinde

MEANING OF MATTER
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
Matter can be living things such as plants and animals, it can
also be non- living things e.g. stones, tables, spoons, papers,
etc.
NOTE: Living things are matters that have life in them, while
non- living things are matter that have no life in them.
EVALUATION
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

1. What is matter?
2. Give two main classifications of matter with four examples
each.

IDENTIFICATION OF MATTER
Matter can be identified based on the following criteria
1.Life in them
2. Colour
3. Size
4.Shape
5. Taste
The above are properties of matter which can be used to
identify them.
Let’s take SUGAR and IRON as examples.
Sugar is a white crystalline solid which dissolves in water and
tastes sweet, while IRON is metallic lustre. It can get rusted in
the presence moisture and gives reddish deposit.
EVALUATION

1. List five properties of matter by which they can be

identified
2. Give five examples of matter in your environment that can
be identified by using colour.

STATE OF MATTER
Matter can exist in three states, namely:
1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gas
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

The fundamental difference between these three states of

matter is the degree of movement of their particles.
SOLID

1. The particles are closely packed and held firmly together

by forces of cohesion.
2. The force of cohesion determines the strength of
restriction of movement of particles.
3. The particles can only vibrate and rotate about a fixed
position.
4. Solids have definite shape and are difficult to compress.

LIQUID

1. The particles are slightly further apart than in solids.

2. The particles vibrate, rotate and translate.
3. Their movement are restricted.
4. They have volume but have no definite shape, instead
assume the shape of the container in which they are
placed.
5. Liquid is difficult to compress.

GASES

1. The particles are further spaced apart than in liquid.

2. The particles vibrate, rotate and translate with more
particles.
3. The particles are free to move in all directions at great
speed.
4. The particles are restricted by the wall of the container.
5. Gases have no definite shape.
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

6. They occupy the whole volume of their container.

7. Gases are easily compressed.

EVALUATION

1. Name the three states of matter.

2. State three properties for each of the states of matter.

PARTICULATE MATTER
A matter is made up of discrete particles. When a substance is
heated, its particles acquire more kinetic energy, while when
cooled; they lose kinetic energy and become less energetic.
Matter can change its state when heated to a particular
temperature. Change of state is brought about by heating or
cooling. A given substance can exist as solid, liquid and gas.
STATE OF MATTER

The main particles of matter are:

1. Atom
2. Molecules
3. Ions

EVALUATION

1. State four properties of solid, liquid and gas.

2. What are the particles of matter?

READING ASSIGNMENT
NIGERIA BASIC SCIENCE PROJECT PAGES 73-76
GENERAL EVALUATON
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

1. Name the three states of matter.

2. State three properties for each of the states of matter.
3. What are the particles of matter?
4. Give two main classifications of matter with four examples
each.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Matter can broadly be classified into--------and -----------[a]

monkey and birds [b] living things and non-living things
[c] living things and man [d] non-living things and table.
2. Examples of living things are the following except-----------
[a] bird [b] goat [c] grass [d] plastics
3. All of the following can be compressed except----------- [a]
oxygen [b] hydrogen [c] carbon dioxide [d] water
4. In which of the following is the kinetic energy of particles
of matter is greatest? [a] gas [b] liquid [c] solid [d] stone
5. The process whereby a substance in solid-state changes
directly to gaseous state is known as------------ [a] freezing
[b] sublimation [c] melting [d] cooling

THEORY

1. In a tabular form, give four differences between solid,

liquid and gaseous substances.
2. Write briefly on atom, molecules and ions.
Basic Science JSS1 First Term
WEEK TWO
LIVING THING AND NON LIVING THING (II)
Performance Objectives
Students should be able to:
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

 Characteristics of Living and Non-living things

 Characteristics of Plants and Animals
 Importance of plants and animals

Content
REFERENCE

 Precious seed BASIC SCIENCE FOR JUNIOR SECONDARY

SCHOOLS BOOK 1
 NIGERIAN BASIC SCIENCE PROJECT BOOK ONE, Integrated
Science made Easy By F.I Kehinde

Living thing is an organism that has life. That is, it possesses

all the characteristics features that enables it to perform
certain activities that non-living things cannot perform.
The characteristics of living things can be used to make
differences between plants and animals.
EXAMPLES OF LIVING AND NON LIVING THINGS
Examples of living things
Some examples of living things include the following
organisms: goat, sheep, bird, cow, toad, rat, rabbit, earthworm,
tapeworm, housefly, maize plant, mango tree, orange tree,
coconut tree, rhizopus, euglena, etc.
Examples of non living things
The following are examples of some non living things around
us: stone, pen, book, table, chair, beg, pencil, shoe, water, cup,
bucket, air, radio, hand-set, cleaner. Etc.
Characteristics of Living and Non-living things
1. Living things can move, but non-living things cannot.
2. Energy is required by living things, while non-livings do not
require energy.
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

3. Living things are capable of growth, reproduction and death.

4. Non-living things are non-motile, but living things can move
around.
5. Living things respire; non-living things do not respire.
6. Living things adapt to the surroundings and respond to
stimulus.
EVALUATION

1. State five characteristics of living and non living things.

2. List four examples of living things.

Differences in Characteristics of Plants and Animals

1. MOVEMENT: Animals are active because they have

organs for movement e.g. Movement in plants is aided by
external leg, limbs, cilia, flagella forces such as wind and
current
2. RESPIRATION: Plants take in carbon dioxide and give out
oxygen while Animal take in oxygen and give out carbon
dioxide
3. NUTRITION : Animals move from one place to another to
obtain ready- made food. Plants make their food by
using a simple inorganic substance and sun energy.
4. IRRITABILITY: Animals respond quickly to external stimuli
while Plants respond slowly to external changes
5. GROWTH: Animals have limited growth while Plants have
unlimited growth
6. EXCRETION: Animals produce a lot of waste products,
because they are active. e.g. urine, faeces while Plants
produce very little waste Products e.g. gum, latex

7. REPRODUCTION: Animals reproduce to give birth to young

one alive, e.g. man, goat, cow, monkey while Plants reproduce
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

to give birth to new individual young one E.g. mango and

orange fruits.
EVALUATION

1. Give four differences between plants and animals

2. State five examples of animals that can give birth to
young one alive

IMPORTANCE OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS TO HUMAN

BEINGS
Plants are useful to human beings in the following ways:

1. They help in the beautification of man’s environment

2. They are sources of food for human
3. They provide fresh air to human beings by taking
dangerous carbon
4. Oxide away from the air and releasing oxygen into air
5. They provide human beings with industrial raw materials
e.g. plants for building
6. They provide fire wood for human beings to cook at home
7. They provide human beings with roughages to run their
bowels
8. They return water back into the air to reduce the
temperature to a bearable level for the comfort of human
beings
9. They provide cloud formation by returning water into the
atmosphere
10. They help to reduce soil erosion by holding the soil
particles together.

USES OF ANIMALS TO HUMAN BEINGS

Animals are useful to human beings in the following ways:
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

1. Some animals serves as source of protein to human

beings when they are consumed
2. Products of some animals are useful for human beings as
food or medicine e.g. honey produced by bees
3. Products of some animals are raw materials to some
manufacturing industries e.g. skin, milk, horn, etc.
4. Some animals e.g. horses and camels are used farm works
5. Some animals e.g. horses and donkeys serve as a means
of transportation to human beings
6. Some animals serve as a source of revenue to human
beings e.g. hen etc.
7. Some animals e.g. dogs provide security to human beings
8. Some animals e.g. dogs are used for hunting by farmers
9. Some animals are trained to entertain human beings

EVALUATION

1. State five uses of animals to human beings

2. State five uses of plants

READING ASSIGNMENT
NIGERIA BASIC SCIENCE PROJECT PAGE 77-83, Precious seed
BASIC SCIENCE FOR JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS BOOK 1
PAGE 109-112
GENERAL EVALUATION

1. Give four differences between plants and animals

2. State five examples of animals that can give birth to
young one alive
3. State two differences between plants and animals
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

4. State five uses of animals to human beings

5. State five uses of plants

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. -----------------is the site for photosynthesis in plants[a] cell

wall [b] nucleus [c] chloroplast [d] ribosome
2. -------------- is an act of changing position of parts or the
whole of an organism [a]Excretion [b] Irritability [c]
movement [d] reproduction
3. The organ that assist mammal to move is [a] leg [b]
muscle [c] hand [d] bone
4. --------------- is the act of getting rid of waste product out of
the body of living thing [a] respiration [b] irritability [c]
excretion [d] reproduction
5. Ability of plants to respond to stimuli is very slow because
[a] they are too large [b] they have leaves [c] they do not
have organs for movement [d] they have very thick bark.

