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Lab_05

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sazidalmubin11
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Heaven’s Light is Our Guide

Rajshahi University of Engineering &


Technology

Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering


Lab Report
Course Code : ECE 1102

Course Title : Circuits and Systems – 1 Sessional


Date of Experiment : 30 November 2024

Date of Submission : 07 December 2024

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Md. Abu Hanif Pramanik Name: Sazid Al Mubin


Assistant Professor Roll: 2310020
Department of ECE, RUET Registration: 1073
Session:2023-2024
Department of ECE, RUET
Experiment No.: 05
Name of the Experiment: Verification of Nodal analysis.

Objective: To Verify nodal analysis for a given electrical network.

Theory: Nodal analysis is a crucial technique in electrical circuit analysis for determining the
voltages at various nodes in a circuit, utilizing Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL). The process
involves selecting a reference node (ground) and applying KCL to express the sum of currents at
each non-reference node in terms of their voltages, calculated using Ohm's Law. This method
simplifies complex circuit analysis by forming a system of linear equations that can be solved to
find the unknown node voltages. In this experiment, the efficacy of nodal analysis is confirmed
by comparing theoretical calculations with experimental measurements.

Required Apparatus

 DC power supply
 Resistors of known values (as per circuit diagram)
 Digital multimeter (DMM)
 Breadboard and connecting wires

Circuit Diagram:
Ω Ω Ω

Ω Ω

Figure 01: The Circuit Used to Conduct this Experiment


Figure 02: Circuit simulation using Multisim.

Procedure:
1) Circuit Setup:
 Assemble the given circuit on a breadboard, ensuring all connections are tight and
correct.
 Select a node as the reference (ground) and label the other nodes with voltage variables
V1,V2,…V_1, V_2, \dotsV1,V2,….

2) Apply Nodal Analysis:


 Write KCL equations for each non-reference node in the circuit using Ohm’s law.
 Solve the simultaneous equations to calculate theoretical node voltages.

3) Measurement:
 Power up the circuit using the DC power supply.
 Measure the node voltages using a digital multimeter.

4) Comparison:
 Compare the measured voltages with the theoretical values obtained from nodal
analysis.
Data Table:

𝑽𝒔 Nodal Voltage Error : Nodal Voltage Error :


𝑽𝟏𝑻 − 𝑽𝟏𝑴 𝑽𝟐𝑻 − 𝑽𝟐𝑴
×
Theoretical Measurement 𝑽𝟏𝑻 Theoretical Measurement 𝑽𝟐𝑻
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Voltage Voltage (𝑽𝟏 ) Voltage Voltage (𝑽𝟐 )
(𝑽𝟏 ) (𝑽𝟐 )
40 14.86 12.5 15.88% 4.03 3.3 18.1%
20 7.43 6.4 13.86% 2 1.7 15.7%
30 14.7 11.14 14.7% 3 2.5 16.67%

Calculation:
The formula for calculating the percentage error is:

𝑽𝑻 − 𝑽𝑴
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑽𝑻

Where:
 𝑉𝑇 = Theoretical Voltage
 𝑉𝑀 = Measured Voltage
For 𝑉1:
1) When 𝑉𝑠 = 40
14.86−12.5
Error = × 100 = 15.88 %
14.86
2) When 𝑉𝑠 = 20
7.43−6.4
Error = × 100 = 13.86 %
7.43
3) When 𝑉𝑠 = 30
14.7−11.14
Error = × 100 = 14.7 %
14.7

For 𝑉2:
1) When 𝑉𝑠 = 40
4.03−3.3
Error = × 100 = 18.1 %
4.03
2) When 𝑉𝑠 = 20
2−1.7
Error = × 100 = 15.7 %
2
3) When 𝑉𝑠 = 30
3−2.5
Error = × 100 = 16.67 %
3
Result:
The results of the experiment show that the measured nodal voltages deviate slightly from the
theoretical values calculated using nodal analysis. For node V1, the errors were 15.88%,
13.86%, and 14.7% for source voltages Vs of 40V, 20V, and 30V, respectively. Similarly, for
node V2, the errors were 18.1%, 15.7%, and 16.67% for the same source voltages. These
discrepancies can be attributed to factors such as resistor tolerances, measurement inaccuracies,
and connection losses. Despite these errors, the experimental results closely align with the
theoretical predictions, validating the accuracy of nodal analysis in circuit analysis.

Discussion:
 Accuracy: The measured values are in close agreement with the theoretical values,
validating the correctness of nodal analysis. Minor discrepancies may arise due to:
o Tolerance in resistor values.
o Measurement inaccuracies or instrument error.
o Connection or wiring resistance.
 Improvements:
o Use resistors with tighter tolerance for more accurate results.
o Double-check connections to minimize errors.
o Calibrate the digital multimeter before measurements.

The experiment successfully verifies the nodal analysis technique for solving electrical circuits.

Book Reference :
 Fundamentals of Electric Circuits by Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N. O. Sadiku.
 Internet

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