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Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
WHAT DEVELOPMENT PROMISES - DIFFERENT PEOPLE, DIFFERENT GOALS

WHAT DEVELOPMENT PROMISES - DIFFERENT PEOPLE, DIFFERENT

GOALS
What Development Promises - Different People, Different Goals

DEVELOPMENTAL GOALS OF DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF PERSONS

Category of Person Developmental Goals/Aspirations
Landless rural labourers More days of work and better wages: local
school is able to provide quality education for
their children; there is no social discrimination,
and they too can become leaders in the village.
Prosperous farmers from Punjab Assured a high family income through higher
support prices for their crops and through
hardworking and cheap labourers; they should
be able to settle their children abroad.
Farmers who depend only on rain for growing
crops
A rural woman from a land-owning family
Urban unemployed youth
A boy from a rich urban family
A girl from a rich urban family She gets as much freedom as her brother and
is able to decide what she wants to do in life.
She is able to pursue her studies abroad.
An Adivasi from Narmada valley

• Notion for development is different for different people.

• In fact, at times two person or groups may seek things which are conflicting.
Page 2
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
WHAT DEVELOPMENT PROMISES - DIFFERENT PEOPLE, DIFFERENT GOALS

A Demonstration meting against raising the height

of sardar Sarovar dam of Narmada River
Conclusion
There are two things to be noted:

1. Different persons can have different developmental

goals.
2. What may be development for one may not be
development for the other. It may even be destructive
for the other.
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
INCOME AND OTHER GOALS

INCOME AND OTHER GOALS

Income and other goals

There are goals other than income.

• Besides seeking more income, one-way or the other, people also seek things
like equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect of others.
• Quality of our life depends on:- Material and non-material
things.
• It will be wrong to conclude that what cannot be measured
is not important.

Similarly, for development, people look at a mix of goals

Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Meaning
• It is defined as a country’s ability to enhance the living standards of its residents.
• For people, belief in nations' development is different.
• Improvement in people’s living standards, providing basic things to citizens like food,
education, social service, medical aid, etc, and increase in per capita income, is referred to as
National development.
• It is very important to keep in mind that different persons could have different as well as
conflicting notions of a country’s development.
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
HOW TO COMPARE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OR STATE?

HOW TO COMPARE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OR STATE?

To compare countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes.
Countries with higher incomes are more developed than others with less income. As different
countries have different populations, comparing total income will not tell us what an average person
earns. So, we compare the average income of countries.

Total Income
Income of all the resident of the country = Total income

Average or per capita Income

Average income is the total income of the country divided by its total population. It is also
called per capita income.
Total Income of Country
Average Income =
Total Population of Country
It is also known as per capita income.
Therefore, comparison should be based on the average income.

World Development report

• It is published by the World bank.
• This report is used to compare countries on the basis of income.
• Countries with per capita income of US ₹ 49,300 per annum and above in 2019, are called rich
countries and those with per capita income of US ₹ 2500 or less are called low-income
countries.
• India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its per capita income in
2017 was just US ₹ 6700 per annum.
• The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries, are
generally called developed countries.
Limitations of Average income

• Averages are useful for comparison, but they hide disparities.

• It does not tell how the income is distributed among the people.
Page 2
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
HOW TO COMPARE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OR STATE?
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
INCOME AND OTHER CRITERIA

INCOME AND OTHER CRITERIA

To achieve a goal, people earn more and want respect from others, the security of their lives, and
freedom. If we consider per capita in the country’s development, then Goa is the most developed
and Bihar is the least developed state in India.
There are some other criteria which are also considered to measure the development of different
states: -
Net attendance ratio: It is defined as the total number of children, the age group from 14 years
attending the school from the total percentage of children in the same age group.
Literacy rate: It is the total number of people above 7 years who can write, read and understand. If
the literacy rate is high, then the state is considered to be developed. Kerala has the highest literacy
rate of 96.2% and Andhra Pradesh has the lowest literacy rate of 66.4%.
Infant mortality rate: It is the total number of children that die in one
year of age as a proportion of 1000 births in a year. It shows how
efficient health facilities are in any country. Kerala has the lowest
infant mortality rate, that is deaths per 1000 live births and Madhya
Pradesh has the highest mortality rate that is 48 per 1000 live births in
India.
Some comparative data on Punjab, Kerala, and Bihar:
State Infant Mortality Rate per Literacy Rate (%) Net Attendance Ratio for Class I-V
1,000 (2003) (2001) (1995-96)
Punjab 49 70 81

Kerala 11 91 91

Bihar 60 47 41
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
PUBLIC FACILITIES

PUBLIC FACILITIES
Facilities which are provided by the government are considered as public facilities like schools,
hospitals, community halls, transport, electricity etc.

Importance of Public facilities

• As we know that Punjab has more income than the average person in Kerala, but Kerala has
a low infant Mortality Rate because of better public system like, Public Distribution System
which provide Health and nutritional status to the state.
• Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well.
• We need public facilities because we are not able to purchase all things by money. We cannot
be able to buy a pollution free environment with the help of money.
• We require cooperation of community as a whole.
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
BODY MASS INDEX

BODY MASS INDEX

Body mass index (BMI) is calculated to measure the adults who are undernourished by calculating
the weight of the person (kg) divided by the square of the height. If the value is less than 18.5, the
person is undernourished and if it is more than 25, then the person is highly obese.

Calculation of BMI
One must have two parameters to measure the BMI: the height of a person in meter and his weight
in kg. Weight should be in pounds if the height of the person is given in inches. The BMI estimation
formula is given as,
If the height and weight of the person is given in terms of inches and pounds,
then BMI can be calculated using the given below formula.
Weight (in pounds)
BMI = × 703
Height (In inches)2
Where 703 is a conversion factor.
If the height and weight of the person is given in terms of meters and kilogram, then
BMI can be calculated using the given below formula.
Weight (kg)
BMI =
Height (m)2
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT

Human Development Report
Income is an inadequate measure of the level of development.
Health, education and standard of living are also some important factors
UNDP (United Nation Development Programmes) Human Development Report
This report compares countries based on the educational levels of the
people, their health status and per capita income.
HDI (Human Development Index)
There are other important aspects that should be considered in measuring human
development.
SOME DATA REGARDING INDIA AND ITS NEIGHBOURS FOR 2019
Country Gross National Life Expectancy Mean Years of HDI Rank in the
Income (GNI) per at birth Schooling of world (2018)
capita (2011 PPP $) people aged 25
and above
Sri Lanka 12,707 77 10.6 73
India 6,681 69.7 6.5 130
Myanmar 4,961 67.1 5.0 148
Pakistan 5,005 67.3 5.2 154
Nepal 3,457 70.8 5.0 143
Bangladesh 4,976 72.6 6.2 134

Source: Human Development Report, 2020, United Nations Development Programme.

New York.
NOTE: -
1. HDI Stands for Human Development Index. HDI ranks in above table are out of 189 countries
in all.
2. Life Expectancy at birth denotes average expected length of life of a person at the time of
birth.
3. Per Capita Income is calculated in dollars for all countries so that it can be compared. It is also
done in a way so that every dollar would buy the same amount of goods and services in any
country.
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
SUSTAINABILITY OF DEVELOPMENT

SUSTAINABILITY OF DEVELOPMENT
Sustainability of Development
Sustainable Development refers to development of human with at the same time sustaining the
ability of natural system. It is helpful to fulfil the needs of the human being without harming the
ability of the future generation.
For sustainable development, we have to use non-renewable resources like carbon based originally
designed fuel for the quantity how much we needed. Some renewable resources like groundwater
will take long time for replenished. So, we should encourage the use of such renewable resources.
Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries; this issue
is no longer region or nation specific. Our future is linked together. Sustainability of development is
comparatively a new area of knowledge in which scientists, economists, philosophers, and other
social scientists are working together.
 Development

DPP-01

[Topic: What Development Promises – Different People, Different Goals]

Objective Type Questions

1. Choose Incorrect Option

Identify the incorrect option from column A and column B:

2. Assertion-Reason Based Question

In the question given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reasons (R).
Read the statement and choose the correct option:

Assertion (A): Different people having different developmental goals.

Reason (R): Different people having different life situations.

Options:

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is correct but R is wrong.
(d) A is wrong but R is correct

Very Short Answer Type Questions

3. Write the developmental goals for an adivasi from Narmada valley.

4. Mention any one development as goal of landless rural labourers.

OR

What is the development goal of rural people of India as per your viewpoint?

5. What may be a goal of landless rural labourers regarding their income?

 OR
What may be a goal of prosperous farmer of Punjab?

Short Answer Type Questions

6. What is the meaning of development? Explain the two aspects of development.
7. Why do different individuals have different as well as conflicting notions of development goals?
OR

Explain common, different, and conflicting goals by giving appropriate examples.

8. Which three development goals will you like to prescribe for rural labourers?

9. Write the developmental goals for prosperous farmers from Punjab.

10. "What may be development for one, may not be development for the other. It may be destructive."
Explain.

11. Mention any three characteristics of development.

12. "Conflicting goals can be developmental goals." Explain with examples.

Long Answer Type Question

13. "Different people have different goals of development." Explain the statement.
OR

"Different persons can have different developmental goals." Support the statement with an example.
 Development

DPP-02

[Topic: Income and Other Goals, National Development and How to Compare Different
Countries or States]

Objective Type Questions

1. Choose the correct answers from the given option. (MCQs)
(i) The calculation of per capita income of all countries is made in
(a) Rupees
(b) Dollars
(c) Yen
(d) Pounds

(ii) National development is measured by

(a) Average Income and Per Capita Income
(b) Net Attendance Ratio
(c) National Income
(d) Human Development Index.

(iii) Which of the following is also called average income?

(a) Per Capita Income
(b) National income
(c) Total income
(d) None of these

2. Fill in the blanks

(i) __________measure the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group.

(ii) The number of deaths of children less than one year of age per 1000 live births is referred as
__________

OR

The total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years attending school as a percentage of
total number of children in the same age is referred as __________

3. Table Based Question

Study the table and answer the question given below:

Some comparative data on Haryana, Kerala and Bihar

 Net Attendance Ratio
Infant Mortality Rate per Literacy Rate \% (per 100 persons)
State
1,000 live births (2015) 2011 secondary stage (age 14
and 15 years) 2013-14

Haryana 33 82 61

Kerala 10 94 83

Bihar 38 62 43

Economic Survey, 2017-18 Vol. 2, Government of India; National Sample Survey Organisation
(Report No. 575)

In comparison to Kerala which state has the highest infant mortality rate.

4. Picture/Cartoon Based Question

Study the cartoon and answer the questions that follows:

Which one of the following option best signifies this cartoon?

(a) 90 per cent of income is distributed between the population
(b) 90 per cent of the income is stored with 10 percent of the population
(c) Equal distribution of income
(d) All of these

Very Short Answer Type Questions

5. Why do people look at a mix of goals for development?
6. "What can't be measured is not important". Justify.

7. What should be the developmental goal of a country?

8. State any two goals of development other than income.

9. Define total income.

10. Why is the total income not such an useful measure for comparing countries?

11. Name the criterion used by the World Bank for comparing countries.
12. In what respect is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development of the countries,
different from the one used by the World Bank?

Short Answer Type Questions

13. Differentiate between material and non-material goals.

14. "People have conflicting developmental goals". Support the statement with suitable example.

15. "Material goods are not all that you need to live". Justify the statement.

16. "For development, people look at a mix of goals". Support the statement with three suitable
examples.

17. Explain the factors on which the quality of life depends.

18. "Money cannot buy all the goods and services that a person may need to live well". Explain the
statement with suitable examples.
19. Describe any three features of a developed country.
20. Explain the role of education and health in the overall development of a country.
21. For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes.
Evaluate.
22. Define average income. Write the demerit of using average income for comparing countries.

23. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are
the limitations of this criterion, if any?

24. Compare the different criteria used for comparing the countries. Which one is the best criterion
and why?

25. "Average income is useful for comparison but it may hide disparities." Support the statement with
suitable arguments.

Long Answer Type Questions

26. What is development? Why do different people have different developmental goals? Explain with
four examples.
27. What is national development? What are the aspects covered under the national development?
28. What is meant by economic development? What are the two bases of measuring economic
development of a country?
29. Is per capita income a true measure of development? Elaborate.

OR

What is per capita income? How is it calculated? Why is per capita income not an adequate
indicator of economic development of a country? Explain.
30. What is development? What are the indicators used by UNDP for measuring development?
Compare it with the World Bank report.

31. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? Describe its
limitations.
32. Why do we use averages to compare the development of countries? What are the limitations in
using it? Explain.
OR
Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own
examples related to development.
 Development

DPP-03

[Topic: Income and Other Criteria, Public Facilities and Sustainability of Development]

Objective Type Questions

1. Choose the correct answers from the given option. (MCQs)
(i) A person is considered as overweight if his BMI is:
(a) less than 22
(b) less than 20
(c) less than 18
(d) above 25

(ii) Which organisation publishes the Human Development Report?

(a) UNO
(b) WHO
(c) UNDP
(d) HDR

(iii) What is the main criterion for comparing the development of different.
(a) Population
(b) Income
(c) Education
(d) Family background

(iv) Developmental goals are different for different people. Which of the following statements is
true to justify it?
(a) Development or progress does not mean one and same thing for every individual. Each
individual has his/her own notion of development.
(b) People seek things that are most important for then, i.e., things can fulfill their aspiration or
desires.
(c) Both (𝑎) and (b)
(d) None of these

2. Fill in the blanks.

(i) One of the best ways to reduce over usage of groundwater is

(ii) Human Development Index (HDI) level in India can be improved through [CBSE 2020]

3. Arrange in Correct Sequence Question

(i) Convert the height recorded in centimeters into meters.
(ii) Take the weight of each student in kilograms (kg).
(iii) Divide the weight in kg by the square of the height.
(iv) Then, take the height by drawing up a scale on the wall and measuring accurately with the
head straight.
 Options:
(a) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
(b) (i), (iii), (iii), (iv)
(c) (ii), (i), (iv), (iii)
(d) (ii), (iv), (i), (iii)

Very Short Answer Type Questions

4. Write a note on Human Development Report.

5. Define life expectancy.

6. What is Infant Mortality Rate?

7. What is the literacy rate of a country?

8. Define Net Attendance ratio.

9. List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you.

10. Which type of resource is groundwater?

11. Can there be development without overuse?

12. Which type of resource is crude oil?

13. India has to import crude oil. What problems do you anticipate for the country looking at the
above situation?

14. How can we ensure the sustainability of development in our country? Suggest anyone way.

15. Why is groundwater overused?

16. Mention the formula to calculate the BMI (Body Mass Index).

Short Answer Type Questions

17. How far is it correct to say that money in your pocket cannot buy the basic needs to live well?
Explain.
OR

"Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you need to live well." Justify
it.