THEORY

1. State eight differences between plants and animals.

2. Mention two examples of animals that can

a) give birth to a young ones alive.

b) lay eggs before hatching them to produce a young ones.
Basic Science JSS1 First Term
WEEK THREE
LIVING THING AND NON LIVING THING (III)
Performance Objectives
Students should be able to:
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

 CHARACTERISTICS
 USES/ IMPORTANCES

Content
REFERENCE

 Precious seed BASIC SCIENCE FOR JUNIOR SECONDARY

SCHOOLS BOOK 1
 NIGERIAN BASIC SCIENCE PROJECT BOOK ONE, Integrated
Science made Easy By F.I Kehinde

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Plants

1. Plants generally are rooted in one place and do not move

on their own
2. Plants contain chlorophyll and can make their own food
3. Plants give off oxygen and take in carbon dioxide given off
by animals.
4. Plants cells have cell walls and other structures differ from
those of animals.
5. Plants have either no or very basic ability to sense.

Animals
1. Most animals have the ability to move fairly freely.
2. Animals cannot make their own food and are dependent on
plants and other animals for food.
3. Animals give off carbon dioxide which plants need to make
food and take in oxygen which they need to breathe.
4. Animal cells do not have cell walls and have different
structures than plant cells
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

5. Animals have a much more highly developed sensory and

nervous system.
EVALUATION

1. Give four examples of plants and 4 examples of animals.

2. State the seven characteristics of plants and animals.

IMPORTANCE OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS

PLANTS
1. Plants serve as sources of food to man e.g. okro, cassava,
beans, rice, oranges etc.

1. As source of medicine to cure diseases e.g.Nyhm leaves to

cure fever.
2. Plants are used as fire wood.
3. They are used in building and construction.
4. Plants give oxygen during photosynthesis.
5. Flowering plants are used to beautify our environment.
6. Some domestic and wild animals can feed on plants.

ANIMALS
1. Human being feed on animals e.g. cow, goat etc.
2. Man can make money from rearing of animals. e.g. cow
3. They are used as means of transportation e.g. horse
4. Some animals are used as toys e.g. puppies
Non – living things are substances/materials that do not have
life in them.
EXAMPLES OF LIVING AND NON LIVING THINGS
Examples of living things
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

Some examples of living things include the following

organisms: goat, sheep, bird, cow, toad, rat, rabbit, earthworm,
tapeworm, housefly, maize plant, mango tree, orange tree,
coconut tree, rhizopus, euglena, etc.
Examples of nonliving things
The following are examples of some non living things around
us: stone, pen, book, table, chair, beg, pencil, shoe, water, cup,
bucket, air, radio, hand-set, cleaner. Etc.
Properties of Living Things and Non-Living Things
Living things are made up of cells; exhibit characteristics of life,
like growth, movement, reproduction, response to stimuli; they
evolve, and require energy for daily activities. Some of the daily
life examples of living things around us are human beings,
animals, plants and micro organisms.
Non-livings things do not exhibit any characteristics of life.
They do not grow, respire, need energy, move, reproduce,
evolve, or maintain homeostasis. These things are made up of
non-living materials. Some examples of non-living things are
stones, paper, electronic goods, books, buildings, and
automobiles.
Uses of Living and Non- Living Things
PLANTS
1. Plants serve as sources of food to man e.g. okro, cassava,
beans, rice, oranges e.t.c.
2. As source of medicine to cure diseases e.g. Nyhm leaves to
cure fever.
3. Plants are used as fire wood
4. They are used in building and construction
5. Plants give oxygen during photosynthesis
6. Flowering plants are used to beautify our environment
7. Some domestic and wild animals can feed on plants.
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

ANIMALS
1. Human being feed on animals e.g. cow, goat e.t.c.
2. Man can make money from the rearing of animals. e.g. cow
3. They are used as means of transportation e.g. horse
4. Some animals are used as toys e.g. puppies
EVALUATION

1. Give four uses of plants.

2. State four uses of animals

READING ASSIGNMENT
NIGERIA BASIC SCIENCE PROJECT PAGE 77-83, Precious seed
BASIC SCIENCE FOR JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS BOOK 1
PAGE 112-117
GENERAL EVALUATION
1. What is non-living thing?
2. State five examples of non-living things around you.
3. Give four examples of plants and four examples of
animals.
4. State the seven characteristics of plants and animals.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. ---------- is the ability to respond to stimuli [a] Growth [b]
Respiration [c]Irritability [d] Excretion
2. Animals are useful to human beings [a] False [b] True [c] All
of the above [d] None of the above.
3. One example of the animals is ------------- [a] mosquito [b]
tomato [c] okro [d] pawpaw
4. Plants are used for the following except---------- [a] shelter [b]
medicine [c] food [d] transportation
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

5. Plants and animals can also be classified as [a] non-living

things [b] living things [c] cow [d] leguminous
THEORY

1. Give four examples of

1. plant
2. animals

2a) briefly explain seven characteristics of living things.

b) State two uses of plant and two uses of animals.
Basic Science JSS1 First Term
WEEK FOUR
LIVING THING AND NON LIVING THING (IV)
Performance Objectives
Students should be able to:

 CLASSIFICATION OF NON – LIVING THING

 Non – living things can be divided into two groups

1. Those that are never part of living things e.g. stone, gold,
silver, diamonds, metal.
2. Those that are part of living things e.g. coal, paper, jam,
palm oil etc.

Content
REFERENCE

 Precious seed BASIC SCIENCE FOR JUNIOR SECONDARY

SCHOOLS BOOK 1
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

 NIGERIAN BASIC SCIENCE PROJECT BOOK ONE, Integrated

Science made Easy By F.I Kehinde

METALS
PROPERTIES OF METALS
1. They are shiny.
2. They can be hammered into a sheet.
3. They can be drawn into a wire.
4. They are good conductor of heat.
5. They are good conductor of electricity.
6. They make a sound when hit.
Example of metals are copper, iron, steel, tin, aluminium
USES OF METALS
1. Iron is used in making cars, ships, Lorries, ovens,
generator, poles, corrugated iron sheet.
2. Steel is used in making electric fans, steel roofing, pillars,
refrigerators etc
3. Copper is used in making electric wire.
4. Aluminum is used in making electric wire and cooking
pots.
5. Steel can also be used in making household utensils.
6. Lead is used in making car and Lorries batteries.
7. Zinc is used in making torch batteries covering iron sheet
to prevent rusting.
EVALUATION

1. State five examples of non-living things.

2. Mention three properties of metals.
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

NON-METALS
PROPERTIES
1. They are not shiny.
2. They cannot be hammered into a sheet because they are
brittle.
3. They cannot be drawn into a wire.
4. Bad conductor of electricity.
5. Bad conductor of heat.
6. They do not make sound when hit.
USES OF NON – METALS
1. Carbon is used in torch batteries.
2. Sulphur is used in medicines.
3. Oxygen is used for respiration and burring.
4. Nitrogen is a component of protein.
5. Chlorine is used in treatment of water.
6. Glass is used in making doors and windows.
EVALUATION
1. Give five differences between metals and non-metals.
2. State two uses of metals and three uses of non-metals.
READING ASSIGNMENT
NIGERIAN BASIC SCIENCE PROJECT PG 91-93, Precious seed
BASIC SCIENCE FOR JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS BOOK 1
PAGE 129-133
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Which of the following is not a living thing?
a) Grass b) Grasshopper c) Earthworm d) Iron
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

