Module IV

____________________

Computer Hardware Components and Peripherals

This module provides a brief introduction about Information Communication

Technology, elements of a computer system and its classifications. It tackles also the
classification, capabilities and limitation of computer. It discusses different components
and parts of a computer together with its specific functions.

After successfully completing this module, you should be able to:

• Identify computer hardware structure;

• Understand computer basic part functionalities;
• Identify various types and usability of different computers;
• Know how IOP performs to carry out computer commands;
• Learn computers’ data system, storage and speed dimension;

• Weblinks for substantial reading and information reference

• Online videos for visual representation and demonstration
• PDF document as printed/non-printed material as evidence of topic resource
• Virtual Meeting for class discussion, brainstorming and exchange of ideas

Computer
- A machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions called a program.

A computer can also be defined as an electronic machine that accepts input (data),
processes it and gives out results (information). A program or app (short for application
program) in memory manages the processing. It can make use of data or information
stored in memory and remember the results of the processing for later use, again in
memory.
 A computer is also a (fairly complicated) tool intended to assist the user in
accomplishing information-based tasks ranging from locating and acquiring
data/information to processing it to presenting or transmitting it.
In addition, it is an entertainment center allowing the user to browse the web, read
a book, play a video game, watch a movie, etc. These devices (and the following) are
often left out of the definition of a computer because they are not "general purpose"
computing devices, that is, a Kindle (tm) is used to read books, but not to create a
classroom presentation. They are included here because the lines separating such
devices are becoming blurry.
In certain specialized instances, such as embedded real-time computers (as found
in your car or microwave), it is part of a more complex tool or device.

In a sense, a computer is ultimately a simple, generic device that can be used to

accomplish a wide variety of tasks. This leads to the first two generic definitions provided
above.

Computer-based System

A system in which a computer is involved and consists of three major elements:

Hardware, Software, and User (where the user may be another computer system). The
elements of a computer-based system are described in the three following scenarios:

1. Patient monitoring system

Hardware
Electrode leads, Micro-computers, Network platform, and a Server computer
Software
Monitoring Application, Database, and Operating System
User
Medical staff, Administrators

2. Controlling a section of an Assembly Line

Hardware
A specially embedded system which is developed for this purpose
Software
The machine code loaded on the embedded system Memory
User
Other Machine, Supervisor

3. Playing a game with a computer

Hardware
Game consoles such as Xbox and Playstation
Software
The game itself
User
The game player
 Types of Computers

Supercomputer

Supercomputers are fast because they are actually many computers working
together.
Supercomputers were introduced in the 1960's as the world's most advanced
computer. These computers were used for complex calculations such as forecasting
weather and quantum physics. Today, supercomputers are one of a kind; they are fast
and very advanced. The term supercomputer is always evolving as tomorrow's normal
computers are today's supercomputer. As of May 2011, Sunway TaihuLight is ranked on
the TOP500 list as the fastest supercomputer. It consists of 40,960 CPUs each with 256
processing cores (a quad-core has four). Although it is energy efficient, supercomputers
are still room-sized machines.

Mainframe

Mainframes are computers in which all the processing is done centrally, and the
user terminals are called "dumb terminals" since they only input and output (and do not
process). In modern systems, a PC or a web app often acts as the dumb terminal.
Mainframes are computers used mainly by large organizations for critical
applications, typically bulk data processing such as a census. Examples: banks, airlines,
insurance companies, and colleges. They support hundreds of users simultaneously.
At SRU, the mainframe handles registration, records, reports, and various Human
Resource functions. You are much more likely to use a mainframe in your professional
career (today) than a supercomputer.
Today, mainframes exist as a concept more than as hardware. (NASA unplugs last
mainframe.)

Server

Servers are similar to mainframes in that they serve many uses with the main
difference that, usually, the users (called clients) do much of their own processing. The
server processes are devoted to sharing files and managing access rights.