18. What is the best and the cheapest way to provide basic facilities? Explain with examples.

19. Describe Body Mass Index.

20. "Girls in India in the rural sector are sometimes not able to get secondary level education." Give
three reasons for the statement.
21. Explain the three components of Human Development Index.

OR

Write the importance of Human Development Index in three points.

OR

Write a note on Human Development Index.

22. Which three efforts should be made by any country to improve its HDI?

23. Compare India and Sri Lanka on the basis of any three indicators of Human Development Index
for 2004.

24. What is sustainable development? Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?
Explain.
OR
Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?

25. Suggest any three measures for sustainable development.

26. Is crude oil essential for the development process in a country? Discuss.
27. "Our future is linked together." Justify.
28. Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What could be the
other possibilities fifty years from now?
29. How is the issue of sustainability important for development? Explain with examples.
30. 'Sustainable Development is a crucial step for the development of a country'. Explain with
suitable examples.
31. Suggest any three ways to improve public facilities in India.
32. Suggest any three ways to improve health and nutritional status of people in India.

Long Answer Type Questions

33. Besides income, what can be the other attributes to compare economic development?
34. Explain with reasons why state of Punjab with a very high per capita income has a very low
literacy rate.
OR
How is it that the average person in Punjab has more income than the average person in Kerala
but it lags behind in many other crucial areas? Explain.

OR

Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Punjab.
Hence, per capital income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare
states. Do you agree? Discuss.
35. Explain the importance of sustainable development by giving the example of groundwater.
OR

What is sustainable development? Explain it with an example of water.

36. What is sustainable development? Explain any four measures to promote sustainable
development.
37. Define sustainable development. Write any four features of sustainable development.
38. Why is sustainable development essential? How does it help to prevent environmental
degradation?
OR
Why is sustainable development essential for economic growth? Give three reasons. Suggest
also two measures to ensure sustainable development.

39. "Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries."

Support the statement with examples.
40. "The earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of
even one person." How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Explain.

Source Based Question

41. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows:

Source: Overuse of Groundwater

Recent evidence suggests that the groundwater is under serious threat of overuse in many parts
of the country. About 300 districts have reported a water level decline of over 4 metres during
the past 20 years. Nearly one-third of the country is overusing their groundwater reserves. In
another 25 years, 60 per cent of the country would be doing the same if the present way of using
this resource continues. Groundwater overuse is particularly found in the agriculturally
prosperous regions of Punjab and Western Uttar Pradesh, hard rock plateau areas of central and
south India, some coastal areas and the rapidly growing urban settlements.

(i) What do you mean by the term sustainable development?

(ii) Mention any four areas where groundwater is overused.

(iii) Why there is need to conserve groundwater?

 PYQ

Development

What Development Promises Different People, Different Goals; Income and Other Goals; National
Development; How to Compare Different Countries or States?

MCQ
1. Assume there are four families in a locality. If the monthly income of each family is ₹ 10,000, ₹
20,000, ₹ 30,000 and ₹40000 then what is the average income of the locality. Choose the correct
option from the following.
(a) ₹ 25,000
(b) ₹ 30,000
(c) ₹ 20,000
(d) ₹ 10,000
(2023)

2. Which one of the following is a developmental goal of the factory workers?

(a) Better wages
(b) Better technology
(c) More hours of work
(d) More labour work

(2023)

3. Suppose there are four families in your locality, the average per capita income of whom is 10,000 . If
the income of three families is 6,000; 8,000 and 14,000 respectively, what would be the income of the
fourth family?
(a) 5,000
(b) 10,000
(c) 12,000
(d) 15,000
(Term-I, 2021-22)

4. Choose the correct option from Column A and Column B.

Column A
(a) Prosperous farmers from Punjab Column B
(i) More days of work and better wages.
(b) Landless rural labourers
(ii) Availability of additional sources of
(c) Farmers who depend only on rain for irrigation facilities.
growing crops
 (d) A girl from a rich urban family (iii) Higher support prices for their crops for
farmers.

(iv) She gets as much freedom as her brother.

(2020)

5. Choose the incorrect option from column 𝐴 and column B.

Column A Column B
(Category of person) (Developmental goals/ Aspirations)
(i) More days of work and better wages
(a) Landless rural labourers
(ii) Availability of other sources of irrigation
(b) Prosperous farmers from Punjab
(iii) Assured a higher support prices for their
(c) Farmers who depend only on rain for crops
growing crops
(iv) Regular job and high wages to increase
(d) A rural woman from a land owning her income
family

(2020)

VSA (1/2 mark)

6. "Different persons can have different developmental goals." Support the statement with an example.
(2023)

7. What may be a goal of landless rural labourers regarding their income?

(Delhi 2019)

8. What may be a goal of prosperous farmer of Punjab? (Delhi 2019) Ev

9. What may be a developmental goal of urban unemployed youth?

(2019)

10. Why is average income considered as an important criteria for development? Give one reason.
 (2017)

11. What is the development goal of rural people of India as per your viewpoint?
(2015)

12. What is the most common indicator for measuring economic development of a country?
(2014)

13. If there are 4 families in a country with per capita income of $15,000. The income of 3 families is
$10,000; $20,000, and $12,000. What is the income of the 4th family?
(2014)

14. What is the advantage of knowing per capita income? Mention any one.
(2014)

15. How is the average income of a country calculated?

(2014)

16. State any two goals of development other than income.

(2014)

SA I (3 marks)
17. What is the meaning of development? Explain the two aspects of development.
(2017,2015)

18. "For development, people look at a mix of goals". Support the statement with three suitable
examples.
(2016)

OR

"People have conflicting developmental goals". Support the statement with suitable examples.

(2016)

19. Explain the factors on which the quality of life depend.

(2016, 2015)

20. Which three development goals will you like to prescribe for rural labourers?
(2015)
21. What is meant by economic development? What are the two bases of measuring economic
development of a country?
(2015)

22. State any three factors other than income that are important in life.
(2015,2014)

23. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Explain giving examples.
(2014)

LA (5 marks)
24. What is development? Why do different people have different development goals? Explain with four
examples.
(2021 C, 2020 C, 2015)

25. "Different people have different goals of development". Explain the statement.
(2020)

26. What is average income? What is its importance? Mention its limitations related to development.
(2017)

27. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? Describe its
limitations.

(2017,2016)

28. What is national development? What are the aspects covered under the national development?
(2016)

29. Explain with example that there are other important development goals also besides income.
(2014)

Income and Other Criteria; Public Facilities

MCQ
30. Which of the following countries has the highest 'Life Expectancy' at the birth'?
(a) Nepal
(b) Bangladesh
(c) India
(d) Pakistan
(2023)
31. Which of the following countries has better rank in Human Development Index?
(a) Afghanistan
(b) Myanmar
(c) India
(d) Nepal
(2023)

32. Read the following data and answer the question that follow:

Some comparative Data on Haryana, Kerala and Bihar

Infant Net
Mortality Rate Literacy Attendance
State
(per thousand Rate % Ratio (per 100
person) person)

Haryana 30 82 61

Kerala 7 94 83

Bihar 32 62 43

How much is the Net Absence Ratio of Haryana? Choose the appropriate option from the following :
(a) 39
(b) 27
(c) 38
(d) 18

(2023)

33. Read the following statements about Human Development and choose the correct option :
(I) It is the composite Index prepared by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

(II) Parameters to measure it are Longevity, Literacy and Per Capita Income.

(III) Countries are ranked according to Developed and Low Developing countries.

(IV) World Bank also prepares report of Human Development on the basis of Quality of Life.

(a) I and II
(b) II and III
(c) I and III
(d) II and IV
 (2023)

34. Two statements are given below as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose
the most appropriate option.
Assertion (A): Kerala has low Infant Mortality Rate.

Reason (R) : Kerala has adequate provision of basic health and education facilities.

(a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of the 𝐴.

(b) Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of the 𝐴.

(c) A is correct, but R is incorrect.

(d) A is incorrect, but R is correct.

(Term-I, 2021-22)

VSA (1 mark)
35. Define the term per capita income.
(2020)

36. Define the term literacy rate.

(2020)

37. Study the table and answer the question given below:
Some comparative data on Haryana, Kerala and Bihar
State Infant Mortality Literacy Net Attendance
Rate per 1,000 Rate % ratio (per
live births (2016) 2011 100 persons)
secondary stage
(age 14 and 15
years) 2013-14

Haryana 33 82 61
Kerala 10 94 83
Bihar 38 62 43

In comparison to Kerala which state has the highest infant mortality rate?

(2020)

38. "Suppose the average income of a country is not being increased over time but the records of the
National Income show a rise". What does this situation signify?
 (2020 C)

39. Fill in the blank:

Human Development Index (HDI) level in India can be improved through ________.

(2020)

40. Why Kerala has a low infant mortality rate?

(2017, 2016, 2015)

41. In what respect is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development of the countries
different from the one used by the World Bank?
(2015)

42. What is the full form of HDI?

(2015)

43. Explain the term Net Attendance Ratio.

(2015,2014)

44. What term is used for report published by UNDP which compares countries based on the education
levels of the people, their health status and per capita income?
(2014)

SA I (3 marks)
45. "Money cannot buy all the goods and services that a person may need to live well". Explain the
statement with suitable examples.
(2021 C, 2020, 2016)

46. Suggest any three ways to maintain Body Mass Index.

(2020)

47. On the basis of which three indicators of HDI 2004 Sri Lanka has better rank than India?
(2017,2016)

48. Explain the three components of Human Development Index.

(2016,2014)

49. Which three efforts should be made by any country to improve its HDI?
(2016)
50. Explain the role of education and health in the overall development of a country.
(2014)

LA (5 marks)
51. In what respect is the criterion used by the UNDP different from that of the World Bank? What are
the limitations of the criterion used by the World Bank?
(2021 C, 2017)

52. How is it that the average person in Punjab has more income than the average person in Kerala but it
lags behind in many other crucial areas? Explain.
(2017,2016)

53. How can we ensure the sustainability of development in our country? Suggest any one way.
(2014)

Sustainability of Development

VSA (1 mark)
54. State any one reason for overuse of resources.

(2015)

55. "There is enough for everybody's need but not for everybody's greed." Who said these words?

(2015)

SA I (3 marks)
56. 'The question of sustainability of development raises many fundamentally new issues about the nature
and process of development'. Explain it with examples.
(2023)

57. What is sustainable development? Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?
Explain.
(2016, 2015)

58. Suggest any three measures for sustainable development.

(2015)

59. "Sustainability of development is a new area of knowledge." Do you agree? Justify your answer.
 (2014)

LA (5 marks)
60. Why is the issue of sustainability important for development? Explain.
(2020)

61. "Sustainability of development is a crucial aspect in present times". Support the statement with
examples.
(2020 C)

62. "Consequences of environment degradation do not respect national or state boundaries". Support the
statement with example.
(2019, 2016)

63. Explain the importance of sustainable development by giving the example of ground water.
(2016, 2014)

64. What does sustainability of development mean? How can sustainable development be achieved?
(2015)

65. Why is sustainable development essential? How does it help to prevent environment degradation?
(2015, 2014)

66. 'The earth has enough resource to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even
one person'. How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Explain.
(2014)
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
WHAT DEVELOPMENT PROMISES - DIFFERENT PEOPLE, DIFFERENT GOALS

(Practice Sheet)
1 What is emphasized in the chapter regarding development goals?
A. Development goals are universal. B. Development goals are uniform for all.
C. Different persons can have different D. Development goals are only economic.
developmental goals.
2 Which category of person seeks higher support prices for their crops and settlement of
their children abroad as a developmental goal?
A. Landless rural labourers. B. Urban unemployed youth.
C. Prosperous farmers from Punjab. D. Adivasi from Narmada valley.
3 What is highlighted as a developmental goal for a rural woman from a land-owning
family?
A. Pursuing studies abroad. B. Equal freedom as her brother.
C. More days of work and better wages. D. Quality education for her children.
4 What is the key takeaway about conflicting development goals?
A. Conflicting goals are rare B. Conflicting goals are unavoidable.
C. Conflicting goals are beneficial. D. Conflicting goals can always be resolved.
5 What may be development for one, according to the chapter?
A. Always beneficial for others. B. Universally accepted.
C. Destructive for others. D. Uniformly pursued by all.
6 Explain one developmental goal for an urban unemployed youth mentioned in the chapter.
7 What about the notion of development for a girl from a rich urban family?
8 Provide an example of a conflicting development goal mentioned in the chapter.
9 Why is it mentioned in the conclusion that different persons can have different
developmental goals?
10 What is the suggested developmental goal for a boy from a rich urban family?
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
INCOME AND OTHER GOALS

(Practice Sheet)
1 What about people's goals besides seeking more income?
A. People only seek equal treatment. B. People only seek freedom.
C. People seek a mix of goals, including D. People only seek material things.
equal treatment, freedom, security, and
respect.
2 What does the quality of our life depend on?
A. Only material things. B. Only non-material things.
C. A mix of material and non-material D. Only measurable factors.
things
3 What is emphasized in the chapter regarding the measurement of importance?
A. Only measurable things are important. B. What cannot be measured is not important.
C. Measuring importance is irrelevant. D. Importance is subjective and cannot be
measured.
4 What is the key point about income and development goals?
A. Income is the only important goal for B. Development goals are solely non-
development. material.
C. People seek a mix of goals for D. Material things are not important for
development, including income and non- development.
material goals.
5 What about the conclusion based on measurable factors?
A. The conclusion is always accurate. B. The conclusion may be inaccurate.
C. Measuring factors is irrelevant for D. Only non-material factors should be
conclusions. considered in conclusions.
6 Explain one non-material goal that people seek besides income.
7 Why it is wrong to conclude that what cannot be measured is not important?
8 Provide an example of a measurable factor that may not be important for development.
9 How does the chapter challenge the idea that income is the sole determinant of
development?
10 What is the significance of the statement, "Quality of our life depends on material and non-
material things"?
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