2. Copper is used to making electric wire because

a) it is a good conductor of electricity b) it is a non-
metal c) it is shiny d) it is bristle
3. The following are example of non-metals except
a) carbon b) sulphur c) oxygen d) zinc
4. Example of non-living things that is part of living things is
_____
a) coal b) stone c) gold d) silver
5. Movement from one place to another can only be
exhibited by ____
a) non-living things b) metals c) non-metals d)
living things
THEORY
1. Write five differences between metal and non-metals
2. Name five metals and five non – metals
3. Write four uses of metals and four used of non-metals
4. Give two properties each of metals and non-metals.
Basic Science JSS1 First Term
WEEK FIVE
HUMAN DEVELOPMENTPerformance ObjectivesStudents
should be able to:

 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

Content
REFERENCE

 Precious seed BASIC SCIENCE FOR JUNIOR SECONDARY

SCHOOLS BOOK 1
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

 NIGERIAN BASIC SCIENCE PROJECT BOOK ONE, Integrated

Science made Easy By F.I Kehinde

After birth, the process of sex-role socialization begins

immediately. There may be small, physiologically-based
differences present at birth that lead girls and boys to perceive
the world or behave in slightly different ways. There are also
well-documented differences in the ways that boys and girls are
treated from birth onward. The behavioural differences
between the sexes, such as differences in toy and play
preference and in the degree of aggressive behaviour, are most
likely the product of complex interactions between the way that
the child perceives the world and the ways that parents,
siblings, and others react to the child. The messages about
appropriate behaviour for girls and boys intensify differences
between the sexes as the child grows older.
It is not uncommon for children to touch or play with their
genitals or to play games, such as “doctor” or “house,” that
include sexual exploration. Such experiences are usually not
labelled sexual by the children. Adults will often discourage
such behaviour and respond negatively to it. Generally by the
age of six or seven, children develop a sense of privacy and are
aware of social restrictions on sexual expression.
As the first bodily changes of puberty begin, sometime from the
age of 8 to the age of 12, the child may become self-conscious
and more private. During this period, more children gain
experience with masturbation (self-stimulation of genitals).
Surveys indicate that about one-third of all girls and about half
of all boys have masturbated to orgasm by the time they reach
the age of 13, boys generally start earlier than girls. Because
preadolescents tend to play with others of their own sex, it is
not at all uncommon that early sexual exploration and
experience may happen with other members of the same sex.

Puber
ty

Puberty marks the second stage of physical sexual

differentiation—the time when both primary and secondary
sexual characteristics as well as adult reproductive capacity
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

develop, and when sexual interest surges. Puberty typically

begins in girls from 8 to 12 years of age, whereas boys start
about two years later. The hypothalamus initiates pubertal
changes by directing pituitary growth hormones and
gonadotropins (hormones that control the ovaries and testes).
A girl's breasts grow, her pubic hair develops, and her body
grows and takes on the rounded contours of an adult woman.
This is followed by the first menstrual period (menarche) at
about age 12 or 13 (although ages of onset range from 10 to
16.5), underarm-hair growth, and increased secretions from oil-
and sweat-producing glands. It may take a year or two before
menstruation and ovulation occur regularly. The hormones
primarily responsible for these changes in young girls are the
adrenal androgens, estrogens, progesterone, and growth
hormone.
During puberty, a boy's testes and scrotal sac grow, his pubic
hair develops, his body grows and develops, his penis grows,
his voice deepens, facial and underarm hair appear, and
secretions from his oil- and sweat-producing glands increase.
Penile erections increase in frequency, and first ejaculation
(thorarche) typically occurs sometime from the age of 11 to the
age of 15. For a boy who has not masturbated, a nocturnal
emission, or so-called wet dream, may be his first ejaculation.
The ability to produce sperm may take another year or two and
typically begins at about age 14. Growth hormone and
androgens, particularly testosterone, are responsible for these
pubertal changes in boys.
The fact that boys tend to develop more slowly than girls can
cause some social awkwardness. Girls who have grown earlier
may find themselves much taller than their dates, for example,
and they may be more physically and psychologically mature
than their male peers.
The first menstruation and first ejaculation are often considered
the most important events of puberty, particularly for the
individual. However, it is the development of the secondary
sexual characteristics that serve as more apparent signals to
others that the person is becoming a man or a woman. These
signals lead to increasingly differential treatment of adolescent
girls and boys by parents or other adults. The changes in
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

hormone levels that occur during puberty may cause boys and
girls to perceive the world in different ways, leading them to
react differently to situations. Thus, puberty augments
behavioural sex differences between young men and women. In
some cultures and religions, puberty is recognized with rituals
that mark the transition into adulthood.
EVALUATION

1. When does a child become self-conscious and more

private?
2. What age range does puberty begin in boys and girls?
3. What is puberty?

Adolescen
ce

Whereas the term puberty refers to the period of physical

maturation, the term adolescence typically refers to the socially
defined period during which a person adjusts to the physical,
emotional, and social changes associated with the transition
from childhood to adulthood. Adolescence, which occurs from
about the age of 12 to the age of 17 or older, is a period
marked by increased sexual behaviour. By the end of
adolescence, two-thirds of young women and almost all young
men have masturbated to orgasm. In recent decades, surveys
indicate that more adolescents have begun engaging in
intercourse at a younger age. However, studies of college
students often find that 20 to 30 per cent of these students
have not had sexual intercourse. Adolescence can be
particularly difficult for teens who feel different from their
peers. Sexually active adolescents may wonder if their peers
are abstinent, while sexually inactive adolescents may believe
that their peers are sexually active. Others may struggle with
same-sex attractions.
Sexual orientation may become a question during puberty or
adolescence. The term sexual orientation refers to a person's
erotic, romantic, or affectional attraction to the other sex, the
same sex, or both. A person who is attracted to the other sex is
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

labelled heterosexual, or sometimes straight. A person

attracted to the same sex is labelled homosexual. The word gay
may be used to describe homosexuals and is most often
applied to men, whereas the term lesbian is applied to
homosexual women. A person who is attracted to both men and
women is labelled bisexual. A transsexual is a person whose
sense of self is not consistent with his or her anatomical sex—
for example, a person whose sense of self is female but who
has male genitals. Homosexuality is not synonymous with
transsexuality. Homosexual men's sense of self is male and
lesbian women's sense of self is female.
EVALUATION

1. Define sexual orientation

2. What is the meaning of the word gay?

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. Differentiate between female and male in term of puberty.

2. Differentiate between puberty and growth
3. Who are homosexuals?
4. Define sexual orientation
5. What is the meaning of the word gay?

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. A person who is attracted to the other sex is labelled
A. heterosexual B. intersexual C.transsexuality D.affectional
2. A ----- is a person whose sense of self is not consistent
with his or her anatomical sex A. transsexual B. sexual
orientation C. bisexual D. transsexuality
3. The term refers to a person's erotic, romantic, or affectional
attraction to the other sex, the same sex, or both. A. sexual
orientation B. orientation C. lesbian
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

4. The term refers to the period of physical maturation. A.

puberty B. bisexual C. awkwardness. D. transsexual
5. The term-------- typically refers to the socially defined period
during which a person adjusts to the physical, emotional, and
social changes associated with the transition from childhood to
adulthood. A. adolescence B. puberty C. aging D. transsexual
THEORY

1. Differentiate between female and male in term of puberty.

2. Differentiate between puberty and growth.
3. Who are homosexuals?

Basic Science JSS1 First Term

WEEK SIX
FAMILY HEALTH (SANITATION) (I)
Performance Objectives
Students should be able to:

 WHAT IS HEALTH?