A server is a central computer that contains collections of data and programs. Also
called a network server, this system allows all connected users to share and store
electronic data and applications. Two important types of servers are file servers and
application servers.
An application server hosts various applications or programs that you can use
without having to install them directly on your system. At SRU, once you have installed
the Citrix client interface the Citrix server(s) provide access to many applications used
across campus. Web apps, like Google Docs, work in essentially the same way.
 A file server manages your files. At SRU, the H: (home drive) and I: (class works)
drives show up on any computer you log into as "network drives". These files are not
actually located on your computer's hard disk but appear to be so.
A web server is essentially a file server located somewhere in the Internet. You
request files (or web pages) by clicking on a (hyper)link or typing in a URL. The file is
displayed by your browser as a web page. Much of the web has been developed using
this client-server model.

A server with clients.

This diagram could
also be used for the
mainframe, if the
client computers
were dumb terminals.

Cloud Computing

Although "the cloud" is not a single computer system, it seems that this is a good
place to discuss it. First, it is worth noting that servers are also often not a single
computing system. All of our Google queries aren't sent to a single machine on the
Internet, but it acts that way. This is somewhat like cloud services (in fact Google offers
cloud services). In cloud computing, your PC acts as a client, perhaps with little more
hardware and software than is needed to run an operating system and a web browser.
Cloud applications are run on some (unknown) application server in the Internet and your
data is stored on some (unknown) file server in the Internet.
This offers the potential of significant costs savings, especially in business settings
where you otherwise have to have many computers, each with their own hardware and
software.
Workstation

Workstations are high-end, expensive computers that are made for complex
procedures and are intended for one user at a time. Some of the complex procedures
consist of science, math and engineering calculations and are useful for computer design
and manufacturing. Workstations are sometimes improperly named for marketing
reasons. Real workstations are not usually sold in retail.
Perhaps the first computer that might qualify as a "workstation" was the IBM 1620.
In current terminology, a desktop personal computer (or even a terminal)
connected to a server, mainframe, or network is often called a workstation. In addition,
the line separating workstations from personal computers is blurring as PCs become
more powerful and workstations become cheaper.

Personal Computer or PC

PC is an abbreviation for a Personal Computer, it is also known as a

Microcomputer. Its physical characteristics and low cost are appealing and useful for its
users. The capabilities of a personal computer have changed greatly since the
introduction of electronic computers. By the early 1970s, people in academic or research
institutions had the opportunity for single person use of a computer system in interactive
mode for extended durations, although these systems would still have been too expensive
to be owned by a single individual. The introduction of the microprocessor, a single chip
with all the circuitry that formerly occupied large cabinets, led to the proliferation of
personal computers after about 1975. Early personal computers, generally called
microcomputers, were sold often in kit form and in limited volumes and were of interest
mostly to hobbyists and technicians. By the late 1970s, mass market pre-assembled
computers allowed a wider range of people to use computers, focusing more on software
applications and less on development of the processor hardware. Throughout the 1970s
and 1980s, home computers were developed for household use, offering some personal
productivity, programming and games, while somewhat larger and more expensive
systems (although still low-cost compared with mainframes) called workstations were
aimed for office and small business use.
 Today a personal computer is an all-rounded device that can be used as a
productivity tool, a media server and a gaming machine. The modular construction of the
personal computer allows components to be easily (at least for desktop units) swapped
out when broken or upgraded.
Although occasionally "PC" is used to refer to the family of computers descended
from the original IBMPC, it is now typically used for any general-purpose computing
platform available (according to price) for the home market, including laptops and Apple
computers.