(Practice Sheet)
1 How is national development defined in the chapter?
A. The country's military strength. B. The country's ability to enhance the living
standards of its residents.
C. The country's political dominance. D. The country's technological
advancements.
2 What is highlighted regarding people's beliefs in national development?
A. People have identical beliefs. B. People have conflicting beliefs.
C. People's beliefs are irrelevant to D. People's beliefs are solely economic.
national development.
3 What is referred to as national development?
A. Military strength B. Political stability
C. Improvement in people’s living standards D. Technological advancements.
and providing basic needs.
4 What is emphasized as very important to consider regarding notions of a country’s
development?
A. Uniform beliefs among citizens. B. Different and conflicting notions among
citizens.
C. Economic stability. D. Technological advancements.
5 What is included in the notion of national development?
A. Political dominance. B. Military advancements.
C. Improvement in living standards and D. Technological innovations.
basic needs for citizens.
6 Explain the significance of per capita income in the context of national development.
7 Provide an example of a basic thing that contributes to national development.
8 How does the chapter emphasize the diversity of beliefs in the context of national
development?
9 Why is the improvement in people’s living standards considered a crucial aspect of national
development?
10 What cautionary note does the chapter provide regarding notions of a country’s
development?
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
HOW TO COMPARE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OR STATE

(Practice Sheet)
1 What is considered one of the most important attributes when comparing countries?
A. Population size B. Geographic size
C. Total income D. Cultural diversity
2 Why is comparing total income alone not sufficient when evaluating the development of
different countries?
A. Total income is not a relevant factor. B. Different countries have different
populations.
C. Total income is difficult to measure. D. Population size is not a significant factor.
3 What is the term used for the total income of a country divided by its total population?
A. Gross National Product (GNP). B. Average income.
C. Per capita income. D. Net Domestic Product (NDP).
4 Which report is mentioned for comparing countries on the basis of income?
A. World Economic Outlook. B. World Development Report.
C. Global Development Index. D. International Income Comparison.
5 How are countries classified based on per capita income, according to the World
Development Report?
A. Rich countries: Per capita income of US ₹ B. Rich countries: Per capita income of US ₹
6700 or less. 49,300 or less.
C. Low-income countries: Per capita income D. Low-income countries: Per capita income
of US ₹ 2500 or less. of US ₹ 6700 or less.
6 Explain the significance of per capita income in comparing countries .
7 Why does the chapter emphasize that comparison should be based on average income rather
than total income?
8 What classification does India fall under based on per capita income, according to the World
Development Report?
9 What is the primary limitation mentioned regarding the use of average income for
comparison?
10 What criteria are used by the World Development Report to distinguish rich countries from
low-income countries?
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
INCOME AND OTHER CRITERIA

(Practice Sheet)
1 What is the Net Attendance Ratio (NAR) used to measure in the context of state
development?
A. Total income per capita B. Literacy rate
C. Child attendance in schools D. Infant mortality rate
2 Which state in India is considered the most developed based on per capita income?
A. Kerala B. Bihar
C. Goa D. Andhra Pradesh
3 What does the literacy rate indicate about a state's development?
A. Economic prosperity. B. Access to healthcare.
C. Educational advancement. D. Agricultural productivity.
4 Which state has the highest literacy rate in India?
A. Kerala B. Goa
C. Andhra Pradesh D. Bihar
5 What does the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) reflect about a region's health facilities?
A. Availability of healthcare professionals. B. Efficiency of health facilities.
C. Access to clean water. D. Educational standards.
6 Define Net Attendance Ratio (NAR) and explain its significance in measuring state
development.
7 Why is literacy rate considered an important criterion for determining the development of a
state?
8 Explain the significance of per capita income in assessing the development of a region.
9 What factors does the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) take into account, and how does it impact
the perception of a state's health facilities?
10 Compare and contrast the literacy rates of Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. What implications do
these differences have on their respective development statuses?
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
PUBLIC FACILITIES

(Practice Sheet)
1 What are public facilities provided by the government?
A. Personal luxuries B. Goods for commercial use
C. Facilities like schools and hospitals D. Private enterprises
2 Why is Kerala able to maintain a low Infant Mortality Rate despite lower income
compared to Punjab?
A. Higher literacy rate B. Better public distribution system.
C. Greater availability of private D. Increased per capita income.
healthcare.
3 What is the significance of public facilities in addressing environmental issues?
A. They contribute to economic growth. B. They provide jobs for the community.
C. They help in purchasing pollution-free D. They enhance personal income.
environments.
4 Why is money alone insufficient for a good quality of life, according to the provided
information?
A. Lack of personal financial management. B. Inflation in the economy.
C. Unavailability of goods and services for D. Government regulations.
purchase.
5 What is the primary reason for the need for public facilities, as mentioned in the chapter?
A. To boost the economy. B. Inability to purchase everything with
money.
C. To ensure private enterprise success. D. To reduce government spending.
6 Explain how the Public Distribution System contributes to the low Infant Mortality Rate in
Kerala despite its lower income compared to Punjab.
7 Discuss the role of public facilities in creating a pollution-free environment. Provide examples
to illustrate your answer.
8 Elaborate on the statement "Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that
you may need to live well." Provide examples to support your explanation.
9 Examine the role of community cooperation in the effectiveness of public facilities. Provide
examples to illustrate your points.
10 How do public facilities contribute to the concept of societal well-being beyond individual
prosperity?
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
BODY MASS INDEX

(Practice Sheet)
1 What does the Body Mass Index (BMI) measure in adults?
A. Mental health B. Undernourishment
C. Bone density D. Fitness level
2 At what BMI value is a person considered undernourished according to the information
provided?
A. Less than 16 B. Less than 18.5
C. Less than 22 D. Less than 25
3 If a person's BMI is more than 25, what does it indicate?
A. Optimal weight B. Undernourishment
C. Obesity D. Fitness
4 What are the essential parameters needed to calculate BMI?
A. Age and gender B. Height and weight
C. Blood pressure and cholesterol levels. D. Dietary habits
5 In the BMI estimation formula, what is the purpose of the conversion factor 703?
A. Adjusting for age. B. Converting units from pounds to
kilograms.
C. Standardizing height measurements. D. Accounting for muscle mass.
6 Explain the significance of BMI in assessing the nutritional status of adults. Provide
examples to illustrate your answer.
7 Compare the BMI calculation methods for individuals with height and weight given in inches
and pounds versus meters and kilograms. How does the choice of units affect the BMI
outcome?
8 Discuss the implications of having a BMI less than 18.5. How does it affect an individual's
health and well-being?
9 Explain the role of BMI in identifying health risks associated with obesity. Provide examples
of health conditions linked to a BMI exceeding 25.
10 Why is it essential to consider both height and weight when calculating BMI? How does each
parameter contribute to the overall interpretation of BMI?
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT

(Practice Sheet)
1 According to the information provided, why is income considered an inadequate measure
of development?
A. Income is difficult to measure accurately. B. Health, education, and standard of living
are more important factors.
C. Income is not related to human D. UNDP does not consider income in its
development. reports.
2 What does HDI stand for in the context of the Human Development Report?
A. Health and Development Index. B. Humanitarian Development Initiative.
C. Human Development Index. D. High Developmental Impact.
3 How does the Human Development Report compare countries?
A. Based solely on per capita income. B. By focusing on life expectancy only.
C. Considering health, education, and per D. Using a country's military strength.
capita income.
4 What does GNI per capita measure, according to the provided data?
A. Gross Natural Impact B. General National Inequality
C. Gross National Income. D. Global Net Investment
5 What does Life Expectancy at birth denote, as mentioned in the data?
A. The average length of life at the time of B. The maximum lifespan of an individual.
birth.
C. The minimum age a person can expect to D. The expected life after retirement.
live.
6 Explain why the Human Development Index (HDI) includes factors beyond income. Provide
examples to illustrate the importance of health and education in assessing human
development.
7 Compare and contrast the Human Development Index (HDI) ranks of Sri Lanka and Pakistan.
What factors might contribute to the differences in their rankings?
8 Discuss the significance of Mean Years of Schooling in the Human Development Report. How
does education contribute to a country's overall development?
9 Explain the role of Life Expectancy at birth in the Human Development Index. How does it
serve as a key indicator of a country's development?
10 Why is the per capita income calculated in dollars for all countries, and how does this
facilitate international comparisons?
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Economics)

01 DEVELOPMENT
SUSTAINABILITY OF DEVELOPMENT

(Practice Sheet)
1 What does Sustainable Development aim to achieve?
A. Rapid economic growth. B. Preservation of natural systems.
C. Utilization of non-renewable resources. D. National boundaries expansion.
2 Why is the use of renewable resources encouraged for sustainable development?
A. They are more cost-effective. B. They are unlimited in quantity.
C. They replenish over time. D. They contribute to environmental
degradation.
3 In the context of sustainable development, why is it important to use non-renewable
resources judiciously?
A. To encourage economic growth. B. To preserve them for future generations.
C. To deplete them quickly. D. To reduce environmental impact.
4 Who collaborates in the field of sustainable development, according to the provided
information?
A. Only scientists B. Economists and philosophers.
C. Social scientists. D. Politicians and business leaders.
5 What is the primary aim of Sustainable Development in the context of natural systems?
A. To exploit natural resources for B. To fulfil the needs of the current
immediate gain. generation.
C. To harm the ability of future generations. D. To develop while preserving natural
systems.
6 Discuss the concept of Sustainable Development and its significance. How does it balance
the needs of the present and future generations?
7 Explain the role of non-renewable resources in Sustainable Development. How can their
judicious use contribute to long-term sustainability?
8 Elaborate on the consequences of environmental degradation and their global impact. How
does Sustainable Development address these challenges on an international scale?
9 Discuss the role of scientists, economists, philosophers, and other social scientists in the field
of Sustainable Development. How does their collaboration contribute to addressing
sustainability challenges?
10 Examine the importance of renewable resources in the context of Sustainable Development.
How do they contribute to the long-term goals of environmental sustainability and human
well-being?
 Chapter 1
Development

Let's Work these Out-Pg-6 NCERT TEXTBOOK SOLUTION

Q.1 Why do different persons have different notions of development?

Which of the following explanations is more important and why?
(a) Because people are different.
(b) Because life situations of persons are different.
Ans.: The argument in favor of above mentioned statement is that people
are different and the second one is life situations of persons are different
so second one is more important about different notions of development
for different people.

The development or growth of a person totally depends on the situation

around him.

A person living in a village and there is no accessibility of road then

construction of roads would be needed to develop that area. If a person is
living in a metro city and finds difficulty to commute his workplace then
the construction of rapid transit system would be the need in that area and
for that person.

Q.2 Do the following two statements mean the same? Justify your answer.
People have different developmental goals.
People have conflicting developmental goals.
Ans.: Both the statements are true but differ in meaning. People may have
different goals but it is not necessary that their path will be conflicting and
the same as well.
For example: If a flyover is being constructed to reduce the waiting time
at the railway station then it is the development goal for the person
working at office. But by demolishing the necessities of slum by
constructing can be contradictory for the slum dwellers.

Q.3 Give some examples where factors other than income are important
aspects of our lives.
Ans.: Money is one of the other factors which is more important for
fulfilling the basic requirements of life but it is not the sole factor which
should be termed superior. Because good income will be useless if a
person does not have the capacity or is not capable to move even here and
there because of health issues. So, health as well as money is important.
We can also say that both are complimentary. Not only this if good
schools are not available in the neighborhood then it is difficult to provide
education to the children so that the can be able to spend their money
earned at right place at right time.

Q.4 Explain some of the important ideas of the above section in your own
words.
Ans.: The above section is completely based on income and other different
goals of people. Everyone has its own goal but besides seeking more and
more opportunities to earn they want freedom, respect and security as
well. The main factor on which an life of a particular person is dependent
is income but quality of life also matters. One cannot keep chasing
materialistic things.

Let's Work these Out-Pg-7

Q.1 Look at the picture on the right. What should be the developmental
goals for such an area?
Ans.: The developmental goals for such an area should be:
A secure ownership should be provided of the land on which they live.
Availing the services like electricity, water and sanitation.
Removing unemployment by providing more and more job opportunities.
Medical facilities and hospitals.

Q.2 Read the newspaper report and answer the questions that follow:
A vessel dumped 500 tonnes of liquid toxic wastes into open-air dumps
in a city and in the surrounding sea. This happened in a city called Abidjan
in Ivory Coast, a country in Africa. The fumes from the highly toxic waste
caused nausea, skin rashes, fainting, diarrhea etc. After a month, seven
persons were dead, twenty in hospital and twenty six thousand treated for
symptoms of poisoning.
A multinational company dealing in petroleum and metals had contracted
a local company of the Ivory Coast to dispose the toxic waste from its
ship.
(i) Who are the people who benefited and who did not?
(ii) What should be the developmental goal for this country?
Ans.: (i) the people who have dumped the toxic waste are the benefitted
and the people who haven’t are not benefitted and they belonged to
Abidjan in Ivory Coast, a country in Africa, where people were not aware
of hygiene issues and they kept committing mistakes daily and now they
are suffering.
(ii) The development goals for the citizens of this country are to increase
or raise their awareness towards the Pollution due to which they are
getting suffered, like they don’t know about sanitation and they keep
dumping tonnes of liquid toxic waste in open-air in a city that causes
nausea, skin rashes, fainting, diarrhea etc.

Q.3 What can be some of the developmental goals for your village, town
or locality?
Ans.: As we know that rural areas are very hard to improve specially
where there is no literacy and no hygiene. It becomes very difficult task
to convince people for any change as they are very conservative and they
don’t want to accept changes rather than keep following their old and
nonsense traditions. SO, if I say then many more important development
goals should be there like sanitation, security, per capita income,
education etc.

Let's Work these Out-Pg-9

Q.1 Give three examples where an average is used for comparing

situations.
Ans.: Examples where an average is used for comparing situations are as
follows:
a) Measuring the height of students in a class with a large number of
students.
b) Collecting the data of income of people of a particular state.
c) Forest cover in a country.

Q.2 Why do you think average income is an important criterion for

development? Explain.
Ans.: Average income is an important criterion for development. As we
know that money is basic and most vital factor for any country as it allows
its citizens to fulfill their requirements. If the average income of a country
is on a higher side, then chances of development will be better, if the
average income of a country is on lower side then chances of the
development will be less possible.
Hence, average income is an important criterion for development.

Q.3 Besides size of per capita income, what other property of income is
important in comparing two or more societies?
Ans.: Besides the size of per capita income, there is purchasing power
parity as it shows the ability of people to purchase items and their behavior
too must not be ignored in this case. In comparison of two or more
societies few more factors can be included like gross domestic product,
infant mortality rate, distribution of income and many more things.

Q.4 Suppose records show that the average income in a country has been
increasing over a period of time. From this, can we conclude that all
sections of the economy have become better? Illustrate your answer with
an example.
Ans .: If records show that the average income in a country has been
increasing over a period of time . As we know that average income of a
country is a way to determine the development of a country but it does not
guarantee the progress of the economy. Few examples have been seen in which
clearly it was shown that there are many other factors which are important for
the overall development of a particular society . Some factors are infant
mortality rate and literacy rate etc.

