ls ---> used to list files and dirs

ls -l --> list files and dirs with long format

touch test1 ---> used to create empty file

ls -lt ---> recently created files will be displayed at begining

ls -lrt --> recently created files will be displayed at the end

pwd ---> present working directory

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----

mkdir dirname ----> create dir

cd dirname ----> change directory

cd dir/dir2/

cd .. --> used to come out of directory

cd ../../.. --->

mkdir -p temp1/temp2/temp3 ---> create complete directory structure

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cat filename ---> used to check content of a file
===================================================================================
=====
vi is used to edit file

vi filename

esc --> i ---> insert

esc --> :wq! ---> save content of a file (write and quit )

esc ---> :q! --> quit without saving content

how do replace aprticular string or word in a file?

esc :%s/current-string/new-string/g
esc :%s/linux/windows/g
-------------------------------------------------------

Need to replace only in 4th line

esc:4s/linux/windows/g
---------------------------------------------------------
need to replace from 2nd to 4th line
esc:2,4s/linux/windows/g

-----------------------------------------------------------------

how do you replace from 2nd line to end of a file

esc:2,$s/linux/windows/g
----------------------------------------------------------------
how do set line numbers

esc : set nu --> set line numbers

esc : set nonu ---> remove line number

--------------------------------------------------
need to move cursor to particular line

esc :line_number
esc : 4 ---> cursor will move to 4th line

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

delete particular line in vi

esc press dd
---------------------------------------------------------------------
===================================================================================
=======
cp is used to copy file

cp file1 file2 ----> file1 will be copied to file2

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

cp test1 temp1/temp2/temp3/
----------------------------------------------------------------------
copy dir to another dir

cp -r dir1 dir2
----------------------------------------------------------------------
cp test1 file1 test3 temp ---> copy multiple files or dirs to another dir
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how do rename file or dir?

mv file1 file2
--------------------------------------------------------
mv file1 dir2
-------------------------------------------------------
mv file1 file2 file3 dir1 ---> move multiple files to directory

install tree command

sudo yum install tree
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rwxr-xr--
7 5 4

chmod is used to change permission of a file or dir

chmod 777 filename

---------------------------------------------------------------------

chmod -R 777 dir

all subdirectories and files permission will be changed to 777

---------------------------------------------------------
u--> user, g--> group and o--> others

chmod u+rwx filename

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----

chown --> used change ownership of a file or a dir

chmod newowner filename

---------------------------------------------
if new onwer belongs to different group

chmod newonwer:groupname filename

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-
df -h . ----> used to check disk size

. indicates present disk

-------------------------------------------------------------
du -sh filename (disk usage)

used to check size of a file

du -sh * ---> all files and dirs size in present directory

-------------------------------------------------------------------
echo "hi how r u" is used to print

echo -e "hi\nhow r u"

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
> (redirect)

used to store output of a command to file

ls -lrt > log

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
>> (append)
used to attach output of a command to end of a file

echo "this is linux class" >> log

===============================================================
===============================================================
wc filename

lines words chars filename

wc -l log ---> number of lines

wc -w log ---> words
wc -c log --> chars
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
"head" is used to display 1st portion of a file

head -3 filename ---> 1st 3 lines

head -12 filename ---> 1st 12 lines of a file

head filename ---> 10 lines by default
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
tail is used to display last portion of a file

tail -3 filename --> last 3 lines

tail -5 filename ----> last 5 lines

tail filename -----> last 10lines by default

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

| (pipe) is used to give output of one command as input to next command

ls -lrt | wc -l

------------------------------------------------------------

head -4 log | tail -1 --> display 4th line

---------------------------------------------------------------
how do you display 99th line of a file

head -99 file | tail -1

--------------------------------------------------
display 4th to 7th line

head -7 file | tail -3

---------------------------------------------------------------------

count number of words in 99th line of a file

head -99 log | tail -1 | wc -w

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

display 2nd last line of a file

tail -2 log | head -1

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----
grep --> pattern search

used to search string in file

grep "pattern" filename

grep -w "string" filename ----> search only specified word

grep -i "Linux" test_1 ---> i --> case insensitive

how do you search multiple pattern?

grep -e "linux" -e "windows" test_1

or
egrep

how do you list filenames if files have particular word or string

grep -R -l "linux" *
how do you prnt lines which don't have specified pattern
grep -v "linux" test_1

list lines if starts with particular pattern

grep "^pattern" filename

grep "s$" test_1 ---> list lines ends with particular pattern

get command to print lines which start with "M" and ends with "s"

grep -c "linux" test_1 ---> count number lines which have specified pattern

========================================================

how do you replace string in a file?

sed --> used to replace string in a file

sed 's/linux/unix/g' filename

sed -i 's/linux/unix/g' test_1

sed '4s/linux/unix/g' ---> replace string in 4th line only

sed '2,6s/linux/unix/g' ---> from 2nd to 6th line

sed '$s/linux/unix/g' ---> replace string only in the last line

delete particular line

sed '4d' test_1 --> delete 4th line of a file

sed '$d' test_1 --> delete last line

sed '2,6 d' test_1 --> delete 2nd to 6th line

sed '1d;3d' test_1

how do you print particular line?

sed -n '3p' test_1 ---> print 3rd line

sed -n '$p' test_1 ---> print last line

sed -n '2,6p' test_1 ---> print 2nd to 6th line

sed -n '2p;6p' test_1 ---> print 2nd to 6th line

-----------------------------------------------------------------

cut --> used to cut file colounwise

cut -d " " -f1 data --> 1st coloumn

cut -d " " f1,3 data ---> 1st and 3rd coloumn

cut -d " " f3-6 data ---> 3rd to 6th column

--------------------------------------------------------
awk is used to cut file rowwise and coloumn wise but we use awk command to cut file
coloumn wise

awk -F " " '{print $1}' data ----> 1st coloumn

$1 ---> 1st coloumn

$2 --> 2nd coloumn

$NF ---> last coloumn

$(NF-1) --> 2nd last coloumn

awk -F " " '{print $NF}' data ---> last coloumn

awk -F " " '{print $(NF-1)}' data --> 2nd last coloumn

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--
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--

find ---> used to find location of a file

find . -iname "filename"

i --> case insensitive

list files which are modified 3months back

find . -type f -mtime +90

find . -type d -mtime +90

find . -mtime +90 -->both files and dirs

list files which are modified within 3months

find . -type d -mtime -90

find files which are modified with in 50mins

find . -type f -mmin -50

find files which modified 50mins ago

find . -type f -mmin +50

find files which have 777 permission

find . -type f -perm 777

find all empty files

find . -type f -empty

-----commnad to list all non empty files-----

find . -maxdepth 1 -iname "test1"

maxdepth is used to retrict automatic recursive

maxdepth 1 ---> 1st level dir

maxdepth 2 ---> 2nd level dir

-------------------------------------------------------------

delete all files which are modified 3 months ago

find . -tyep f -mtime +90 | xargs rm -rf

xargs is used to pass output of one command to next command as arguements

Assigment:
1. command to list files if their size is more than 1MB

2. use -exec option in find command to delete files