Smartphones

Smartphones are hand-held computers. The current generation of smartphones

run an amazing array of applications, making them quite general purpose. Their primary
inadequacy at this time is the limitations for directly connected I/O devices, like a printer.
They have a keyboard and touch screen for input, with only a screen for output. Bluetooth
wireless networking (the same you may use for a phone headset) handles the problem of
connecting peripherals, and the Internet, which can be viewed as both an input and an
output device for our purposes, handles more.
The number of mature applications for smartphones is growing rapidly (as is cloud
computing). Also, "[i]n an InformationWeek online survey of 1,139 business technology
professionals, 30% of smartphone users say they use their devices for enterprise
connectivity, and 37% either occasionally or frequently leave their laptops at home in
favor of their smartphones."[InformationWeek] In all likelihood, the smartphone will
become the mobile platform for business and personal use in the near future.

Other devices

We have talked about the convergence of technologies in computing devices for

years. We seem to be at the cusp of change in 2011, with a plethora of mobile devices,
such as the Xoom and the iPad 2 (there is even a game system that makes phone calls),
attempting to tap into the same market as smartphones, book readers and even laptops.
Without the benefit of a crystal ball, I predict that the range of hand-held devices in the
future will mimic the range of laptops and netbooks today. You will choose based on your
primary use and cost, while hoping the company you work for provides you with a high-
end device.

Microcontroller

Microcontrollers are mini computers that enable the user to store data and do
simple commands and tasks with little or no user interaction with the processor. These
single circuit devices have minimal memory and program length but can be integrated
with other processors for more complex functionality. Many such systems are known as
Embedded Systems. Examples of embedded systems include cell phones and car safety
and control systems. Embedded systems are limited to specific tasks, but are often part
of a much more complex system.

Hardware and Software

Hardware

Hardware refers to the physical elements of a computer. This is also sometime

called the machinery or the equipment of the computer. Examples of hardware in a
computer are the keyboard, the monitor, the mouse and the central processing unit.
However, most of a computer's hardware cannot be seen; in other words, it is not an
external element of the computer, but rather an internal one, surrounded by the
computer's casing (tower). A computer's hardware is comprised of many different parts,
but perhaps the most important of these is the motherboard. The motherboard is made
up of even more parts that power and control the computer.
In contrast to software, hardware is a physical entity. Hardware and software are
interconnected, without software, the hardware of a computer would have no function.
However, without the creation of hardware to perform tasks directed by software via the
central processing unit, software would be useless.
Hardware is limited to specifically designed tasks that are, taken independently,
very simple. Software implements algorithms (problem solutions) that allow the computer
to complete much more complex tasks.

Software

Software, commonly known as programs or apps, consists of all the instructions

that tell the hardware how to perform a task. These instructions come from a software
developer in the form that will be accepted by the platform (operating system + CPU) that
they are based on. For example, a program that is designed for the Windows operating
system will only work for that specific operating system. Compatibility of software will vary
as the design of the software and the operating system differ. Software that is designed
for Windows XP may experience a compatibility issue when running under Windows 2000
or NT.
Software is capable of performing many tasks, as opposed to hardware which can
only perform mechanical tasks that they are designed for. Software provides the means
for accomplishing many different tasks with the same basic hardware. Practical computer
systems divide software systems into two major classes:
• System software: Helps run the computer hardware and computer system itself.
System software includes operating systems, device drivers, diagnostic tools and
more. System software is almost always pre-installed on your computer.
• Application software: Allows users to accomplish one or more tasks. It includes
word processing, web browsing and almost any other task for which you might
install software. (Some application software is pre-installed on most computer
systems.)
Software is generally created (written) in a high-level programming language, one
that is (more or less) readable by people. These high-level instructions are converted into
"machine language" instructions, represented in binary code, before the hardware can
"run the code". When you install software, it is generally already in this machine language,
binary, form.

Firmware

Firmware is a very specific, low-level program for the hardware that allows it to
accomplish some specific tasks. Firmware programs are (relatively) permanent, i.e.,
difficult or impossible to change. From the higher-level view of software, firmware is just
part of the hardware, although it provides some functionality beyond that of simple
hardware. Firmware is part of devices (or device components) such as a video card,
sound card, disk drive and even the motherboard. The AMIBIOS image to the right is from
a Baby AT Motherboard.
 Basic Operations

Input

- Whatever goes into the computer.