Q.5 From the text, find out the per capita income level of about 10-15 low-
income countries as per World Development Reports
Ans.: Countries with per capita income of Rs 4,53,000 per annum and above
in 2004, are called rich countries and those with per capita income of Rs 37,
000 or less are called low-income countries.

Q.6 Write a paragraph on your notion of what should India do, or achieve, to
become a developed country.
Ans.: India is one of the most developing nations presently in the world but
when we look at the figures related to Human Developement Index; India is
still very far from developed nations’ list on several parameters.

India has shown great improvement on the life expectancy, infant mortality
, and literacy rate in the 2011 census . There are several factors in which we
have to work on, some of these are:
Lack of proper healthcare, drinking water, sanitation and nutrition
especially in rural areas. India needs to develop facilities to improve on
these parameters so that it can become a developed nation.

Let's Work these Out-Pg-12

Q.1 Look at data in Tables 1.3 and 1.4. Is Punjab ahead of Bihar in
literacy rate etc. as it is in terms of per capita income?
Table 1.3: Per Capita Income of Select States
State Per capita income for 2002-03 ( in Rs.)
Maharashtra 1,04,000
Kerala 88,500
Bihar 27,200

Table 1.4: Some Comparative Data on Maharashtra, Kerala and Bihar

State Infant Moratality Literacy Rate% Net attendance
Rate per 1,000 2011 Ratio (per 100
live births (2012) persons)
secondary stage (
age 14 and 15
years) 2009-10
Maharashtra 25 82 64
kerala 12 94 78
Bihar 43 62 35

Explanation of some of the terms used in this table.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) indicates the number of children that die
before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in
that particular year.
Literacy Rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and
above age group.
Net Attendance Ratio is the total number of children of age group 6-10
attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same
age group.
Ans.: We can notice that Infant mortality rate is 25, 12, and 43 in different
states named Maharashtra, Kerala, and Bihar respectively. Literacy rate is
82, 94 and 62 in the same states and if we talk about net attendance ratio
then it is 64, 78, and 35 respectively. So, it can be said that Maharashtra
is at the second number in literacy rate. Kerala is at the top in literacy rate
and Bihar is very far from these two states if we compare the literacy rate.

Q.2 Think of other examples where collective provision of goods and

services is cheaper than individual provision.
Ans.: In factories where goods and services are produced at mass scale,
in mining areas and in manufacturing units where also goods are produced
and manufactured in bulk. So, few merchants prefer to sell their goods in
wholesale and they don’t want any kind of mediator in their work and all
they want is that customers should come to them and purchase goods and
services from them so here both seller and buyer is benefitted in their own
ways. Therefore it can be said that collective of goods and services is
cheaper than individual provision.

Q.3 Does availability of good health & educational facilities depend only
on amount of money spent by the government on these facilities? What
other factors could be relevant?
Ans.: The availability of good health and educational facilities does not
solely depend on amount of money spent rather in this case health
facilities are dependent on the capabilities of the doctors and quality of
medicines and quantity of staff their behavior towards patients and many
more factors are there . So it would be wrong to say that it is solely
dependent on money.

Q.4 In Tamil Nadu , 90 per cent of the people living in rural areas use a
ration shop, whereas in West Bengal only 35 per cent of rural people do so.
Where would people be better off and why?

Ans.: The people of Tamil Nadu would be better off as 90 percent of the
people living in rural areas use a ration shop and able to get food grains ,
sugar, kerosene oil etc. from the ration shop at a price lower than the market
price.

Exercises

Q.1 Development of a country can generally be determined by

A. its per capita income
B. its average literacy level
C. health status of its people
D. all of these
Ans .: Development of a country can be measured by any of these
parameters . Throughout the world , health and education indicators along
with income are used as a measure of development . Hence all 3 are
parameter that determine the development level of a country . Option (D) is
correct
Q.2 Which of the following neighboring countries has better performance
in terms of human development in India?
A. Bangladesh
B. Sri Lanka
C. Nepal
D. Pakistan
Ans.: On looking our neighbor countries then we come to know that Sri
Lanka is the country which has better performance than India. This
country named Sri Lanka leads us in per capita income, healthcare and
education and many more parameters which are used to determine and
define the human development properly. Using these parameters one can
easily judge the growth of its country.

Q.3 Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita
income of these families is Rs.5000. If the income of three families is
Rs.4000, Rs.7000 and Rs.3000 respectively. What is the income of the
fourth family?
A. Rs.7500
B. Rs.3000
C. Rs.2000
D. Rs.6000
Ans.: Average capital income = Rs 5000
Income of 1st family = Rs 4000
Income of 2nd family = Rs 7000
Income of 3rd family = Rs 3000
 4000+7000+3000+𝑥
Income of fourth family =
4
14000+𝑥
5000 =
4

20000 = 14000 + x
x = 6000

Q.4 What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying
different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any?
Ans.: Criterion use by the World Bank in classifying the different
countries is the per capita income method. In this method, the income of
a country is divided by the total population which gives the average
income of a country.
World development report which came in 2006 states that in 2004
countries with per capita income of Rs 4,5300 or above per annum is
regarded as rich and countries with per capita income is Rs 37000 or less
per annum as low-income countries.There are various limitations to this
method because of the following reasons:1) This method only tells us
about the average income of a country but not about the unequal
distribution of wealth. It does not explain the reasons for the rising gap
between rich and poor.2) The population is the significant factor here
because countries with high population will tally low level of income.3)
Countries with high per capita income do not explain about the basic
rights and facilities provided to the citizens.
Q.5 In what respect in the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring
development different from the one used by the World Bank?
Ans.: UNDP is United Nation Developement Programme. It advocates
for change and connects countries to knowledge, experience and
resources to help people build a better life. The main difference between
the UNDP and World Bank in terms of measuring development is that -
the World Bank depends upon a country’s per capita income, and the
UNDP uses a combination of factors like health, education and income to
know about the development of a country.

Q.6 Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use?
Illustrate with your own examples related to development.
Ans.: The use of average is to compare income because it makes
comparison between countries of different sizes easily. It removes that
toughness or any kind of difficulty which is faced during calculation of
per capita income.

It hides the differences in the distribution of income which is its limitation.

As by calculating the total income it is not possible to get the average
income of total people. That is the reason that the average income of the
country is being compared which is said to be the total income which is
divided by its population.
Limitations of using averages are as follows:

a) It can be used for comparison and it hides disparities so it is not suitable

for any country in this way.
For example- There are two countries A and B, where the per capita
income may be the same

Country A: Most of the people have similar income

Country B: Few people are extremely rich while most of the people are
extremely poor but the average comes out to be same as country A
So mostly people would like to live in country ‘A’ as it has more equitable
distribution than country B.

b) Even though averages are useful for comparison but they hide
disparities.Example: The literacy rate of a country does not differentiate
between its different states, certain states (such as Kerala) may have
higher literacy rate while some may have a lower literacy rate (like Bihar)
but when we take the country’s average, this difference is not visible.

Q.7 Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development
ranking than Punjab. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at
all and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.
Ans.: It can be noticed with the help of a report that Kerala with lower
capita income has a better human development ranking in comparison to
Punjab and to counter the inadequacy of this average, the human
development Index is used.
Various factors are used by HDI for the comparison of the two states.
Some of these factors are health, education, income etc. Per capita income
is useful for the money index of states. So it can be easily said that the per
capita income is one of the development factors and cannot be put away.

Q.8 Find out the present source of energy that is used by the people of
India. What could be the other possibilities fifty years from now?
Ans.: The present source of energy that is used by the people of India is
of various types like electricity, coal crude oil, cow dung and solar energy.
If we look the possibilities of next 50 years then we can include ethanol,
bio-diesel, nuclear energy etc. wind energy can be used in far more good
way. All these things can be used in better way to find out the present
source of energy.

Q.9 Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?

Ans.: The issue of sustainability is important for development because of
the passage of time the generation changes and with this change, society
wants more and more benefits from the resources which are present in our
nature. Because of the increasing needs of people of our society, things
are decaying day by day and excessive use is making things worse. If the
speed of using resources remains same then the available resources will
be exhausted soon and our coming generation will stay deprived of all
kind of needs.
The issue of sustainability is important for development because of the
following reasons:
a) The growth and development should be done by keeping in mind the
future usage.
b) If resources will not be sustained then our natural resources will
stagnate after some time and no upcoming generation will be able to take
advantage of these natural resources.

Q. 10 “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not
enough to satisfy the greed of even one person.” How this statement is
relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss.
Ans.: “The earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not
enough to satisfy the greed of even one person.” This can be said that this
above written statement is relevant and accurate to discuss the
development issue because in our nature there are sufficient amount of
resources that are required for completing or meeting the needs of our
society but these resources are being exploited badly by the people.
Renewable resources like groundwater can be replenished by the nature
but nonrenewable resources cannot be replenished. So the role of
sustainable development is very important as it can be attained by mix use
of both renewable and non-renewable resources without any harm and the
balance of environment must be kept in mind to fulfill the requirements
of present and future generations.

Q.11 List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may

have observed around you.
Ans.: List of examples of environmental degradation that we have
observed around us is as follows.
a) Excessive use or misuse of the natural resources is getting common
now a days and it is causing the environmental degradation.
b) Because of deforestation forests are rapidly turning into plain grounds.
c) Falling level of ground water, soil erosion, water pollution, burning of
fossil fuels etc. are leading towards environmental degradation.

Q.12 For each of the items given below in the Table 1.6, find out which
country is at the top and which is at bottom.
Ans.: (i) Per Capita Gross National Income in US$:
Top country: Sri Lanka
Bottom country: Nepal

(ii) Life expectancy at Birth:

Top country: Sri Lanka
Bottom Country: Myanmar and Pakistan
(iii) Literacy Rate for 15+ years population:
Top country: Sri Lanka
Bottom country: Pakistan

(iv) HDI rank in the World:

Top country: Sri Lanka
Bottom country: Nepal

Q.13 The following table shows the proportion of adults (aged 15-49 years)
whose BMI
is below normal (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) in India . It is based on a survey of
various
states for the year 2015 -16. Look at the table and answer the following
questions.

State Male (%) Female (%)

Kerala 8.5 10
Karnataka 17 21
Madhya pradesh 28 28
All states 20 23
(i) Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.
(ii) Can you guess why around one-fifth of people in the country are
undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the
country? Describe in your own words.
Ans.:

Nutritional level of Kerala is higher than that of the Madhya Pradesh.

One-fifth of the population in the country are undernourished even
though it is argued that there is enough food in the country because of the
following reasons:
The disparity in the distribution of food grains by Public Distribution
System (PDS) .
Nutritious food cannot be afforded by the poor population in the country.
Educational backwardness of people results in unemployment because of
which people cannot afford the basic necessity of food.
There is no proper distribution of ration at the fixed price stores.
 Chapter 2
Sectors of the Indian Economy

Let's Work these Out-Pg-21

Q.1 Complete the given table to show how sectors are dependent on each
other.
Example What does this show ?
Imagine what would happen if This is an example of the
farmers refuse to sell sugarcane to secondary or industrial sector
a particular sugar mill. The mill being dependent on the primary,
will have to shut down.
Imagine what would happen to
cotton cultivation if companies
decide not to buy from the Indian
market and import all cotton they
need from other countries. Indian
cotton cultivation will become less
profitable and the farmers may
even go bankrupt, if they cannot
quickly switch to other crops.
Cotton prices will fall.
Farmers buy many goods such as
tractors, pump sets, electricity
equipments, pesticides and
fertilizers. Imagine what would
happen if the price of fertilizers or
pump sets go up. Cost of
cultivation of the farmers will rise
and their profits will be reduced.
People working in industrial and
service sector need food. Imagine
what would happen if there is a
strike by transporters and lorries
refuse to take vegetables, milk, etc.
from rural areas.
Food will become scarce in urban
areas whereas farmers will be
unable to sell their products.

Ans.:
Example What does this show ?
Imagine what would happen if It shows that secondary sector is
farmers refuse to sell sugarcane to being dependent on the primary
a particular sugar mill. The mill sector.
will have to shut down. Secondary sector is also known as
industrial sector.
Imagine what would happen to It shows that how the primary
cotton cultivation if companies sector is dependent on the
decide not to buy from the Indian secondary or industrial sector.
market and import all cotton they
need from other countries. Indian
cotton cultivation will become less
profitable and the farmers may
even go bankrupt, if they cannot
quickly switch to other crops.
Cotton prices will fall.
Farmers buy many goods such as It shows the examples of the
tractors, pump sets, electricity primary sector as agriculture is
equipments, pesticides and categorized under this sector which
fertilizers. Imagine what would is dependent on the secondary
happen if the price of fertilizers or sector under which industry is
pump sets go up. Cost of categorized.
cultivation of the farmers will rise
and their profits will be reduced.
People working in industrial and Here it shows that how the primary
service sector need food. Imagine sector is being dependent on the
what would happen if there is a
strike by transporters and lorries
refuse to take vegetables, milk, etc.
from rural areas.
Food will become scarce in urban
areas whereas farmers will be
unable to sell their products.

Q.2 Explain the difference between primary, secondary and tertiary

sectors using examples other than those mentioned in the text.
Ans.: The difference between different types of sectors is as follows:
Primary Sector Secondary Sector Tertiary Sector
(i) This sector is This sector consists of This sector deals with
concerned with the the materials which the various support
extraction and are already being services which are
production of various extracted at the concerned to primary
types of natural primary stage and gets and secondary sector.
resources. processed.
(ii) For For example-Maki ng For
example-Mining, jewellry from Gold. example-insurance.
poultry, agriculture.

Q.3 Classify the following list of occupations under primary, secondary

and tertiary sectors:

● Tailor
● Workers in match factory
● Basket weaver
● Money lender
● Flower cultivator
● Gardener
● Milk vendor
● Potter
● Fishermen
● Bee-keeper
● Priest
● Astronaut
● Courier
● Call centre employee
Ans.: Above mentioned occupations are categorized as follows…
Primary Sector Secondary Sector Tertiary Sector
Flower cultivator Basket weaver Tailor
Fishermen Workers in match Milk vendor
factory
Gardener Bee-keeper Priest
Potter Courier
Money lender
Astronaut
Call centre employee

Q.4 Students in a school are often classified into primary and secondary
or junior and senior. What is the criterion that is used? Do you think this
is a useful classification? Discuss.
Ans.: Students in a school are often classified into primary and secondary
or junior and senior. This is the criteria which are used to easily identify
the standard of a student, whether to identify the standard of a student or
to know about his nature towards other students and teachers or to know
the students’ knowledge. So these are the few basics on which students
are classified into different categories or classes. There is no any kind of
Casteism it’s just the way to know which student is senior or junior which
is average, which is topper or which one is at the low level.