Content
REFERENCE

 Precious seed BASIC SCIENCE FOR JUNIOR SECONDARY

SCHOOLS BOOK 1
 NIGERIAN BASIC SCIENCE PROJECT BOOK ONE, Integrated
Science made Easy By F.I Kehinde

Sanitation can be defined as the process whereby our bodies,

clothes, shoes and environments are kept clean at all times, to
prevent microbial infections.
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

Personal health is a state of well being of our actual body,

mind and the way we feel about ourselves and others. It is also
defined by The World Health Organization (WHO) as a complete
physical, mental and social well-being of human-being and not
merely the absence of diseases.
The Importance Of Sanitation

1. It will reduce to a bearable minimum the number of germs

or pathogens in our bodies and environments.
2. It will give us good looks and good health.
3. It enables us to save money we might have spent on
drugs and medical bills.
4. It enables us to feel happy at all times.
5. It makes us look neat and attractive in the public.
6. It reduces government expenses on medical treatment of
the citizens.
7. It makes us energetic and able to perform our duties.

Methods of Keeping Human Bodies Clean

 Taking bath regularly.

 Cleaning of the fingers and toenails.
 Cleaning of the nose.
 Cleaning of the ears.
 Cleaning of the eyes.
 Cleaning of the hair.
 Cleaning of the hands.
 Cleaning of the feet.
 Cleaning of the teeth.
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

 Cleaning of the clothes.

 Cleaning of the shoes.

EVALUATION
1. Differentiate between personal health and sanitation.
2. Mention five important sanitation.
CLEANING OF EAR, NOSE AND EYES etc

 You must be technical and careful about the way you wash
the ear, nose and eyes when removing dust and dirt.

EAR

 The ear passage should be cleaned with cotton wool.

NOSE

 Do not use sharp objects in your nose.

 You should be careful in washing your nose.

EYES

 Do not use chemical like soap to wash your eyes.

 Avoid opening your eyes to a very bright light.

HAIR

 Cut your hair low and comb well to avoid lice living in it.

TEETH

 Clean your teeth with toothpaste and brush.

Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

 Wash your teeth as many times as you desire especially

after each meal.

CLOTHES, SHOES AND UNDERWEARS

 Clothes should be thoroughly washed and dried in the sun

and ironed properly.

 Underwear should be changed daily for proper hygienic

conditions.

Methods Of Keeping Homes Clean

 Cleaning of the floor.

 Cleaning of the furniture.
 Cleaning of the window blinds.
 Cleaning of the bedroom.
 Cleaning of the sitting room.
 Cleaning of the kitchen.
 Cleaning of the bathroom.
 Cleaning of the toilets.

EVALUATION

1. State three ways of taking care of the eyes.

2. What are the methods of keeping our home clean?

ADVANTAGES OF PERSONAL HYGIENE

 We look attractive and beautiful.

 It inhibits the breed of germs in our environment.
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

 It helps in sharp and clear eyes.

 The brain will be alert.
 It helps to save money we might otherwise spend on
medical treatment.

DISADVANTAGES OF POOR HYGIENE

 It makes us and our surrounding look untidy.

 We become unhappy when we are sick.
 It makes our parents spend money in the hospital when
we are sick.
 Poor hygiene causes diseases – causing micro-organisms
to develop on our bodies, shoes, clothes, homes.

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. State the ways of improving good health in the family.
2. Identify the advantages and disadvantages of personal
hygiene.
3. State three ways of taking care of the eyes.
4. What are the methods of keeping our home clean?
READING ASSIGNMENT: Integrated Science made Easy By F.I
Kehinde Page 1-9, Precious seed BASIC SCIENCE FOR JUNIOR
SECONDARY SCHOOLS BOOK 1 PAGE 9-22
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1 _______ is a state of well being of our actual body, mind
and the way we feel about ourselves (a) Health (b) Family (c)
Body (d) Relaxation
2 Poor hygiene causes ______ (a) Sound health (b) Sickness
(c) Sharp and clear eyes (d) Wealth
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

3 Advantages of personal hygiene include the following

except ______ (a) Looking attractive (b) ability to save more
money (c) looking beautiful (d) looking untidy
4 _______ improves the health of the family (a) Exercise (b)
Bad habit (c) Dirty environment (d) sickness
5. Which of the following might result from poor hygiene of the
teeth (a) toothache (b) tooth decay (c) extracting the bad teeth
(d) all of the above
THEORY
1. Explain personal hygiene.
2. State three advantages and three disadvantages of hygiene.
Basic Science JSS1 First Term
WEEK SEVEN & EIGHT
FAMILY HEALTH (II) (NUTRITION)
Performance Objectives
Students should be able to:

 FOOD AND BALANCED DIET

 TYPE / COMPOSITION BALANCED

Content
REFERENCE

 Precious seed BASIC SCIENCE FOR JUNIOR SECONDARY

SCHOOLS BOOK 1
 NIGERIAN BASIC SCIENCE PROJECT BOOK ONE, Integrated
Science made Easy By F.I Kehinde

FOOD AND BALANCED DIET

Nutrition is the intake of food by all living organisms(i.e.
plants and animals) in order to live well.
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

Food is a substance that we eat and digest in order to provide

energy and help in body building. Food is also anything taken
to provide energy, nutrients, to build the body, to relace worn-
out cells and to grow and develop a healthy body. It includes
many things we eat and drink except alcohol, cigarettes and
drugs
BALANCED DIET: An adequate diet is one that is sufficient in
quantity and food nutrients in required amount or proportions.
An adequate diet is called a balanced diet.
In terms of quantity, the human body requires more
carbohydrates followed by proteins lipids, vitamins and
minerals.
PROCEDURE FOR PLANNING A BALANCED DIET
1 Plan in a tabular form, an adequate diet for your home, in
your own part of Nigeria.
2 Use as far as possible locally produced food items.
3 In cases where you have a choice use food items you
personally prefer.
TYPES OF FOOD
Types
1 Solid or liquid e.g.
Solid foods Liquid foods
Yam Milk
Rice Cocoa drinks like Milo
Bread Bourn vita
Beans Fruit juice
2. Local foods e.g.
Local foods
Beans
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

Rice
Yam
Sweet potato

1. Imported foods

Milk
Stockfish
Butt
Pasta

2. Cereals, vegetables and fruits e.g.

Cereals
Rice
Corn flakes
Wheat

3. Fruits e.g. mango, orange, lemon, apple, pear, guava, etc.

4. Vegetables: okra, spinach, waterleaf, lettuce etc.

5. Foods eaten raw or cooked e.g.

Foods eaten raw

Lettuce
Pawpaw
Mango
Banana
Cucumber
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

6. Foods eaten cooked

Yam
Rice
Beans
Meat
Potato
Food can also be grouped into three categories according to
the functions they perform in the body . These are:

1. Energy giving food e.g. carbohydrates, fats and oils.

2. Bodybuilding food e.g. proteins.
3. Protective food e.g. vitamins and mineral salts.

EVALUATION

1. Give three ways of planning for an adequate diet.

2. State five examples of food eaten raw.

Classes Of Food

Classes of food Composition

1. Carbohydrates e.g. Carbon, Hydrogen and

Yam, Garri, Millet, Oxygen with Hydrogen
Potato and Oxygen in ratio 2 : 1

2. Proteins e.g. milk, Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

cheese, eggs, and nitrogen, sometimes
yoghurt, beans sulphur and phosphorus

3. Fats and oils (lipids Carbon, hydrogen and

e.g. palm oil, oxygen fats are solid,
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

groundnut oil, olive while oils are liquid at

oil, animal fats room temperature.

4. Vitamins we have Vitamins are made up of

vitamin A,B,C,D,E living organisms.
AND K.