- Input can take a variety of forms, from commands you enter by keyboard to data
from another computer (via a network connection).
- A device that feed a data into a computer, such as a keyboard or mouse, is called
an input device.

Output

- Any information (data) that comes out of a computer.

- Output devices can be computers, display screens, speakers, and printers.

Storage

Computer data storage can save digital data. Examples: RAM, hard disks, CDs,
DVDs, and removable flash memory sticks.
- Permanent or Non-Volatile, storage devices do not require power to remember the
data stored.
Mass storage devices, like your hard disk, are nonvolatile; a loss of power does
most affect their ability to retain data. This category also includes ROM (Read-Only
Memory)
- Temporary or Volatile Storage is more often called “memory”. A loss of power
means that any data stored will be lost irretrievably. When you are using an
application, such as a word processor, the data (the document you are working on)
is stored in RAM (Random Access Memory). If you lose power without explicitly
saving your work, you will likely lose data.

The data loss from your work in RAM is only "likely" because many applications
automatically save your work to permanent storage in a "temporary" file — kind of a work
in progress — to avoid losing more than, say, ten minutes of work. No doubt you have
seen such files. They appear and disappear automatically as you work on your permanent
files. They often have names that start with the tilde (~) or include the string "tmp". The
files, which are stored on the (permanent) disk, are called temporary because the
application automatically creates it when you start editing and then deletes it when you
exit the application.

Processing

- Processor is the brain of a computer.

- Also called the CPU (Central processing unit) and it is a microchip.
 - For a non-programmer, this is where all the real action is. Programs just set the
stage and direct the play. (In this off-hand analogy, the play itself, in written form,
would be most like a program.)
- The processor actually performs very simple operations like basic arithmetic and
comparing two values (but that may be like saying a stage actor just speaks,
moves and emotes).
- Despite it is apparent simplicity, the CPU does in fact run the show, controlling all
of the peripherals while executing the current software commands.
- CPU itself receives input (perhaps "fetching" the next command to execute) and
generates output (perhaps the result of adding two numbers). The CPU also has
its own, very temporary, storage (the numbers to be added need to be stored
somewhere, as does the result while it is being sent out of the CPU).
- The CPU may also contain "level 1 cache" memory. This is like a very fast (and
expensive) version of RAM that allows the CPU to have things it may need soon
close at hand.

Data Sizes and Speeds

Names for different sizes of data

When choosing a new computer, we come across terms such as "1 TB hard drive"
and "4 GB RAM", and to the uninitiated, this can be somewhat disconcerting. Data in a
computer is represented in a series of bits (binary digits) or ones and zeroes. Since the
birth of computers, bits have been the language that control the processes that take place
inside that mysterious black box called your computer.

Bit (Binary Digit)

A bit is simply a 1 or a 0. A true or a false. It is the most basic unit of data in a

computer. It's like the dots and dashes in Morse code for a computer. It's also called
machine language. Any data of any kind that is stored in the computer or transmitted by
the computer is ultimately made up of bits. A program (software) written in a high-level
(human readable) language like Java or C++ is converted to machine language (bits)
before the computer can run it.
A bit can represent anything we want, perhaps yes and no, but it has only two
possible values. So, to represent more things, we have always grouped bits into larger
chunks. The number of bits determines some maximum number of unique combinations
of bits. A group of 8 bits has 256 (28) possible unique combinations. Each of those
combinations can have its own meaning that we agree upon.
In the Morse code analogy, suppose we decided that every letter was a
combination of five dots and dashes. That would provide use with 32 (25) unique code
values. That is enough to represent the 26 letters of the alphabet and 6 more, perhaps
punctuation. The Chinese might use the same 32 codes to represent something besides
our alphabet, which is okay, as long as we know what language we are supposed to be
reading. [By the way, Morse Code doesn't actually work that way.]