And yes, in my opinion this kind of classification is useful as it is not

possible to classify them all on the basis of their age.
Let's Work these Out-Pg-23

Q.1 What does the history of developed countries indicate about the shifts
that have taken place between sectors?
Ans.: The history of developed countries indicate about the shifts that
have taken place between sectors that from then to now there has been a
major shift from the secondary sector which means manufacturing
industries to the tertiary sector or service sector, which has become the
most important sector of the country’s economy and most number of
people are employed in this sector in the developed countries which
means a lot of changes can be noticed if we look up at history once.

Q.2 Correct and arrange the important aspects for calculating GDP from
this jumble.
To count goods and services we add the numbers that are produced.
We count all those that were produced in the last five years.
Since we shouldn’t leave out anything we add up all these goods and
services.
Ans.: We count the value of all the final goods and services that were
produced in a particular year. Gross domestic product itself shows that
what is the flow of goods and services in a financial year in an economy.
And to calculate GDP it’s necessary to count all the final goods and
services which are produced in a particular year.
3. Discuss with your teacher how you could calculate the total value of a good or
service by using the method of value added at each stage.

The total value of the good or service can be calculated from the cost of
manufacture to the cost of the delivery process. Explanation: The total value of a
good or service initially starts from the cost of manufacturing.

Let's Work these Out-Pg-24

Q.1 Answer the following questions by looking at the graph
(i) Which was the largest producing sector in 1971-72?
(ii) Which is the largest producing sector in 2011-12?
(iii) Can you say which sector has grown the most over, forty years?
(iv) What was the GDP of India in 2011-12?
Ans.:
(i) In 1971-72 the largest producing sector was primary sector.
(ii) In 2011-12 the largest producing sector is tertiary sector.
(iii) The tertiary sector has grown the most over forty years.
(iv) The total GDP of India in 2011-12 was 2,10,000 crore rupees.
Let's Work these Out-Pg-27

Q.1 Complete the table using the data given in Graphs 2 and 3 answer the
question that follows.
TABLE 2.2 SHARE OF PRIMARY SECTOR IN GDP AND
EMPLOYMENT
1971-72 1972-73 2011-12
Share in GDP
Share in
employment

What are the changes that you observe in the primary sector over a span
of thirty years?
Answer :
Graph 2: Share of Sectors in GDP (%)
TABLE 2.2 SHARE OF PRIMARY SECTOR IN GDP AND
EMPLOYMENT
1971-72 1972-73 2011-12
Share in GDP 40% 49% 12%
Share in 0% 74% 49%
employment

From the table it can be noticed that the share in GDP has reduced
drastically from 40% to 12%, as it was 40% in 1971-72 then it increased
9% in 1972-73 and in 2011-12 it has become 12% only. And the share in
employment was 0% in 1971-72 and in 1972-73 it has increased upto 74%
after that in 2011-12 again it reduced and came down as it remained 49%
only.
Q.2 Choose the correct answer:
Underemployment occurs when people:
A. Do not want to work
B. Are working in a lazy manner
C. Are working less than what they are capable of doing
D. Are not paid for their work
Ans.: It is very clear that underemployment occurs when various people
are working less than what they are capable of doing. It is also known as
hidden unemployment because of no job opportunities people are unable
to find the other job and the place where they are working is already full
of employees so there is no need of other employees still these people who
don’t have any other works are engaged in this.

Q.3 Compare and contrast the changes in India with the pattern that was
observed for developed countries. What kinds of changes between sectors
were desired but did not happen in India?
Ans.: Secondary and tertiary sectors are increasing at a rapid speed and
especially tertiary sector is increasing and its contribution in developing
the economy of our country has been more always. It renders many job
opportunities so that people are able to earn their livelihood. If India wants
to become a strong industrialized nation then not the growth of only
tertiary sector but all sectors must be grown at equal rate so that it can
work properly for a better and bright economy.

Q.4 Why should we be worried about underemployment?

Ans.: We should be worried about unemployment because if there is no
job then how will people survive. Our nation will become poorer and will
never be grown at any cost. It is said that if we want a strong and bright
future then base must be strong and hard so that no can harm it any cost.
So, if there is no employment then how will people be able to get the
education and how will they serve their economy and besides this there
are many more reasons that we must be worried about unemployment.
Only because of employment a person is able to serve and survive without
this nothing will be possible.

Let's Work these Out-Pg-29

Q.1 Why do you think NREGA 2005 is referred to as ‘Right to Work’?
Ans.: National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 was launched by
the government to provide job opportunities so that people might be able
to earn their livelihood. It guarantees at least 100 days work for one
member of each family. This program fulfills one of the fundamental
rights as per the Constitution and the right is ‘Right to work’.

Every citizen of a country has the right to work and if government is

unable to provide more and more job opportunities then it will have to pay
daily wages especially to those sections of society who are impoverished.
This is why this programme is called ‘Right to Work’.

Q.2 Imagine that you are the village head. In that capacity suggest some
activities that you think should be taken up under this Act that would also
increase the income of people? Discuss.
Ans.: Activities are as follows..
(i) Water conservation and water harvesting is the most important things
that must be included under this Act.
(ii) To stop the problem of drought tube wells must be dug.
(iii) To irrigate the canals for crops irrigation panels must be set up.
(iv) To make provision of irrigation facility on the lands of SCs and STs
and others.
(v) Renovation of traditional water bodies like tanks.
(vi) Land must be developed for agriculture and horticulture.
(vii) To control flood and to protect from any such disasters check dams
must be constructed.
(viii) To improve rural connectivity and to provide all weather access to
the villages roads must be constructed.

Q.3 How would income and employment increase of farmers were

provided with irrigation and marketing facilities?
Ans.: (i) All the farmers require transporting their products to a nearby
town for sales and if the government invests money in transportation and
storage of crops or for the betterment of rural roads so that mini trucks
and other vehicles can reach everywhere.
(ii) If any dam is constructed and canals are dug to solve the issue of
irrigation then the agricultural land could lead to a lot of employment
generation within the agricultural sector itself.

Q.4 In what ways can employment be increased in urban areas?

Ans.: To increase the employment opportunities in urban areas:

(i) It is necessary to invest in the basic industries so that more and more
people should be employed.
(ii) To improve the local and inter city transportation which will increase
the number of people working in the transportation industry.
(iii) Increasing of vocational education courses which will increase the
job opportunities in other ways also due to which people can easily
educate themselves for the vocation jobs.
(iv) By giving incentives the capacity of industry in the urban areas
employment opportunities can be increased.

Let's Work these Out-Pg-31

Q.1 Look at the following examples. Which of these are unorganized
sector activities?
(i) A teacher taking classes in a school.
(ii) A head load worker carrying a bag of cement on his back in a market.
(iii) A farmer irrigating her field.
(iv) A doctor in a hospital treating a patient.
(v) A daily wage labourer working under a contractor.
(vi) A factory worker going to work in a big factory.
(vii) A handloom weaver working in her house.
Ans.: Unorganized Sector’s example is as follows..
(ii) A head load worker carrying a bag of cement on his back in a market.
(iii) A farmer irrigating her field.
(v) A daily wage labourer working under a contractor.
(vii) A handloom weaver working in her house.
Q.2 Talk to someone who has a regular job in the organized sector and
another who works in the unorganized sector. Compare and contrast their
working conditions in all aspects.
Answer :
The comparison of Working Conditions in the Organized and
Unorganized Sectors is as follows:
Organized Sector Unorganized Sector
a) In organized sector workers In unorganized sector workers
work for fixed hours every day. In have no fixed working hours but
case of extra hours they are paid comparatively they work more
extra as per their work. than the workers of organized
sector.
b) Salary is distributed on the Salary is paid on daily basis and
monthly basis, usually on a fixed sometimes not paid as they don't
day of every month and there is no follow any rules and there is no any
any kind of deduction for taking kind of weekly leave provided.
weekly leave.
c) An appointment letter is given at
There is no any such kind of
the time of joining which states all
appointment letter and that is the
the terms and conditions of work reason they lose their employment
and company. without being given any advance
notice.
d) Provident fund, gratuity, No facilities are provided even all
medical benefits and many more the workers work at risk.
facilities are provided

Q.3 How would you distinguish between organized and unorganized

sectors? Explain in your own words.
Ans.: Difference between organized sector and unorganized sector is as
follows:
Distinction Organized Sector Unorganized
Sector
What it means Regular working It has generally small
hours and weekly off. units and businesses
and shops etc.
Rules and Regulations All the rules are No any rules are
Followed followed set up by the followed although
government. these are set up by
government for them
as well as for
organized sector.
Nature of Work and Work is normal and No any reason is
Employment assured for long time necessary for
and employees can't expelling the
be expelled without employee from the
any genuine reason. work. They can be
expelled at any point
of time without any
notice.
Examples A worker in a large Daily wage labourer or
factory and a clerk in worker in a shop and a
an office. handloom weaver.

Q.4 The table below shows the estimated number of workers in India in
the organized and unorganized sectors. Read the table carefully. Fill in the
missing data and answer the questions that follow.

Sector Organised Unorganised Total

Primary 1 232
Secondary 41 74 115
Tertiary 40 88 172
Total 82
 total in 100%
percentage

 What is the percentage of people in the unorganized sector in

agriculture?
 Do you agree that agriculture is an unorganized sector activity?
Why?
 If we look at the country as a whole, we find that…..of the workers
in India are in the unorganized sector. Organized sector employment
is available to only about…..of the workers in India.
Ans.: (i) The percentage of people in unorganized sector in agriculture
is zero because as the proportion of agriculture sector people out of total
number of people in unorganized sector is not mentioned over there so it
means that the percentage is considered zero. Also we can consider that
people were not engaged in agriculture at that time.
(ii) Yes, it can be said that agriculture in our country is an activity of the
unorganized sector and the reasons are:

(a) People engaged in agriculture are not paid properly and not even on
regular basis which is the first negative point.
(b) In the agriculture sector there is the issue of underemployment. More
than required people are engaged in this sector.
(c) Farmers are dependent on moneylenders and relatives for their loan
requirements.
(iii) If we look at the country as a whole, we find that 93% of the workers
in India are in the unorganized sector. Organized sector employment is
available to only about 7% of the workers in India.
Exercises

Q.1 Fill in the blanks using the correct option given in the bracket:

(i) Employment in the service sector _______ increased to the same extent
as production. (Has/has not)
(ii) Workers in the ______ sector do not produce goods.
(Tertiary/agricultural)
(iii) Most of the workers in the ______ sector enjoy job security.
(Organized/unorganized)
(iv) A ______ proportion of laborers in India are working in the
unorganized sector. (Large/small)
(v) Cotton is a ______ product and cloth is a _____ product.
(Natural/manufactured)
(vi) The activities in Primary, secondary and tertiary sectors are _____
(Independent/Interdependent)
Ans.:
(i) Has not
(ii) Tertiary
(iii) Organized
(iv) large
(v) Natural; manufactured
(vi) Interdependent

Q.2A Choose the most appropriate answer:

The sectors are classified into public and private sectors on the basis of:
A. Employment conditions
B. The nature of economic activity
C. Ownership of enterprises
D. Number of workers employed in the enterprise
Ans.: The sectors are classified into two types which are named as private
and public sectors. This classification is made on the basis of ownership
of enterprises. Private sectors are those sectors which is the part of the
economy, and sometimes known as the citizen sector also, which is run
by private individuals or groups, usually as a means of enterprise for
profit, the private sector is run by private individuals or groups specially
for the means of profit and is not controlled by the state and on the other
hand public sector works for social welfare keeping profit at a side it
serves the people in many ways.

Q.2B Choose the most appropriate answer:

Production of a commodity, mostly through the natural process, is an
activity in _____ sector.
A. Primary
B. Secondary
C. Tertiary
D. Information technology
Ans.: Production of a commodity, mostly through the natural process is
an activity in primary sector. As we all know there are three sectors in an
economy named as primary, secondary and tertiary. Basically primary
sector belongs to the sector where agriculture is the very first activity we
notice always. Products which are used here are milk, minerals and ores
which are natural. These products become the cause of production of any
commodity.

Q.2C Choose the most appropriate answer:

GDP is the total value of_______ produced during a particular year.
A. All goods and services
B. All final goods and services
C. All intermediate goods and services
D. All intermediate and final goods and services.
Answer: GDP or Gross Domestic Product is the total value of goods
produced and services provided in a country during one year and is used
to measure a country’s economy. The data is collected by the Central
Statistics Office (CSO) that falls under the leadership of the Ministry of
Statistics and Program Implementation.

Q.2D Choose the most appropriate answer:

In terms of GDP the share of tertiary sector in 2003 is _____
A. Between 20 per cent to 30 per cent
B. Between 30 per cent to 40 per cent
C. Between 50 per cent to 60 per cent
D. 70 per cent
Ans.: In terms of GDP the share of tertiary sector in 2003 is 50% to 60%.
Tertiary sector is also known as service sector as it provides services to
population. It employs many different kinds of people. At one hand it
limited number of services that employ highly skilled and educated
workers and at the other hand large number of workers are engaged in
services such as small shopkeepers, repair persons, transport persons, etc.
In the year 2003, the tertiary sector has emerged as the largest producing
sector in India replacing the primary sector.
Q.3 Match the following:
Problems faced by farming Some possible measures
sector
1. Unirrigated land (a) Setting up Agro-based mills.
2. Low prices for crops (b)Cooperative marketing societies
3. Debt burden (c)Procurement of food grains by
government
4. No job in the off season (d) Construction of canals by the
government
5. Compelled to sell their grains to (e) Banks to provide credit with
the local traders soon after harvest low interest
Ans.:
The correct match of the above is as follows:
1. Unirrigated land d) Construction of canals by the
government
2. Low prices for crop (c) Procurement of food grains by
government
3. Debt burden (e) Banks to provide credit with
low interest
4. No job in the off season (a) Setting up Agro-based mills
5. Compelled to sell their grains to b) Cooperative marketing societies
the local traders soon after harvest

Q. 4 Find the odd one out and say why.

(i) Tourist guide, dhobi, tailor, potter
(ii) Teacher, doctor, vegetable vendor, lawyer
(iii) Postman, cobbler, soldier, police constable
(iv) MTNL, Indian Railways, Air India, SAHARA Airlines, All India
Radio
Ans.: (i) Among these four occupations tourist guide is the odd one
because dhobi, tailor, potter all these three belong to private sector they
do their work for profit only and can start working at any point of time
and anywhere even at small scale but for a tourist guide these things are
not that easy and first of all a tourist guide is appointed by the government
and he serves the foreigners and but do not work just for profit.