5. Mineral salts e.g. They are chemical

potassium, calcium, substance for human
sulphur, phosphorus, health
nitrogen

6. Water Water is made up of and

oxygen

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. List six food types and their composition
2. Define a balanced diet
3. List the types of food we have.
4. State five examples of food eaten raw.
READING ASSIGNMENT

 Basic science By NNOF pages 6-11 or Basic science made

easy by F.I Kehinde Pages 10 – 15,
 Precious seed BASIC SCIENCE FOR JUNIOR SECONDARY
SCHOOLS BOOK 1 PAGE 23-34

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1 Which of the following is not a food item? (a) Milk (b)
Spinach (c) Orange (d) Alcohol
2. A disease that results from the lack of protein is called
______ (a) a hunger disease (b) a poverty disease (c)
Kwashiorkor disease (d) vitamin deficiency disease
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

3 _______ is a substance we eat and digest and give energy

to the body (a) Starch (b) Food (c) Protein (d) Balance diet
4 Which of the following is the function of vitamins in the
human body ? (a) providing energy (b) preserving health (c)
bodybuilding (d) None of the above
5 The following food items are sources of carbohydrate
except for (a) beans (b) yam (c) rice (d) orange
THEORY
1 Prepare an adequate diet chart.
2 List the six classes of food and their functions.
Basic Science JSS1 First Term
WEEK NINE
FAMILY HEALTH (III) DRUG ABUSE
Performance Objectives
Students should be able to:

o Meaning of drugs
o Uses and side effects of drugs

Content
REFERENCE

 Precious seed BASIC SCIENCE FOR JUNIOR SECONDARY

SCHOOLS BOOK 1
 NIGERIAN BASIC SCIENCE PROJECT BOOK ONE, Integrated
Science made Easy By F.I Kehinde

DRUG
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

Drugs are substances, other than their food, that can affect the
structure or function of a living organism.
DRUG ADDICTION
Drug addiction is when a person uses a particular drug from
time to time and become unable to do without it.
DRUG ABUSE/ MISUSED
It is a patterned use of a drug in which the user consumes the
drug in amounts or with methods neither approved nor
supervised by medical professionals.
Drug abuse/misuse means
- The use of a drug for a purpose that is not suited
- The use of a drug for an appropriate purpose but in an
improper dosage
Drug abuse also means the excessive use of a drug without
regard to accepted medical practice.
Addiction and habituation are used by legislative and legal
authorities, while medical doctors use the word dependence.
SIDE EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE

 Problems at home.
 Creating legal problem.
 Teenage death.
 Poor school work.
 Loss of good friends.
 Bad habit.
 Suicide.
 Violence.
 Early pregnancy.
 Sexually transmitted infections.
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

EVALUATION

1. Define drug addiction.

2. State five side effect of drugs.

SOURCES OF DRUG
The sources of drugs are:
1. Marijuana
The Indian hemp is a plant grown as a fibre and of seed
rich in oil.
The leaves and flowers are prepared and taken in various
forms, this they may be eaten, drink, inhaled or smoked.
Marijuana is not as addictive as other strongly addictive drugs
such as heroin.
2. OPIUM
This is obtained from the poppy plant. Its seeds are used to
prepare some food and as a source of oil.
The dried latex that usually come out from opium seeds is
kneaded into balls of crude opium which drug traffickers
market.
3. MORPHINE
It is obtained from opium by chemical process.
4. Heroin
It is a derivative of morphine. It is used medically and it is the
most dangerous of the addictive drugs.
5. COCAINE
It is obtained from the coca tree. The commercial drug is
obtained from the dried leaves by extraction with alcohol.
6. ALCOHOL
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

This is chemical that can be found in palm wine, wine, beer,

stout and some strong alcoholic like gin, whiskey, rum etc.
Alcohol is classified as drug because:
i. it affects the sense when it is abused.
ii. it is a stimulant.
iii. it induces sleep.
iv. Prolonged used of alcohol is harmful to the brain, liver
and other organs.
7. CIGARETTES / TOBACCO: All forms of tobacco smoking
have been found to be dangerous to health.
EVALUATION
1. State five sources of drugs and discuss four.
2. Why is alcohol classified as drug?
USES OF DRUG

 To combat diseases.
 To save lives.
 To relieve suffering.

EVALUATION
1. State two uses of drug.
2. Give five side effects of drugs.
CAUSES OF DRUG ABUSE
1. Curiosity
2. Lack of self–confidence
3. Search for excitement
4. Reduction of stress and frustration
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

5. Trying to fit in a peer group

EVALUATION
1. What is drug abuse?
2. State four causes of drug abuse.
READING ASSIGNMENT

 NIGERIA BASIC SCIENCE PROJECT PAGE 58-60

 Precious seed BASIC SCIENCE FOR JUNIOR SECONDARY
SCHOOLS BOOK 1 PAGE 35-40

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. What is drug abuse?
2. State four causes of drug abuse.
3. State five sources of drugs and discuss four
4. State two uses of drug.
5. Give five side effects of drugs.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Causes of drug abuse include the following except
a) Curiosity b) lack of self-confidence c) search for excitement
d) cocaine
2. Marijuana is grown purposely for its
a) Addictive b) fibre and seed c) stimulant d) effects on
brain and liver
3. One of these is a source of drug
a) drug b) abuse c) curiosity d) opium
4. The Indian hemp is a plant grown as a ---- and of seed rich
in oil.
a) fibre b) opium c) seed d) All of the above
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

5. Drug abuse can lead to the following except

a) Problems at home b) Suicides c) Violence d) Sound
health
THEORY
1. Give five side effects of drug
2. Give five sources of drugs with brief explanation
3. State four causes of drug abuse
Basic Science JSS1 First Term

Week 1

Family Health: Sanitation 1

Performance objectives:

1. Define Sanitation

Content

Definition of Sanitation

Sanitation is a way in which we keep our environment clean and

healthy.
Some diseases arise from poor sanitation and pollution of the
environment. If our surroundings and the water we drink are
contaminated, our health will be affected.
Sanitation can also be said to be the removal of all kinds of waste
that could be considered unpleasant from our immediate
environment, to keep ourselves and our environment clean and
healthy.
Materials and tools used for sanitation are broom, cutlass, rake,
disinfectants, soap, etc.
Environmental Sanitation
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

Environmental sanitation is the process (Art and Science) of

keeping our environment clean by removing waste matter of all
kinds from our environment.
Importance of Environmental Sanitation

1. It makes the environment habitable for living

2. It helps in maintaining clean and healthy environment
3. Pollution prevention
4. Promotes human health
5. It makes our environment free of objects that can cause
accident
6. It reduces the number of disease causing organism

Characteristics of a Healthy Environment

Healthy environment is a result of environmental sanitation.
The following are the characteristics of a healthy environment:

1. It is very neat
2. Has a safe and good water supply
3. Has fresh air and well ventilated
4. Does not have an unpleasant odour
5. Free of objects that can cause an accident
Basic Science JSS1 First Term
Week 2
Family Health: Sanitation 2
Performance objectives:

1. State the methods of sanitation and importance.

Content
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

Methods of sanitation

1.Physical cleaning
2.Disinfecting
3.Sterilizing
4 Dry heating, recycling etc.
Importance of sanitation

1. It promotes health.
2. It help prevents disease transmission.
3. It helps create a more pleasant work environment.
4. It reduces the incidence of chronic diseases.
5. It enhances the safety and well-being of people.
Basic Science JSS1 First Term

Week 3

Family Health: Nutrition 3

Performance objectives:

1. Define Nutrition.

2. Types of foods.

Content

What is Nutrition?

Nutrition is the process of providing or obtaining the food necessary

for health and growth.
Nutrition can also mean eating enough of the right kinds of foods.
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

Definition of Basic terms

1. Nutrition: The series of processes by which organisms

obtain and use food, it also refers to how your body uses
the food you have eaten.
2. Feeding: The act of taking food from living organisms so
as to get the energy to carry out activities of life.
3. Food: This is defined as any edible substance either solid
or liquid which when taken gives the body the required
nutrient for growth, development, and provision of energy.
4. Nutrients: The substances or group of chemical
compounds found in food. Foods do not contain nutrients
in equal amount and no one food provides all the essential
elements, for this reason, variety in the diet is more than
the spice of life.
5. Diet: The kinds of food we eat regularly is called diet.
6. Meal: This is the combination of food eaten together.
7. Dietitian: Nutrition specialists specialize in the study of
food and nutrition in relation to health.

Functions of food
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

Traditional Nigerian Food

The functions of food are:

 It provides energy.
 It helps to fight against diseases.
 It helps to repair worn-out cells.
 It helps to build up new cells for growth.
 It regulates body processes.