Byte

A byte is a basic unit of measurement of information storage or transmission that

consists of 8 bits. It can be used to represent letters and numbers – up to 256 of each.
For example, a Byte containing the 8 bits 01000101 represents:
• the letter E in the ASCII character set, or
• the number 69, since 26 + 22 + 20 = 69.
 There are many things the same pattern of bits could represent – as long as we all
agree on the representation or rules for understanding it – like part of one pixel in an
image. There are usually three parts to a pixel, one byte for red, another for green and
the third for blue. All together that is 24 bits, so we can represent a total of 224 or 16
million (approximately) colors.
Twitter allows messages of up to 140 characters (Bytes), while SMS (Short
Message Service) or cell phone texting allows up to 160 Bytes. Most text only emails can
be measured in Bytes, i.e., the emails are relatively small.

Bit and Byte

Pixel: One byte each for the additive primary colors:

Red, Green & Blue
Word

The size of a computer "word" is variable. It is based upon how many bits the CPU
can read at one time, and that has changed over time. We are currently (c. 2011) in a
transition from 32-bit systems to 64-bit systems. Our only concern with this is that a 32-
bit system can directly support (address) at most 4 GigaBytes of RAM (232). To use more
RAM we need to "trick" the computer or get a 64-bit system. Oddly, most current
computers are also right around 4 GB of RAM, so this knowledge is of immediate value
in purchasing a new system. You want a 64-bit system!

KB or KiloByte

One KB is 1000 Bytes, at least if you don't wear the title "geek" as a badge of honor
and especially if you are in marketing. When measuring disk space, one KB is 1024 bytes
(210). Obviously, if you were selling a disk drive that could hold exactly 1000 bytes, it
would be to your advantage to market it is a 1KB drive.
A typical word processor document, without a lot of images, is likely to measure in
the KB range.

MB or MegaByte

A megabyte is approximately 1000KB. Technically, it is 1024KB (1024 x 1024).

Again, the technical value is of interest primarily to geeks.
Most digital cameras create images that are in the MB range. An 8 MP (megapixel)
camera has 8 million sensors, each representing a pixel or picture element. Each pixel,
in turn uses some numbers of bits to represent the various colors. A "true color" camera
has 24 bits (3B) per pixel. Assuming no compression, each image would be 24MB! (In
practice, we usually do compress the images and find them to be between two and eight
MB.)

GB or GigaByte

A gigabyte is a unit of data storage worth approximately a billion bytes, meaning

either 1000MB or the more technical 1024MB (1024 x 1024 x 1024). More often than not
in advertising, Gigabytes are presented as 1 billion bytes and not 1,073,741,824 (It's only
off by 7%.). This helps to explain why a freshly formatted 500GB hard drive shows up at
a 450GB drive instead. Not too long ago many people were discussing RAM and even
disk storage in Megabytes. These days, storage has become so cheap that having 4-16
gigabytes of RAM is considered the norm.
A DVD holds gigabytes of data, enough for a single digital movie. So, keep in mind
that storing movies on your hard drive will take large chunks of space.

TB or TeraByte

A terabyte is 10244 and is defined as about one trillion bytes, or 1024 gigabytes.
Data centers such as those operated by Google handle thousands if not millions of
terabytes of data each day. As storage becomes cheaper and faster, terabytes are
becoming a commonly heard term.
Disk drives in the TB range are now common.
PB or PetaByte

A petabyte is a unit of information or computer storage equal to one quadrillion

bytes (10245).
Google processes (c. 2008) about 24PB of data per day.