(ii) Among these persons teacher, doctor, vegetable vendor, lawyer

vegetable vendor is the odd one because to be a teacher, doctor, lawyer
you must have skills and education which will be helpful in your in
establishing your career as these occupations but for vegetable selling
education does not matter that much because an uneducated person can
also sell vegetables and all what it needs just good communication and
calculation which depends on environment and not that big deal.

(iii) Among postman, cobbler, soldier, police constable, the cobbler is odd
one because the profession of a cobbler belongs to public sector and at the
same time it belongs to illiterate community and impoverished people.
But on the other side postman, soldier, police constable these are the
people who belong to literate community and basically they are from good
family background not that much poor and bad.
(iv) Among these companies named as MTNL, Indian Railways, Air
India, SAHARA Airlines, ALL India Radio, the odd one is SAHARA
Airlines. Because it is a private enterprise while others are owned by the
government.

Q.5 A research scholar looked at the working people in the city of Surat
and found the following:
Place of work Nature of employment Percentage of working
people
In offices and factories - 15
registered with the
government
Own shops, office, - 15
clinics in market
places with formal
license
People working on the - 20
street, construction
workers, domestic
workers
Working in small - -
workshops usually not
registered with the
government

Ans.:
In unorganized sector in the city the percentage of workers is 70%. And
unorganized sectors are those under which people working on the street,
construction workers, domestic workers, people working in small
workshops usually not registered come .
The complete table is as follows:
Own shops, office, Organized 15
clinics in market
places with formal
license
People working on the Unorganized 20
street, construction
workers, domestic
workers
Working in small Unorganized 50
workshops usually not
registered with the
government

Q.6 Do you think the classification of economic activities into primary,

secondary and tertiary is useful? Explain how?
Ans.: Yes in my opinion the classification of economic activities into
primary, secondary and tertiary sectors is very useful because
classification will help us in identifying which activity is related to which
sector. And besides this there are several reasons as follows:
a) The very first point which will be known that how many people and
where are they employed in any country.
b) If development will be seen only in tertiary sector then it means that
agriculture which is related to primary sector is deducting day by day and
by noticing the rise and fall in both sectors government will be able to
take strong action towards the improvement wherever it is required.

This is why to improve the sectors and to run the economy smoothly and
for best administration and development, classification of economic
activities is necessary.

Q.7 For each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter why one
should focus on employment and GDP? Could there be other issues which
should be examined? Discuss.
Answer: There are different reasons to support that one should focus on
employment and GDP:-
(a) If we focus on employment and GDP then size of a country’s economy
can be determined easily.
(b) To easily determine the other issues about economy Per Capita Income
and Productivity are very important things to know about in detail, which
can be calculated by focusing on employment and GDP.

Q.8 Make a long list of all kinds of all kinds of work that you find adults
around you doing for a living. In what way can you classify them? Explain
your choice.
Ans.: There are several kinds of work in which people are engaged living
in our society. Their jobs can be classified as follows:
Jobs Sectors
Teacher Organized sector
Doctor Organized sector
Vegetable Vendor Public Sector
Lawyer Organized sector
Postman Organized sector
Soldier Public Sector
Police Constable Public Sector
Tourist guide Organized sector
Dhobi Public Sector
Tailor Public Sector

Q.9 How is Tertiary sector different from other sectors? Illustrate with
a few examples.
Ans.: The main thing is that tertiary sector is also known as service sector.
The difference is that tertiary sector is different from other sectors because
it supports the process of production but does not produce goods. Also it
covers the many more area which comes under unemployment.
All activities generate employment rather than goods which is the reason
that tertiary sector is called service sector and it helps in the development
of primary and secondary sector.
For example- Transportation, Storage, Communication, banking etc. are
the examples of this sector because instead of producing products it
produces employment which helps in the development of other sectors
also.

Q.10 What do you understand by disguised unemployment? Explain with

an example each from the urban and rural areas.
Ans.: Disguised unemployment refers to a kind of employment where
people engaged in a work more than requirement. It is also known as
hidden unemployment because we can’t see the people employed here are
more than required. The situation of disguised unemployment basically
arises when more and more people start working at the place where there
is less need of more workers.

For example: It can be observed in the rural areas where all the members
of a family of a farmer are working in a farm where only 3 members are
required but 6 members are working in that field which means the other 3
person working in that farm are unemployed which will be categorized
under disguised unemployment. The reason behind their working in the
same farm is lack of jobs in urban areas as well as in rural areas. In urban
areas also disguised unemployment can be seen in the service sectors.

Q.11 Distinguish between open unemployment and disguised

unemployment.
Ans.:
Open unemployment Disguised unemployment
Open employment refers to the (i) Disguised unemployment
situation in which an individual
refers to the situation in
has no job and unable to earn his
which people work at a place
livelihood. where there is no more people
are required. The situation in
which people are apparently
working but all of them are
made to work less than their
potential.
This Open unemployment is This unemployment is
Clearly visible. hidden.
People’s unemployment will People’s unemployment
affect the production of goods won’t affect the production of
and services is an economy. good and services because
here already more than
requirement of people are
working so if they leave that’s
not a big deal.

Q.12 “Tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the

development of Indian economy.” Do you agree? Give reasons in support
of your answer.
Ans.: We do not agree with this statement because the tertiary sector has
become the most critical sector of our economy concerning both
employment and GDP. This sector contributes around 60% off our GDP
and more than 25% of our population is engaged in this sector. The tertiary
sector will further grow because of the rise in income and demands of the
people.
Q.13 Service sector in India employs two different kinds of people. Who
are these?
Ans.: As we all know that service sector is also known as tertiary sector.
And tertiary sector employs more and more people. It employs two
different kinds of people and one of them is the workers that are well
educated and highly skilled. And the other is the workers who are engaged
in services such as small shopkeepers, mechanics, transport, persons, etc.
And these poor people barely get the time to manage their own livelihood.

Q.14 Workers are exploited in the unorganized sector. Do you agree with
this view? Give reasons in support of your answer.
Ans.: Yes, we do agree with this view that workers are exploited in the
unorganized sector. The following reasons support the answer:
1)In this sector, there are small and scattered units which are out of control
of the government. Certain rules and regulations are set up by the
government, but none follow the rules. People are compelled to work and
not even paid on time.

2) Workers generally have fixed working hours of 10-12 hours. But, they
are given fewer wages and are also not paid for the overtime hours.
3) There is no job security and people can be asked to leave their jobs
anytime.
4) Workers do not get any allowances apart from the fixed wages.
5) Usually, they are in heavy debts, and there are no such provisions in
their support.

Q.15 How are the activities in the economy classified on the basis of
employment conditions?
Ans.: In the economy, activities are classified on the basis of employment
in following way:

a) Organized sector: This sector refers to the sector where the terms of
employment are regular and people have assured work. In this sector all
the occupations are registered by the government and followed the rules
set up by them. Workers of organized sectors enjoy security of
employment.

b) Unorganized sector: This sector refers to the small and scattered units
which are largely outside the control of the government. Rules in this
sector are set up by the government as in organized sectors but these rules
are not followed by any of workers in this sector.

Q.16 Compare the employment conditions prevailing in the organized

and unorganized sectors.
Ans.:
Organized sector Unorganized sector
(i) In this sector the terms of (i) In this sector the terms of
employment are regular and peo employment are regular but people
are never sure for their work, they
can be expelled from the job at any
point of time.
(ii) These sectors are officially (ii) In this sector registration of any
registered by the government and is mandatory. They don't have to
they have to follow these official follow any rules and regulations
rules which are provided in various which are set up by the
laws such as the factories act, government.
minimum wages act, etc.
(iii) This sector has formal (iii) This sector has no formal
procedures to follow. procedures to follow.
 (iv) The workers work only for the (iv) No time is fixed and even they
fixed time, and if they work more don't get the payment of their
they are paid more. labour on time.
(v) Besides their earning various (v) No provisions for overtime, no
kinds of bonus from the employers paid leave, holidays, leave due to
like paid leave, payment during sickness etc.
holidays, provident fund, pensions,
gratuity, medical benefits etc.

Q.17 Explain the objective of implementing the NREGA 2005.

Answer: NREGA is National Rural Employment Guarantee Act which
is an Indian labour law and social security measure that aims to guarantee
the right to work. And the main objective of implementing the NREGA is
that all the people who are capable of and in need of work will get
guaranteed 100 days’ work and in case if the government fails to do so,
then the government will give unemployment allowances to them. Such
kind of work would greatly help in future to enhance the production from
land will be given preference under this act. The act was implemented in
330 districts of India’s as the Right to Work.

Q.18 Using examples from your area compare and contrast the activities
and functions of private and public sectors.
Ans.: If we talk about public sector then in this the government owns
most of the assets and gives all the services to public for example there is
a government school in our locality and the activities of that school like
children go for tours whether it is domestic or international all the
expenses are done by government and students are honored by
scholarships and many more things. But at the same time I noticed a
hospital in the same locality and that hospital is private, there is no role of
government in that hospital everything is a private asset of that hospital’s
owner. And the charges are very high sometimes patients can’t afford. So,
private sector’s ownership, assets and delivery of services are in the hands
of the private individuals or companies.

Q.19 Discuss and fill the following table giving one example each from
your area.
Ans.:
Well-managed Badly-managed
organisation organisation
Public sector MTNL Air India
Private sector Reliance Mobile Satyam

Q.20 Give a few examples of public sector activities and explain why the
government has taken them up.
Ans.: Public sector activities include provision of water, electricity and
some modes of transport. Government has taken up them as if we look the
most important needs of human then water and electricity are the basic
ones. If these works like providing electricity and water is left to private
enterprises, the later might exploit this opportunity and these at rates
which the masses cannot afford. So, to fulfill the basic needs of humans
including water and electricity the government of our country supplies
these things at very low and affordable prices.

Q.21 Explain how public sector contributes to the economic development

of a nation.
Ans.: Public sector contributes to the economic development in various
ways:
a) This sector creates more and more employment opportunity.
b) It ensures easy availability of goods and services at moderate rates.
c) It contributes to the development of community also.
d) Development of financial resources is also generated by this sector.
e) It encourages the development of small, medium and cottage industries
which contribute in the development of a nation.

Q.22 The workers in the unorganized sector need protection on the

following issues: wages, safety and health. Explain with examples.
Ans.: In unorganized sector there are small and scattered units which are
largely out of the control of the government. This provides no kind of
provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, and no leave due to sickness
as well.
a) Wages: Workers are exploited and not paid a fair wage for their labour.
They need protection because of their low wages. Therefore fair wages
should be paid to them so that their livelihood can be put on ease at some
point.

b) Safety: There is no kind of safety provided to the workers working in

the mines or fireworks factories. They face great risk of their life.
Therefore security and attention must be rendered to them.

c) Health: The workers that work at unhygienic places and specially for
infinite hours are found in the unorganized sectors and their health is at
risk which must be the matter of deep consideration.
Besides these issues a large number of people are employed on their own.
For example- sellers on the street or repair workers. Cobblers, vendors
etc.
Q.23 A study in Ahmedabad found that out of 15, 00, 000 workers in the
city, 11, 00, 000 worked in the unorganized sector. The total income of
the city in this year (1997-1998) was Rs.60, 000 million. Out of this,
Rs.32, 000 million was generated in the organized sector. Present this data
as a table. What kind of ways should be thought of for generating more
employment in the city?
Ans.:

Organized Unorganized Total

sector sector
No. of workers 4, 00, 000 11, 00, 000 15, 00, 000
Income 32, 000 million 28, 000 million 60, 000 million

Education must be at the top in the to do list of government if it wants to

improve or increase the job opportunities in any area of any city. Without
education no one will hire any illiterate person for work. If a person wants
to work then he will have to generate skills and open up the mind to grab
more and more things. More and more companies need to be brought
under organised sector in order to generate more employment in the city.
Basically if a person is educated having great skills then nothing is
impossible for him. The more companies are brought the more jobs will
be provided to the workers with higher and more secure wages. The
government must provide loans and aid to companies transferring from
unorganized to organized sectors.

Q.24 The following gives the GDP I rupees (Crore) by the three sectors:
Year Primary Secondary Tertiary
1950 80,000 19,000 39,000
2011 8,18,000 12,49,000 28,18,000
(i) Calculate the share of the three sectors in GDP for 1950 and 2011.
(ii) Show the data as a bar diagram similar to Graph 2 in the chapter.
(iii) What conclusion can we draw from the bar graph?
Ans.:
(i) In the year 1950
Total GDP (In 1950) = 80, 000 + 19, 000 + 39, 000

= 1, 38, 000 crore

80,000
Share (Primary sector) = × 100% = 57.97%
1,38,000

19,000
Share (Secondary sector) = × 100% =13.76%
1,38,000

39,000
Share (Tertiary sector) = × 100% = 28.26%
1,38,000

In the year 2011

Total GDP (In 2011) = 8, 18, 000 + 12, 49, 000 + 28, 18, 000
= 4, 885, 000 crore
8,18,000
Share (Primary sector) = × 100 = 16.75%
4,885,000

12,49,000
Share (Secondary sector) = × 100 = 25.56%
4,885,000
 28,18,000
Share (Tertiary sector) = × 100 = 57.68%
4,885,000

(iii) The conclusion can be drawn on behalf of results that the share of the
tertiary sector in the GDP has almost doubled, while the GDP of the
primary sector has been halved almost and the same situation is with the
secondary sector which has grown up by about 10 % in the last five years.
So, we saw that how the GDP of all the three sectors is changing and
specially the much more change have been seen in the GDP of tertiary
sector.
 Chapter 3
Money and Credit

Let's Work these Out-Pg-40

Q.1 How does the use of money market easier to exchange things?
Ans.: Money is accepted as a medium of exchange and it serves as a unit
of value. Besides these two things the problem or the issue of double
coincidence of wants is also sorted with the help of money and thus these
are the reasons that the use of money market is easier to exchange things
without facing any kind of struggle.

Q.2 Can you think of some examples of goods and services being
exchanged or wages being paid through barter?
Ans.: There are many examples of goods and services which are being
exchanged through barter. Some of these are as follows:
Let us take example of rural areas where in certain cases food grains are
exchanged for other crops.
Also in many government schemes the labourers working there instead of
getting paid with cash are provided with things like 4 kg of wheat per day
of work.