Types of Food
This refers to various ways in which food may be grouped e.g

1. Solid or liquid food.

2. Local or imported food.
3. Raw or cooked food.

Food items from plant or food items from animals

More Types of Foods

The major types of food are:

1.Carbohydrates.g. rice, bread, yam, etc.
2.Proteine.g. beans, egg, meat
3.Fat and Oil e.g. animal fat, palm oil
4.Minerals e.g. calcium, iron
5.Vitamin e.g. fruits
Basic Science JSS1 First Term

Week 5
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

Family Health: Drug Abuse 5

Performance objectives:

1. Define Drug abuse and substance abuse

Content

Meaning of Drugs

Drugs

A drug is any chemical substance that affects the action of the

body or any substance that causes physical or mental changes
in the body.
It is a substance used to treat an illness, relieve a symptom, or
modify a chemical process in the body for a specific purpose.
Drugs that can be produced, sold, and used legally are called
Licit Drugs e.g paracetamol, Aspirin, etc while those that
cannot be produced, sold, and used legally (are not permitted
by the law) are called Illicit Drugs e.g cocaine, Indian hemp,
marijuana, etc
Medical uses of Drugs
They are:
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

1. To control and cure infections or diseases

2. To relieve and possibly prevent pain
3. To reduce or stimulate appetite
4. For fertility purposes
5. To enhance and prolong the life of patients with incurable
diseases

Drug Abuse and Substance Abuse

33% Complete
Drug abuse is taking drugs without the advice and prescription
of a doctor. It is the misuse of drugs and overindulgence in
drugs. A drug is said to be abused when it is taken without
medical supervision which can cause severe health, mental,
and social problem to the user.
Substance abuse: Can be defined as the overindulgence in
and dependence on a drug or other chemicals.
The following are some of the reasons for drug abuse:
Reasons for Drug Abuse

1. To reduce stress and frustration

2. To ease peer pressure
3. To gain self-confidence
4. To expand the mind
5. To be more social
6. To relieve boredom and sadness
7. To relax the mind and body
8. To satisfy curiosity
9. To have fun and excitement
10. To be more alert
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

Effects of Drug Abuse

66% Complete
The effect of drug abuse is not only on the users, it also affects
the family, friends and community at large. Some of its effects
are stated below:

1. Bad social behaviour

2. Depression
3. Poor performance in school
4. Drowsiness
5. Brain damage
6. Family disruption
7. Increase in crime rate in the society
8. Violence and impulsion
9. Damage to vital organs of the body
10. Increase in drug related accidents

Examples of drugs and their sources

Drug Source Group Effect of abuse

1Marijuana Indian hemp Hallucinogen Hallucination

plant s
(Cannabis
sativa)

2Opium Poppy plant Narcotic Drowsiness,

hallucination

3Morphine Extracted Narcotic Complete loss of the

Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

from opium senses

4Heroine Derived from Narcotic Addictive drugs

morphine

5Cocaine Coca plant Stimulant Stimulation which

later leads to
depression

6Cigarettes Tobacco plant Respiratory tract

diseases e.g lung
cancer

7Alcohol and Chemical Stimulant Induces sleep,

palm wine damages internal
organs e.g brain,
liver, etc

Marijuana: Common name for a drug made from the dried

leaves and flowering tops of the Indian hemp plant,
scientifically called Cannabis sativa. People smoke, chew, or eat
marijuana for their hallucinating and intoxicating effects.
Opium: Is used primarily as a source of the drug
morphine. Morphine is used mainly to kill pain arising from an
accident or disease. It also controls coughing in diseases of
respiratory organs.
Heroine: Is an artificial derivative of morphine. It is used
medically and is perhaps most dangerous of the addictive
drugs.
Cocaine: This is the only widely used local anesthetic of plant
origin, though there are several synthetic ones. An injection of
cocaine deadens the response of nerves in small areas of the
body to pain for a period of up to one hour.
Tobacco/Cigarettes: Tobacco is an agricultural product
processed from the leaves of plants of the genus Nicotiana. It
can be consumed, used as a pesticide, or at times as medicine.
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

Alcohol: Alcohol is a chemical which is present in varying

amounts in palm wine, wine, beer, stout, and strong alcoholic
drinks such as whiskey, gin, schnapps, etc
Barbiturates: Medically recommended doses of barbiturates
are used to induce sleep, relieve tension, treat ulcer,
hypertension, insomnia, and a variety of mental disorders. An
excess dose taken over an extended period cause physical and
psychological dependence on the drug.
Drug Addiction
A person who uses a drug frequently, after repeated use, the
person not only uses the drug again and again but is unable to
do without the drug. This situation is described as addiction or
dependence.
Once a person is addicted to a particular drug, he may find it
difficult to do without it.

Basic Science JSS1 First Term

Week 6

Family Health: Effect of drug abuse 6

Performance objectives:

1. Effects of drug abuse

Content

Effects of drug abuse

1.Psychological disorder leading to poor performance at school.

2. It can lead to stomach upset.
3. It leads to loss of muscular coordination and organ breakdown
which may lead to death.
4. It may lead to bad behaviour such as theft and violence.
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

5. It gives a person a habit of obtaining more drugs.

6. It leads to physical damages like rashes and abscesses.

Effects of Drug Abuse

66% Complete
The effect of drug abuse is not only on the users, it also affects
the family, friends and community at large. Some of its effects
are stated below:

1. Bad social behaviour

2. Depression
3. Poor performance in school
4. Drowsiness
5. Brain damage
6. Family disruption
7. Increase in crime rate in the society
8. Violence and impulsion
9. Damage to vital organs of the body
10. Increase in drug related accidents

Examples of drugs and their sources

Drug Source Group Effect of abuse

1Marijuana Indian hemp Hallucinogen Hallucination

plant s
(Cannabis
sativa)

2Opium Poppy plant Narcotic Drowsiness,

Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

hallucination

3Morphine Extracted Narcotic Complete loss of the

from opium senses

4Heroine Derived from Narcotic Addictive drugs

morphine

5Cocaine Coca plant Stimulant Stimulation which

later leads to
depression

6Cigarettes Tobacco plant Respiratory tract

diseases e.g lung
cancer

7Alcohol and Chemical Stimulant Induces sleep,

palm wine damages internal
organs e.g brain,
liver, etc

Marijuana: Common name for a drug made from the dried

leaves and flowering tops of the Indian hemp plant,
scientifically called Cannabis sativa. People smoke, chew, or eat
marijuana for their hallucinating and intoxicating effects.
Opium: Is used primarily as a source of the drug
morphine. Morphine is used mainly to kill pain arising from an
accident or disease. It also controls coughing in diseases of
respiratory organs.
Heroine: Is an artificial derivative of morphine. It is used
medically and is perhaps most dangerous of the addictive
drugs.
Cocaine: This is the only widely used local anesthetic of plant
origin, though there are several synthetic ones. An injection of
cocaine deadens the response of nerves in small areas of the
body to pain for a period of up to one hour.
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

Tobacco/Cigarettes: Tobacco is an agricultural product

processed from the leaves of plants of the genus Nicotiana. It
can be consumed, used as a pesticide, or at times as medicine.
Alcohol: Alcohol is a chemical which is present in varying
amounts in palm wine, wine, beer, stout, and strong alcoholic
drinks such as whiskey, gin, schnapps, etc
Barbiturates: Medically recommended doses of barbiturates
are used to induce sleep, relieve tension, treat ulcer,
hypertension, insomnia, and a variety of mental disorders. An
excess dose taken over an extended period cause physical and
psychological dependence on the drug.
Drug Addiction
A person who uses a drug frequently, after repeated use, the
person not only uses the drug again and again but is unable to
do without the drug. This situation is described as addiction or
dependence.
Once a person is addicted to a particular drug, he may find it
difficult to do without it.
Test: Basic Science JSS1 First Term Mid-Term Assessment

1. ------------ is a way in which we keep our environment clean and healthy?

a. heath

b. Soap

c. Dettol

d. Sanitation

2. Do diseases arise from poor sanitation?

a. True

b. False

3. List four materials used for sanitation?

a. Broom

b. Rake, Knife

c. Cutlass, Spoon

d. Soap, Broom, brush, Cutlass.