Measurements of Data Speed

Today there are generally two ways of describing data transfer speeds: in bits per
second, or in bytes per second. As explained above, a byte is made of 8 bits.
Network engineers still describe network speeds in bits per second, while your
Internet browser would usually measure a file download rate in bytes per second. A lower
case "b" usually means a bit, while an upper case "B" represents a byte. Hence, the
answer to which is better 8 Mbps or 2 MBps? Is 2 MBps (which is 16 Mbps). Using a less
common, but clearer notation: which is better 8 Mbit/s or 2 MBps? Answer: 2 MBps, since
that is 16 Mbit/s. (Marketing people use this confusion to their advantage, if you're not
sure which is intended, ask.)

Bps (Bits per second)

Known as bits per second, bps was the main way of describing data transfer
speeds several decades ago. Bps was also known as the baud rate; therefore, a 600
baud modem was one which could transfer data at around 600bps.

Kbps (Kilobits per second)

Kilobits per second, or 1000 bits per second. (Network folks didn't get caught up
in the 1000 vs 1024 problem.) Modern telephone modems operate at 56Kbps.

Mbps (Megabits per second)

1,000,000 (million) bits per second. Often used in describing Internet

download/upload speeds, as shown above.

Gbps (Gigabits per second)

1,000,000,000 (billion) bits per second. This term is most commonly heard in local
area networks, where the close proximity of machines allows for fast data transfer rates.
Central processing unit

The processor is the driver of the computer. Processors are usually differentiated
by speed, measured in gigahertz (GHz). The higher the GHz, the faster the computer will
run. You should buy the fastest processor you can afford, but dual or quad-core
processors running at speeds of 2 GHz or above will normally be enough for most
business functions, ex. word processing, spreadsheets and some multimedia. More CPU
cores and higher speeds improve processing throughput and therefore the perceived
speed of the computer.

Random access memory (RAM)

The processor uses memory to run programs. Generally, the more RAM you have,
the better your computer will run when using several programs at once. Your computer
should have enough memory to make the most of the processor speed. To use multiple
modern software applications effectively, you should have at least 4 gigabytes (GB) of
RAM and preferably 8 GB or above for more memory intense software applications, such
as design, photography or video editing.

Hard disk

The hard disk stores the data you create in your business, as well as the programs
you use. A typical office computer will have at least 500GB of hard disk space. Some new
laptops and specialist performance computers come with solid state drives (SSD). These
drives are silent because they have no moving parts and are five to eight times faster
than the standard magnetic hard disk drives used in most desktop computers. Although
SSD can offer significant performance advantages, the cost per GB of storage can be two
or three times more expensive for the same storage capacity. Even with a price premium
for a SSD, given the performance advantage vs the overall cost of a typical desktop or
laptop, in most cases including a SSD is the best approach.

You can also use external plug-ins, such as USB memory sticks and portable
external hard drives, to supplement your computer's storage requirements.

Peripheral Devices of a Computer

A peripheral device connects to a computer system to add functionality. Examples

include the mouse, keyboard, monitor, printer, and scanner.
A computer peripheral is a device that is connected to a computer but is not part
of the core computer architecture. The core elements of a computer are the central
processing unit, power supply, motherboard and the computer case that contains those
three components. Technically speaking, everything else is considered a peripheral
device. However, this is a somewhat narrow view, since various other elements are
required for a computer to actually function, such as a hard drive and random-access
memory (or RAM).
Most people use the term peripheral more loosely to refer to a device external to
the computer case. You connect the device to the computer to expand the functionality
of the system. For example, consider a printer. Once the printer is connected to a
computer, you can print out documents. Another way to look at peripheral devices is that
they are dependent on the computer system. For example, most printers can't do much
on their own, and they only become functional when connected to a computer system.
Types of Peripheral Devices