Let's Work these Out-Pg-42

Q.1 M Salim wants to withdraw 20,000 in cash for making payments.

How would he write on a cheque to withdraw money?
Ans.: The correct way to fill the cheque for withdrawing money is shown
in the following diagram:

Q.2 Tick the correct answer. After the transaction between Salim and
Prem,
A. Salim’s balance in his bank account increases, and Prem’s balance
increases.
B. Salim’s balance in his bank account decreases and Prem’s balance
increases.
C. Salim’s balance in his bank account increases and Prem’s balance
decreases.
Ans.: After the transaction between Salim and Prem. It is quite natural
that if a person is transferring money in the other person’s account then
his account balance will decrease and the receiver’s balance increase. And
the same is with Salim and Prem when Prem transfers money from his
account to Salim’s account then his own balance decreases and Salim’s
account balance increased.
Q.3 Why are demand deposits considered as money?
Ans.: Demand deposits are considered as money because as we know that
money refers to the demand deposits and that can be withdrawn when one
needs them. And also this withdrawn money can be used for making
payments. So if demand deposits are considered as money then there is no
issue because both can be used as substitutes one at the place of the other.

Let's Work these Out-Pg-44

Q.1 Fill the following table.
Salim Swapna
Why did they need
credit?
What was the risk?
What was the
outcome?

Answer :
The correct fill for the following table is as follows:
Salim Swapna
Why did they need To fulfill the working To purchase
credit? capital needs. commodities used
during cultivation.
What was the risk? Unknown risk or no Crops failure risk.
risk at all.
What was the After earning profit Found her in the debt
outcome? repaid the debts. trap.

Q.2 Suppose Salim continues to get order from traders. What would be
his position after six years?
Ans.: If Salim continues to get order from traders then after six years by
using his sales profit he can easily finance his future business. Due to the
profit from the sales he has no need to borrow money from any source.
Already he will be much able to afford this much money to start even a
new business after 6 years. His profit will be double and in case if he
borrows then he would be able to pay easily all his debts in time.

Q.3 What are the reasons that make Swapna’s situation so risky? Discuss
factors – pesticides, role of money lenders, climate.
Ans.: The reasons for Swapna’s situation being risky are as follows:

(a) The failure of crop due to either poor rainfall or attack on the crop by
pests.
(b) Her situation is becoming worse day by day as money lenders charge
high interest rates and if she can’t pay her debts they will forfeit her land
too which results in decrement of her earning or maybe she becomes
solvent for future.

Let's Work these Out-Pg-45

Q.1 Why do lenders ask for collateral while lending?

Ans. : Lenders ask for collateral while lending because if the payment of
interest and payment of principal are not made on time then in that case
the lenders can sell the collateral assets and recover their money.
Collateral is used as a kind of mortgage when someone borrows money in
bulk from the bank and in that case he has to assure the bank that its debt
will be paid on time by him but if in case he couldn’t then bank can sell
that collateral and recover the money lent to that customer.

Q.2 Given that a large number of people in our country are poor, does it
in any way affect their capacity to borrow?
Ans.: A large number of people in our country are poor and yes it affects
the capacity to borrow in many ways. As we discussed in above question
about collateral and we all know that only the person who has money will
have assets or collateral to keep as mortgage. But if the whole residents
are poor then no one will be able to borrow as they don’t have capacity to
keep any mortgage or even borrow a penny from the bank. They mostly
borrow from informal sectors like moneylenders, relatives and friends if
the needed it.

Q.3 Fill in the blanks choosing the correct option from the brackets.
While taking a loan, borrowers look for easy terms of credit. This
means…… (low/high) interest rate,…… (easy/tough) condition; for
repayment,………… (less/more) collateral and documentation
requirements.
Ans.: While taking a loan, borrowers look for easy terms of credit. This
means low interest rate, easy condition; for repayment, less collateral and
documentation requirements.

Let's Work these Out-Pg-47

Q. 1 List the various sources of credit in Sonpur.

Ans.: Various sources are as follows:
(i) Village moneylender
(ii) Traders
(iii) Landowner as moneylender
(iv) Commercial banks
(v) Krishak co-operative society
Q.2 Underline the various uses of credit in Sonpur in the above passages.
Loans from Co-operatives Besides banks, the other major source of cheap
credit in rural areas are the co-operative societies (or co-operatives).
Members of a co-operative pool their resources for co-operation in certain
areas. There are several types of co-operatives possible such as farmer’s
co-operatives, weaver’s co-operatives, industrial workers co-operatives,
etc. Krishak Co-operative functions in a village not very far away from
Sonpur. It has 2300 farmers as members. It accepts deposits from its
members. With these deposits as collateral, the Co-operative has obtained
a large loan from the bank. These funds are used to provide loans to
members. Once these loans are repaid, another round of lending can take
place. Krishak Co-operative provides loans for the purchase of
agricultural implements, loans for cultivation and agricultural trade,
fishery loans, loans for construction of houses and for a variety of other
expenses.
Ans.: Members of cooperative societies contribute their resources in
order to cooperate certain areas. Now there may be various kinds of
cooperative such as farmer, weaver, industrial workers etc. Krishak
Cooperative functions in a village not very far away from Sonpur. It has
a total member of around 2300 farmers. And it collects the deposits from
its members. With the help of this collected amount as collateral, the
cooperatives have received a large loan from the bank. They use this fund
to give loans to the needed people. After getting the payment of debt
Krishak cooperative give loans for the purchase of agricultural
implements, loans for cultivation and agricultural trade, fishery loans,
loans for construction of hoses and for a variety of other expenditures.
Besides getting loans from the cooperative banks, the other major sources
of getting cheaper credit in rural areas are the cooperative societies only.
Q.3 Compare the terms of credit for the small farmer, the medium farmer
and the landless agricultural worker in Sonpur.
Ans.: (a) For small farmers:
● High rate of interest.
● It promises to sell crops to traders at low prices as repayment of loan.

(b) For medium farmer:

● Low rate of interest.
● Loan of several banks can be easily paid in the next 2-3 years.

(c) For landless agricultural workers of Sonpur:

● Borrowers pay their debt by working on land of their moneylenders or
landowners so that in future again they will be able to borrow from that
person in need.
● The rate of interest for these workers is high.

Q.4 Why will Arun have a higher income from cultivation compared to
Shyamal?
Ans.: Arun will have a higher income from cultivation compared to
Shyamal due to following reasons:
Arun gets a loan from a commercial bank at the interest rate of 8.5% per
annum, whereas Shyamal gets loan from a village moneylender at the
interest rate of 5% per month (i.e., 60% per annum). Arun has more
calibers to pay bank loan as compared to Shyamal and also he gets a fresh
loan in next three years. As Shyamal he is not restricted to sell his product
to the moneylenders who provide him a low price. He has the benefit of
selling his product at market rates.

Q.5 Can everyone in Sonpur get credit at a cheap rate? Who are the
people who can?
Ans.: No, everyone cannot get credit at a cheap rate. Only the following
people are able to get it
• People having some collateral with them.
• People who have organised themselves into a cooperative society.
• The person who can fulfill the bank’s formalities at the time of loan
borrowing.

Q.6A Tick the correct answer.

Over the years, Rama’s debt
A. Will rise.
B. Will remain constant.
C. Will decline.
Ans.: Over the years, Rama’s debt will rise because we know that time to
time the amount keeps increasing by summing up the interest rate and late
fee.

Q.6B Tick the correct answer.

Arun is one of the few people in Sonpur to take a bank loan because
A. Other people in the village prefer to borrow from the moneylenders.
B. Banks demand collateral which everyone cannot provide.
C. Interest rate on bank loans is same as the interest rate charged by the
traders.
Ans.: Arun is one of the few people in Sonpur to take a bank loan because
it is necessary to provide collateral to the bank while borrowing and
everyone in the village cannot provide collateral as Arun is able to do,
therefore he can easily borrow having the capacity of paying the debts in
future.

Q.7 Talk to some people to find out the credit arrangement that exists in
your area. Record your conversation. Note the differences in the terms of
credit across people.
Ans.: I talked to many people living in my area and asked them what are
the terms and conditions when they apply for loan and from where do they
borrow. Answers were different.
Few said that they don’t borrow money as they can’t afford to repay the
debts on time so they stay away from borrowing and lending.
Few of them said that they borrow money from relatives and friends as
there is low rate of interest required and sometimes no rate of interest as
well.
Few of them said that they borrow money from commercial banks and
bank charges high rate of interest and also ask for some collateral and
many more documentation formalities etc.
So, these are some views of people regarding credit borrowing from
different areas or communities.
Let's Work these Out-Pg-50

Q.1 What are the differences between formal and informal sources of
credit?
Ans.:
Formal Sources of Credit Informal Sources of Credit
Richer people can borrow easily as Poorer people can't borrow
they have assets and guarantee of because of lack of assets and any
returning the debts on time. documents and incapability of
returning the debts.
Interest rates are reasonably low Interest rate are very high.
Banks and co-operative societies Traders, moneylenders,
landowners, etc.
Main motive here is social welfare. Main motive here is profit.

Q.2 Why should credit at reasonable rates be available for all?

Ans.: The credit should be available at reasonable rates for all because
through this reasonable rate and equality poor people would be able to
borrow for their work of cultivation and other things too. This will make
their life easy and far better than ever before. Suicidal attempts will be
decreased as we know that because of inability of paying debts many
farmers suicide. So credit at reasonable rates will put the life of farmers
at ease.

Q.3 Should there be a supervisor, such as the Reserve Bank of India that
looks into the loan activities of informal lenders? Why would its task be
quite difficult?
Ans.: There must be a supervisor for checking the loan activities of
informal lenders such as the Reserve Bank of India supervises other
banks. The task would be quite difficult because informal sector includes
several people who have their variety of business besides lending and the
most important part to be noticed about these sectors are that they are not
registered with the government and without registration there is a risk of
fraud of any kind of mishappening with borrowers as well as with lenders
of loan.

Q.4 Why do you think that the share of formal sector credit is higher for
the richer households compared to the poorer households?
Ans.: The share of formal sector credit is higher for the richer households
compared to the poorer households. There is a reason behind this
statement that the richer households are in much better situation to give
collateral and other necessary documents which the banks ask for while
providing loan. Richer households also have a good capacity to pay the
debts on time. They have means to exert pressure on the banks and the
cooperatives to sanction loans.

Exercises
Q.1 In situations with high risks, credit might create further problems for
the borrower. Explain.
Ans.: In situations with high risks, credit might create further problems
for the borrower because sometimes when we take loan in a huge quantity
and then such kind of situation comes that under that circumstances we
become unable to pay the loan and at that time instead of ameliorating the
earnings the credit drives the borrower in a condition where
convalescence is very tough and agonizing. This situation is known as
debt-trap. And in this situation the borrower is pressurized to pay his debts
at any cost, either by giving his collateral or his assets which can be useful
to the lender in form of guarantee.

Q.2 How does money solve the problem of double coincidence of wants?
Explain with an example of your own.
Ans.: (i) In barter system usually double coincidence of wants is found in
which the goods are exchanged without the use of money. In this system,
goods and services are exchanged in return of goods and services needed
by the other person without any exchange of money. But the main deal is
that both parties must have the goods and services which the other party
is ready to buy or it is useful for him.

(ii) Money solves the issue in such a way that there is no need for the
person to have the same thing the other one wants to buy. If a person has
money then there is no matter to having the same required commodity or
not. A person can buy anything he wants to. He can easily get exchanged
the service or commodity.

(iii) For example- A shoemaker wants to buy some rice. In this situation
the shoemaker has to find a person who is interested in buying his shoes
and in exchange he will provide him rice so that both will be able to
exchange the goods and services which are related to their needs. But if
shoemaker had money then he could purchase whatever he wanted to buy
from the market and in this way, he would be able to solve the deal easily.

Q.3 How do banks mediate between those who have surplus money and
those who need money?
Ans.: Banks mediate between those who have surplus money and those
who need money in a very systematic way and in order to manage both of
them it:

(i) Only keeps a very small amount of their deposits with them in form of
cash so that they can pay to the depositors in case they wanted to withdraw
the money at any point of time.
(ii) Keeps major proportions of deposits to use in extending the area of
loan provided.
(iii) Charges higher rate of interest while providing loans than what they
provide depositors at the time of deposits.
(iv) Differentiates between what is charged from borrowers and what is
paid to depositors. This is the main source of their income earning.

Q.4 Look at a 10-rupee note. What is written on top? Can you explain
this statement?
Ans.: If we take a look at a 10-rupee note, then we would find the
following words written on it:
RESERVE BANK OF INDIA

Guaranteed by the Central Government

I promise to
Pay the bearer
The sum of
Ten Rupees
Signature of the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India.
Explanation: After looking at a 10 rupee note we notice that there is
mentioned on the very top the “Reserve Bank of India” which is followed
by a statement “Guaranteed by the Central Government”. All the written
things show that it is a promissory note which cannot be issued by anyone
but the Reserve bank of India which surprises all money-related functions
in the formal sector of India. This statement which is mentioned on the
note of ten rupee connects to this idea that the RBI is the central organ in
the working of money related issues.

Q.5 Why do we need to expand formal sources of credit in India?

Ans.: (i) After comparing to the formal lenders we found that the most of
the informal lenders charge much higher interest on loans. Then informal
loans cost borrowers much more high.
(ii) The higher cost of borrowing represents that a major proportion of the
earning of the borrowers is used to repay the loans and due to which
nothing has been left for their own.
(iii) High rate of interest of borrowing shows the amount to be rapid
higher than income of the borrower and this way it leads increasing debt
and debt-trap.
(iv) High cost of borrowing let not borrowers to start any kind of business
even after wanting to do so.
(v) On looking at nation’s development we find that it is cheap and
affordable credit which is essential for development. So, it is necessary
for any country to expand its formal sources of credit.

Q.6 What is the basic idea behind the SHGs for the poor? Explain in your
own words.
Ans.: SHG is self-help groups. It is an organisation having certain
members who contribute their savings and constitute a fund. This fund is
used in future for making finance and advances to other members, this
process helps people to reduce the functioning of informal sectors of
credit. It helps the borrowers to overcome their problem of lacking
collateral, besides this it helps women also to become self-dependent and
educated.