4. State three methods of sanitation?

Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

a. Disinfecting

b. sterilizing

c. physical cleaning

d. All of the above

5. Mention three importance of sanitation?

a. It promotes health.

b. It enhances the safety and well-being of people.

c. It helps prevents disease transmission.

d. All of the above

6. ----------- mean eating enough of the right kinds of foods?

a. balanced diet

b. Vitamins

c. growth

d. nutrition

7. All are examples of food that contains protein EXCEPT ________?

a. fish

b. bread

c. beans

d. egg

8. List three types of food?

a. Protein and carbohydrates

b. minerals

c. All of the above

9. State 2 types of food and functions?

a. Carbohydrates:

b. Proteins:

c. All of the above

10. Define a balanced diet?

a. A Balanced diet is a proper amount of each type of food and this is very essential for proper
growth and good health.
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

11. Which of the following defines a drug?

a. a food supplement

b. something that tastes nice

c. a chemical that alters the way our body works

d. something that makes you ill

12. ---------- is the use of drugs without a doctor’s prescription?

a. chemicals

b. alcohol

c. drug abuse

d. paracetamol

13. Drugs are chemicals substances that we swallow, inhale, or inject?

a. True

b. False.

14. Painkillers are used to reduce pain?

a. True

b. False

Basic Science JSS1 First Term

Week 7

Environmental pollution 1

Performance objectives:

1. Define Air, Soil, and water pollution.

Content

Pollution
Pollution may be defined as the release or discharge of harmful
waste, dirty or poisonous substances in the environment. Dirty,
dangerous harmful or poisonous substances which make the
environment unsuitable are called pollutants. Examples are
acid, soaps, and detergents, alcohol, oils, chemical compounds
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

such as lead, sulphide, fertilizers, herbicides etc Water

pollution, air pollution, soil pollution and noise pollution are
types of pollution.

The discharge of waste substances into the environment in

quantities that are harmful to human beings is known as pollution.
Air pollution is the discharge of harmful waste substances that contaminate
the atmosphere.

Soil pollution is the release of refuse and untreated wastes from agricultural
and domestic activities and is exposed or dumped on the soil.

Water pollution is the contamination of water to make it impure or unsafe

through the introduction of pollutants like oil spills, human sewage, etc.

Air pollution
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

Soil pollution

Water pollution
Basic Science JSS1 First Term

Week 8

Environmental pollution 2

Performance objectives:

1. Identify various pollutants and causes

Content
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

Causes of air pollution

1.Carbon dioxide from exhausts of motor vehicles.

2.Industrial processes like refineries, coal mines etc.

Consequences & Control Measures of Air Pollution

1. Carbon monoxide: In low concentration dizziness,

headache, nausea, and tiredness are caused. If inhaled for
a long period even in low concentration, causes brain
damage, at a higher concentration, it can cause
unconsciousness and eventually death. It reacts with
haemoglobin in the blood preventing it from taking oxygen
and forms carboxyhemoglobin, which can lead to death by
suffocation.

 Sulphur Dioxide: It causes lung diseases in humans. It

changes the green colour of plants’ leaves and corrodes
metals.

 Nitrogen oxides: This causes lung irritation, suffocation,

a disease in plants, and corrosion of metallic objects.

 Hydrogen sulphide: It has a rotten egg smell which is

irritating and can cause suffocation to humans.

 Dust: This can cause injury to the eyes, noses and ears.

 Smoke: This causes injury to the lung of the respiratory

tracts and discomfort to man. Smoke from cigarettes
causes lung cancer, asthma, and chronic bronchitis. It also
causes eye irritation, respiratory ailment, and nausea.
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

 Radioactive: Radioactive rays are very dangerous to

health and can destroy genes.

Sources of Soil Pollution

Soil pollutants are the waste materials that affect the quality of
our soil.
These are:
1. Agricultural pollutants: When farmers clear land for
growing crops, the soil is exposed to the weather. In a drier
climate, the soil dries out and the wind easily carries it
away. Also in areas where the soil is exposed to rapidly flowing
water, large amounts of soil can be carried away quickly. it also
includes the excessive use of fertilizers, pesticides, and
herbicides.
2. Chemical pollutants: These are industrial wastes and
chemicals deposited on the soil such as lead compounds,
fertilizers, pesticides, etc. These are harmful to the soil when
they are in excess.
3. Non-biodegradable materials: These are materials that
are not capable of being broken down by the action of living
things. They are dangerous to the soil e.g plastics, nylon,
bottles, etc.
4. Irrigation: In a very dry land, irrigation can poison the soil
by dissolving the salt which is left after water evaporation on
the topsoil. Most plants cannot grow in topsoil that contains too
much salt.
Effects & Control of Soil Pollution
50% Complete

1. Soil pollutants reduce nutrients values in the soil.

2. Soil pollutants will hinder the provision of habitats,
nourishment, and protection for plants and animals, i.e it
will kill soil organisms.
3. Soil pollutants will lead to poor yield.
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

4. The economy of a country like Nigeria will not grow

because the exportation of cocoa is still in progress.
5. Farmers will not be able to earn their living because they
won’t have enough farm products for sale.
6. Discarded materials make the land/environment untidy,
unattractive, and unsafe for human beings.

Control of Soil Pollution

1. Recycling non-biodegradable materials helps to reduce

the need for raw materials.
2. Manufacturers can reuse materials to make new products.
3. Old plastics should be recycled to make new ones.
4. Waste materials can be properly disposed of, by controlled
burning.
5. Regular environmental sanitation should be encouraged in
all the states of the federation.

Causes of Water Pollution

Water pollution is the introduction of chemical, biological and

physical matter into large bodies of water that degrade the
quality of life that lives in it and consumes it. Wastes from
domestic, industrial and agricultural activities are major
sources of water pollution.
When water loses its natural, physical properties and becomes
coloured with offensive odour and bad taste, the water is said
to be polluted. It could be directly or indirectly discharged into
water. Wastes from homes that can cause pollution are called
domestic wastes while those from industries are called
industrial waste.

Domestics waste Industrial waste

Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

1 Soaps and detergents used in Acids from agricultural

. washing clothes, plates, and processing e.g cassava
cars (cyanic acid)

2 Vegetable oil, kerosene, and Oil spillage from broken

engine oil pipelines to water

3 Dumping of animal wastes at Chemical compounds such as

. the riverbank lead, sulphide, fertilizer

Basic Science JSS1 First Term

Week 10

Environmental pollution 4

Performance objectives:

1. Mention ways of reducing the risk of pollution.

2. Describe pollution control

Content
Control Measures of Pollution

In order to keep our environment clean, we have to limit the risk of

pollution and control the effects of human activities.
Control of Soil Pollution

1. Recycling of non-biodegradable materials helps to reduce

the need for raw materials.
2. Manufacturers can reuse materials to make new products.
3. Old plastics should be recycled to make new ones.
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

4. Waste materials can be properly disposed of, by controlled

burning.
5. Regular environmental sanitation should be encouraged in
all the states of the federation.

Control Measures of Air pollution

1. Proper maintenance of machinery, motor vehicles, boilers,

furnaces, and chimneys.
2. Planting of trees: Plants can use carbon oxide for
photosynthesis and at the same time releasing oxygen to
the atmosphere
3. Cover noses properly with a white clean handkerchief if
you accidentally get to an air polluted area.

Control of Soil Pollution

1. Recycling of non-biodegradable materials helps to reduce

the need for raw materials.
2. Manufacturers can reuse materials to make new products.
3. Old plastics should be recycled to make new ones.
4. Waste materials can be properly disposed of, by controlled
burning.
5. Regular environmental sanitation should be encouraged in
all the states of the federation.