There are many different peripheral devices, but they fall into three general
categories:
1. Input devices, such as a mouse and a keyboard
2. Output devices, such as a monitor and a printer
3. Storage devices, such as a hard drive or flash drive
Some devices fall into more than one category. Consider a CD-ROM drive; you
can use it to read data or music (input), and you can use it to write data to a CD (output).
Peripheral devices can be external or internal. For example, a printer is an external
device that you connect using a cable, while an optical disk drive is typically located inside
the computer case. Internal peripheral devices are also referred to as integrated
peripherals. When most people refer to peripherals, they typically mean external ones.
The concept of what is exactly ‘peripheral’ is therefore somewhat fluid. For a
desktop computer, a keyboard and a monitor are considered peripherals – you can easily
connect and disconnect them and replace them if needed. For a laptop computer, these
components are built into the computer system and cannot be easily remove.
The term ‘peripherals’ also does not mean it is not essential for the function of the
computer. Some devices, such as printer, can be disconnected and the computer will
continue working just fine. However, remove the monitor of a desktop computer and it
becomes pretty much useless.

Peripheral devices: Internal Hardware

1. Motherboard – contains all of the connections that allow the carious other
subsystems to interact.

2. Central Processing unit (CPU) – The components that performs all calculations and
mathematical manipulations in a computer.
3. Read Only Memory (ROM) – The memory that computers use to store data and
instructions needed by the CPU for computer operation.

4. Disk Drive – Allows a computer to play CD’s or DVD’s.

5. Battery-The battery allows your computer to function. Without a battery you

would not be able to turn on.
6. Processor – The brain of the computer system.

7. Cables – The cables connect every electronic device together to connect the circuit
and allow everything to work.

8. Fan – The fan is a device that helps your computer cool down a lot easier by
blowing around the air in your laptop.
9. Heat sink – Necessary to have a CPU cooler. Without it, your CPU will quickly burn
itself out.

10. Modem – Connects hardware and signal.

11. Video card – Deals with PC gaming and high-definition video and multiple displays.
12. Hard Drive – The primary method of storage in all desktop computer systems.

13. USB port – The USB port allows you to plug in another device that has a USB out
and connect it to your computer.

14. Ethernet port – a system connecting a number of computer systems to form a

local area network.
 15. Serial Port – A connector by which a device that sends data one bit at a time may
be connected to a computer.

16. Random Access Memory – The most common computer memory.

Peripheral devices: External Hardware

1. Microphone – Listens and captures or amplifies sound.

2. Webcam – Allows user to capture video or screenshots of themselves.

3. Monitor – Displays information for user on a desktop computer.

4. Screen – Displays information for the user on a laptop screen.

5. Keyboard – Lets the user type information.

6. Computer – An electronic device for storing and processing data.

7. Speakers – Project sounds on the computer.

8. Mouse – Allows the user to move the cursor on the computer.

9. Ports – Allows the user to plug in things to the computer to connect certain
devices.

10. Power Supply – The charger for the laptop that allows the user to charge their
computer. This puts more battery power into the computer so that it can last
longer.

11. Printer – a peripheral machine which makes a persistent representation of

graphics or text, usually on paper.
VIDEOS TO WATCH:

1. Viewing of videos showing about Information Communication Technology

a. Information Communication Technology

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PDQKu2-bAc
b. Classification of Computers
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TgWlKK62YRg
c. Capabilities and Limitations of Computers
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GBbK6dzBlPQ
d. History of Computing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O5nskjZ_GoI
2. Read:

a. Information Communication Technology

http://aims.fao.org/information-and-communication-technologies-ict
b. Classification of Computers
https://www.vskills.in/certification/tutorial/it-support/classification-of-computers-
2/
c. Capabilities and Limitations of Computers
http://abarientoskeene.weebly.com/capabilities-and-limitations-of-
computer.html
d. History of Computing
https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/computers/

Activities / Assessment:

1. Explain the functional meaning of the Four (4) Basic Computer Operations. (20 pts)
a. Input
b. Process
c. Storage
d. Output

2. How do computers measure data size and speed? (5 pts)

3. Which Type of Computer do you think helped a lot in the IT world? (10 pts)
4. How do software and hardware components of computers collaborate to accomplish
a task? (10 pts)
5. When is a device considered having a computer system? (5pts)