Basic Science JSS1 First Term

Week 9

Environmental pollution 3

Performance objectives:

1. Consequences/Effects of Pollution
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

Content

Consequences of pollution

Consequences Of Water

1. There will be an outbreak of water-borne diseases e.g. typhoid

fever, dysentery.
2. There will be a shortage of water for domestic and industrial use.
3. Shortage of farm products.
Sources of Air pollution

1. Automobiles
2. Power stations
3. Industries
4. Burning of wood and vegetation for agricultural purposes
5. The decay of dead plants and animals.

Consequences & Control Measures of Air Pollution

1. Carbon monoxide: In low concentration dizziness,

headache, nausea, and tiredness are caused. If inhaled for
a long period even in low concentration, causes brain
damage, at a higher concentration, it can cause
unconsciousness and eventually death. It reacts with
haemoglobin in the blood preventing it from taking oxygen
and forms carboxyhemoglobin, which can lead to death by
suffocation.

 Sulphur Dioxide: It causes lung diseases in humans. It

changes the green colour of plants’ leaves and corrodes
metals.
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

 Nitrogen oxides: This causes lung irritation, suffocation,

a disease in plants, and corrosion of metallic objects.

 Hydrogen sulphide: It has a rotten egg smell which is

irritating and can cause suffocation to humans.

 Dust: This can cause injury to the eyes, noses and ears.

 Smoke: This causes injury to the lung of the respiratory

tracts and discomfort to man. Smoke from cigarettes
causes lung cancer, asthma, and chronic bronchitis. It also
causes eye irritation, respiratory ailment, and nausea.

 Radioactive: Radioactive rays are very dangerous to

health and can destroy genes.

Effects & Control of Soil Pollution

1. Soil pollutants reduce nutrients values in the soil.

2. Soil pollutants will hinder the provision of habitats,
nourishment, and protection for plants and animals, i.e it
will kill soil organisms.
3. Soil pollutants will lead to poor yield.
4. The economy of a country like Nigeria will not grow
because the exportation of cocoa is still in progress.
5. Farmers will not be able to earn their living because they
won’t have enough farm products for sale.
6. Discarded materials make the land/environment untidy,
unattractive, and unsafe for human beings.

Basic Science JSS1 First Term

Week 4
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

Family Health: Nutrition 4

Performance objectives:

1. Classes of Food.

2. Give an example of a balanced diet.

Content

Classification of Foods
Based on the nutrients in food, food substances are classified into:

1. Protein

2. Carbohydrates

3. Fats and oil (lipids)

4. Vitamins

5. Minerals

6. Water

Generally, all foods are categorized into:

Energy giving food: Carbohydrates and fats and oil
Body building – protein
Health preserving food – vitamins and minerals

Nutrients Sources Functions Composition

Protein Meat, milk, fish, Supports growth and Carbon, hydrogen,

poultry, beans, maintains healthy oxygen, nitrogen,
eggs, cheese body cells sulphur and
phosphorus

Carbohydrates Cereal, potatoes Provides main source Carbon, hydrogen,

Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

Nutrients Sources Functions Composition

yam, bread, of energy for the oxygen

maize, sugar energy

Fats and oil Vegetable oil, Provides energy for Carbon, hydrogen,
butter, palm-oil, the body, it also keeps oxygen
margarine the body warm

Vitamins Liver, carrots, Protects the body Varying in

oranges, grapes, against diseases, components e.g
milk, cheese, promotes chemical vitamin A, Vitamin E
fruits reaction in the body

Minerals Liver, meat, Regulates the body’s Potassium, iron,

poultry, fish metabolism calcium

Water Most food we Helps with body Hydrogen, oxygen

eat contain process such as
water e.g fruits digestion, makes up
60% of the human
adult body

Vitamins: Promote chemical reactions in the body

The various types of vitamins, sources, functions, effect of deficiency are
seen below.

Vitamins Sources Functions Effects of

deficiency

1 A (Retinol) Liver, eggs, milk, For healthy skin and Dry skin, night
fish, liver oil, normal vision blindness
tomatoes, mangoes

2 B complex Yeast, palm wine, For normal growth, for Reduced growth,
beans, eggs, normal working of heart beriberi
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

tomatoes, and nervous system

groundnut

3 C (Ascorbic Citrus fruits e.g Maintenance of Slow healing of

acid) oranges, tomatoes, connective tissue wounds, scurvy
guava, pawpaw, bones, help to resist
green vegetables infections

4 D (Calciferol) Milk, egg yolk, liver, Facilitate absorption of Rickets (poor

fish liver oil calcium and bone and teeth
phosphorous in the formation)
intestine, for hardening
of bones

5 E Leafy vegetables, Sterility

(Tocopherol) oils, e;g palm oil,
eggs

6. K Green vegetables Synthesis of blood Slow clotting of

clotting factors blood leading to
severe bleeding

Minerals regulate the metabolism of the body. Their sources, types and
deficiency symptoms are written below:

Minerals Sources Functions Deficiency

symptoms

1 Sodium Salt, meat, egg, Permeability, for Dehydration,

milk normal cell kidney failure
membrane

2 Chlorine Salt Maintains correct Muscle cramps

osmotic pressure of
body fluids

3 Potassium All natural foods Permeability, for Loss of bone

Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

normal cell minerals, muscle

membrane paralysis

4 Calcium Diary products e.g Bone formation and Rickets

milk, cheese, eggs, blood clotting
vegetables softening of bones

5. Phosphorous Diary products, Bone formation and

meat, beans, general metabolism
plantain

6. Magnesium Leafy vegetables, A major component Teeth muscle,

nuts, sea foods of bones muscle contraction

7 Iron Liver, egg, meat, Formation of Anaemia

green vegetable haemoglobin in red
blood cells

8. Iodine Sea foods, iodized Hormone Goiter, cretinism

table salts

9. Fluorine Milk Hardening of bones Dental caries

and teeth

An excessive loss of water from the body is called dehydration

measured with a calorimeter.
Factors that Determine Nutrients needs of an Individual

1. Age

2. Weight

3. Sex

4. The amount of physical exercise

Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

Specific health conditions such as pregnancy, breast feeding, illness or

drug use, make unusual demands on the body and increases its need
for nutrients

Balanced Diet
The diet which contains all the classes of food and roughages in the right proportion which
is used for body growth and development is called a balanced or an adequate diet.

Importance of Balanced diet

The importance of balanced diet are listed below

1. A balanced diet provides natural disease prevention

2. Weight control

3. Proper sleep without the use of sleeping pills

4. It prevents malnutrition

5. To meet your daily nutritional needs and enjoy a higher overall quality of life

6. It provides the energy needed for activities of life

Test: Basic Science JSS1 First Term Final Assessment

1. Which of the following is an effect of drug abuse?

a. getting addicted

b. increasing fitness

c. thinking clearly

d. doing well at school

2. Which of the following is a source of air pollution?

a. oil spillage

b. food aroma

c. exhaust fumes

d. traffic noise
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

3. Which of the following is not a water pollutant?

a. industrial waste

b. sewage

c. poultry waste

d. oxygen gas

4. The following are all sources of water pollution except ________?

a. oil spill into the sea

b. pesticides washed by rain

c. exhaust gases from automobile engine

d. None of the above.

5. ___________ are chemicals and other substances that cause pollution?

a. loamy soil

b. hydrochloric acid

c. pollutants

d. ozone layer

6. State 3 major causes of soil, air, and water pollution in the community?

a. Dumping of garbage

b. Carbon dioxide from exhausts of motor vehicles

c. Oil spillage.

d. All of the above

7. Dysentry is an airborne disease?

a. True

b. False

8. All are examples of waterborne diseases except________?

a. cholera

b. typhoid

c. hepatitis A

d. HIV

9. Suggest at least two ways on how to control pollution?

a. Proper disposal of domestic waste,

Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resources

b. Recycling of used plastics and broken bottles.

c. All of the above

10. List two effects of drug abuse?

a. It may lead to bad behavior such as theft and violence.

b. It gives a person a habit of obtaining more drugs.

11. Drug abuse cannot lead to death?

a. True

b. False.