Q.7 What are the reasons why the banks might not be willing to lend to
certain borrowers?
Ans.: Following are the reasons behind denial of lending loan to certain
borrowers:
a) The person who wants to borrow is unable to produce the certificate of
earning that results in denying of his borrow request by the bank.
b) Few people are not loyal and don’t pay their debts on time.
c) Few are unable to show their proper and complete documents to the
bank at the time of borrowing that may later cause the problem.
d) Few exhibit nothing to give as collateral to the bank.
e) Few of them lacks witnesses as it is needed to assure the bank in case
of non-availability of the person in future at the time of payment of his
debts.

Q.8 In what ways does the Reserve Bank of India supervise the
functioning of banks?
Ans.: Supervisory of the functioning of commercial banks is done by the
Reserve Bank of India in following ways:
(i) The functioning of formal sources of loans.
(ii) It looks over the banks in maintenance of cash balance.
(iii) It also keeps on checking that the banks instead of giving loans only
to the profit making businesses and to the traders, they also provide loans
to the small scale industries, small cultivators, small borrowers etc.
(iv) With the passage of time the bank submits the information regarding
lending and interest rates etc.

Q.9 Analyze the role of credit for development.

Ans.: Analysis of the role of credit for development:
(i) It is a kind of agreement where a lender provides the money, goods and
services to the borrowers in return of getting future payments on time.
(ii) The credit is useful or not, it generally relies upon the risks and besides
that some help in case of mishappening.
(iii) If an individual borrows loan from the bank in order to increase the
production of goods and services and to increase the boundary of his
working area so that loan can be paid on time.

Q.10 Manav needs a loan to set up a small business. Manav will decide
on whether to borrow from the bank or the moneylender? Discuss.
Ans.: Manav will decide on whether to borrow from the bank or the
moneylender to set up his new business on the basis of various factors:
(i) First of all he needs to have collateral or an asset through which
guarantee could be provided of his loan. And in case he doesn’t have any
asset then loan can’t be provided by the bank. In this situation he will have
to pay a visit to moneylender even if the latter charges are of high interest
rate.
(ii) If he is not aware of loan borrowing from the banks then he might not
be able to borrow credit from it.
(iii) After many practices if he won’t be able to find the loan then he has
to visit any moneylender for this purpose of money borrowing.

Q.11 In India, about 80 per cent of farmers are small farmers, who need
credit for cultivation.
(a) Why might banks be unwilling to lend to small farmers?
(b) What are the other sources from which the small farmers can borrow?
(c) Explain with an example how the terms of credit can be unfavorable
for the small farmer.
(d) Suggest some ways by which small farmers can get cheap credit.
Ans.: (a) Banks might not be willing to lend to small farmers because it
is aware of the situations and conditions a small farmer suffer from and in
this case despite giving loan he won’t be able to pay his debts and that
will be the loss of bank. Neither a farmer has any such asset to put as
mortgage nor would any kind of documental procedure be done by them.

(b) The farmers can borrow from moneylenders living nearby their
villages or their relatives or friends. The other way is self-help groups,
they too help them in lending loans to start any kind of small business if
the farmer is suffering a lot and dying of starvation and some other issues.
Cooperative banks may help them more in this matter.

(c) A small farmer may face the unfavorable conditions of credit in case
if unfortunately the farmer has a bad crop, and is forced to either surrender
his collateral or sell off a part of his land, in order to repay his loan. May
be because of weather or some natural disaster his all crop are destroyed
and now he has not even a single penny to start any other business to repay
his debts.

(d) Farmers can get a cheap credit at low interest rates or no interests from
the self-help groups as they don’t ask for any and cooperative banks shall
be more helpful as they are their just to help the farmers their main motive
of operating these banks is to help the farmers in bad situation.

Q.12 Fill in the blanks:

(i) Majority of the credit needs of the…….households are met from
informal sources.
(ii) …………costs of borrowing increase the debt-burden.
(iii) …………issues currency notes on behalf of the Central Government.
(iv) Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on
…………….
(v) …………..is an asset that the borrower owns and uses as a guarantee
until the loan is repaid to the lender.
Ans.: (i) Poor
(ii) High
(iii) Reserve Bank of India
(iv) Deposits
(v) Collateral

Q.13A Choose the most appropriate answer.

In a SHG most of the decisions regarding savings and loan activities are
taken by:
A. Bank
B. Members
C. Non-government organization
Ans.: In Self-help groups most of the decisions regarding savings and
loan activities are taken by members because the funds are collected by
the contribution of all the members of self-help groups so there is no any
owner or worker, all are their own owner and own servants. They can just
discuss and then take decisions where majority agree.

Q.13B Formal sources of credit does not include

A. Banks
B. Cooperatives
C. Employers
Ans.: Formal sources of credit do not include employers as there is no
role of these employers all these works are related to banks and the
cooperatives. Employers are there merely to serve the bank staff and do
the work as it is asked to do by their owner. Lal the major decisions are
taken by the cooperatives, employers have to just follow those rules and
regulations set up by the banks.

Q.14 The following table shows people in a variety of occupations in

urban areas. What are the purposes for which the following people might
need loans? Fill in the column.
Ans.; Correct fill the given table is as follows:
Occupations Reason for needing a Loan
Construction worker To meet living expenses
Graduate student who is computer To pursue higher education
literate
A person employed in government For his/her daughter's wedding
service
Migrant labourer in Delhi To buy a house
Household maid To meet living expenses
Small trader To buy new machinery
Auto rickshaw driver To buy a new auto rickshaw
A worker whose factory has closed To meet living expenditure while
down still unemployed

Next, classify the people into two groups based on whom you think might
get a bank loan and those who might not. What is the criterion that you
have used for classification?

Those who might get a Those who might not get a

bank loan bank loan
Graduate student Construction worker
A person employed in Migrant labourer in Delhi
government service
Small trader Household maid
Auto-rickshaw driver A worker whose factory
has closed down
 Chapter 4
Globalisation and the Indian Economy

Let's Work these Out-Pg-57

Q.1 Complete the following statement to show how the production

process in the garment industry is spread across countries.

The brand tag says ‘Made in Thailand’ but they are not Thai products. We
dissect the manufacturing process and look for the best solution at each
step. We are doing it globally. In making garments, the company may,
e.g., get cotton fibre from Korea,
Ans.: and buttons from France, design the garment in Italy, manufacture
the cloth in China, stitch the garment in Thailand and sell it all over the
world.

Let's Work these Out-Pg-59

Q.1 Read the passage and answer the questions.

Ford Motors, an American company, is one of the world’s largest
automobile manufacturers with production spread over 26 countries of the
world. Ford Motors came to India in 1995 and spent Rs 1,700 crore to set
up a large plant near Chennai. This was done in collaboration with
Mahindra and Mahindra, a major Indian manufacturer of jeeps and trucks.
By the year 2004, Ford Motors was selling Rs 27,000 cars in the Indian
markets, while, 24,000 cars were exported from India to South Africa,
Mexico and Brazil. The company wants to develop Ford India as a
component supplying base for its other plants across the globe.
Would you say Ford Motors is a MNC? Why?
Ans.: it is yes, as the company owns and control production units in many
counties, with its head office in USA.
Q.2 Read the passage and answer the questions.
Ford Motors, an American company, is one of the world’s largest
automobile manufacturers with production spread over 26 countries of the
world. Ford Motors came to India in 1995 and spent Rs 1,700 crore to set
up a large plant near Chennai. This was done in collaboration with
Mahindra and Mahindra, a major Indian manufacturer of jeeps and trucks.
By the year 2004, Ford Motors was selling Rs 27,000 cars in the Indian
markets, while, 24,000 cars were exported from India to South Africa,
Mexico and Brazil. The company wants to develop Ford India as a
component supplying base for its other plants across the globe.
What is foreign investment? How much did Ford Motors invest in India?
Ans.: Investment made by an MNC to buy fixed assets like land, building
and machinery equipment in a host country is termed as foreign
investment. Ford Motors invested Rs. 1,700 crore In India.

Q.3 Read the passage and answer the questions.

Ford Motors, an American company, is one of the world’s largest
automobile manufacturers with production spread over 26 countries of the
world. Ford Motors came to India in 1995 and spent Rs 1,700 crore to set
up a large plant near Chennai. This was done in collaboration with
Mahindra and Mahindra, a major Indian manufacturer of jeeps and trucks.
By the year 2004, Ford Motors was selling Rs 27,000 cars in the Indian
markets, while, 24,000 cars were exported from India to South Africa,
Mexico and Brazil. The company wants to develop Ford India as a
component supplying base for its other plants across the globe.
By setting up their production plants in India, MNCs such as Ford Motors
tap the advantage not only of the large markets that countries such as India
provide, but also the lower costs of production. Explain the statement.
Ans.: To ensure profit maximization and cost cutting, MNCs generally
set up production plants where

(a) Proximity to market

(b) Skilled / unskilled labour is available at a lower cost.

(c) Availability of other factors of production is there.

(d) Business friendly Government policies

Ford Motors has done the same by setting up a large plant near Chennai,
as all the above conditions were met.

Q.4 Read the passage and answer the questions.

Ford Motors, an American company, is one of the world’s largest
automobile manufacturers with production spread over 26 countries of the
world. Ford Motors came to India in 1995 and spent Rs 1,700 crore to set
up a large plant near Chennai. This was done in collaboration with
Mahindra and Mahindra, a major Indian manufacturer of jeeps and trucks.
By the year 2004, Ford Motors was selling Rs 27,000 cars in the Indian
markets, while, 24,000 cars were exported from India to South Africa,
Mexico and Brazil. The company wants to develop Ford India as a
component supplying base for its other plants across the globe.
Why do you think the company wants to develop India as a base for
manufacturing car components for its global operations? Discuss the
following factors
(a) Cost of labour and other resources in India.
(b) The presence of several local manufacturers who supply auto-parts to
Ford Motors.
(c) Closeness to a large number of buyers in India and China.
Ans.: The company wants to develop India as a base for manufacturing
car components for the following reasons

(a) Scores of local manufacturers are supplying car components to ford’s

Chennai plant and the MNC has also found that the location would have
greater connection to the rest of the market.
(b) Lower cost of labour and materials in India compared to markets like
South Africa, Mexico and Brazil, will result in more profits for the MNC.

Q.5 Read the passage and answer the questions.

Ford Motors, an American company, is one of the world’s largest
automobile manufacturers with production spread over 26 countries of the
world. Ford Motors came to India in 1995 and spent Rs 1,700 crore to set
up a large plant near Chennai. This was done in collaboration with
Mahindra and Mahindra, a major Indian manufacturer of jeeps and trucks.
By the year 2004, Ford Motors was selling Rs 27,000 cars in the Indian
markets, while, 24,000 cars were exported from India to South Africa,
Mexico and Brazil. The company wants to develop Ford India as a
component supplying base for its other plants across the globe.
In what ways will the production of cars by Ford Motors in India lead to
interlinking of production?
Ans.: Ford Motors has taken the following steps which will lead to
interlinking of production

(a) They have set up a production plant for cars in Chennai in partnership
with a local company, Mahindra and Mahindra.

(b) They are asking the local companies of car parts for supplying parts
for their cars manufactured in their production unit and are also planning
for supplying these parts to their other car production units around the
globe.

(c) They are closely competing with local companies in the Indian market
in selling their cars and also using India as a base to export to other
markets such as Mexico, South Africa etc.

Q.6 Read the passage and answer the questions.

Ford Motors, an American company, is one of the world’s largest
automobile manufacturers with production spread over 26 countries of the
world. Ford Motors came to India in 1995 and spent Rs 1,700 crore to set
up a large plant near Chennai. This was done in collaboration with
Mahindra and Mahindra, a major Indian manufacturer of jeeps and trucks.
By the year 2004, Ford Motors was selling Rs 27,000 cars in the Indian
markets, while, 24,000 cars were exported from India to South Africa,
Mexico and Brazil. The company wants to develop Ford India as a
component supplying base for its other plants across the globe.
In what ways is a MNC different from other companies?
Ans.: Differences between a MNC and a normal company

MNC Normal Company

A company which has its busincess They may not have huge financial
operations and has huge capital resources, and is generally cofined
base and technological know-how to narrow market space.
at its disposal.
Production process is scattered Production process is confined to
across more than one country. domestic country.
Investments are made in several No investment in countries, other
countries. than home.

Q.7 Read the passage and answer the questions.

Ford Motors, an American company, is one of the world’s largest
automobile manufacturers with production spread over 26 countries of the
world. Ford Motors came to India in 1995 and spent Rs 1,700 crore to set
up a large plant near Chennai. This was done in collaboration with
Mahindra and Mahindra, a major Indian manufacturer of jeeps and trucks.
By the year 2004, Ford Motors was selling Rs 27,000 cars in the Indian
markets, while, 24,000 cars were exported from India to South Africa,
Mexico and Brazil. The company wants to develop Ford India as a
component supplying base for its other plants across the globe.
Nearly all major multinationals are American, Japanese or European, such
as Nike, Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Honda, Nokia. Can you guess why?
Ans.: America, Japan and most countries in Europe are developed
countries with immense wealth. Companies in these countries have
mastered their production and sales and have generated a large amount of
additional funds and so they can work as MNCs.

Let's Work these Out-Pg-61

Q.1 What was the main channel connecting countries in the past? How is
it different now?
Ans.: Trade was the main channel connecting the countries in the past.
For example Silk route connected different countries of the world; as a
result huge trade took place through this route. Trade in the past was
restricted to finished goods being produced in one market and sold in other
markets. In today’s time beside trade; capital, technology, people and
services-flow is also taking place all over the world. Today the world is
connected in a way where production also takes place across different
countries

Q.2 Distinguish between foreign trade and foreign investment.

Ans.: Trade between two or more countries in terms of goods and services
is termed as foreign trade. It helps in connecting the markets of different
countries across the world. Foreign Investment made by a MNC or a
financial institution either in the capital market or in the fixed assets in
another country is termed as foreign investment.

Q.3 In recent years China has been importing steel from India. Explain
how the import of steel by China will affect.

(a) Steel companies in China.

(b) Steel companies in India.
(c) Industries buying steel for production of other industrial goods in
China.
Ans.: (a) Steel supply in China will increase. The Chinese Steel
companies will have to compete with Indian companies.

(b) Steel companies in India have a new market available, they will be
able to expand production to meet the Chinese market’s demands in
addition to the Indian market. They will also have to improve their quality,
reduce the cost of production and try to capture the Chinese market.

(c) Other Chinese industries using steel will be benefitted as they will have
a greater choice at lower prices.

Q.4 How will the import of steel from India into the Chinese markets lead
to integration of markets for steel in the two countries? Explain.
Ans.: Integration of markets for steel in the two countries will take place
as follows

(a) Due to imports from India, choice in the Chinese market will increase.

(b) Producers of steel in both countries will compete with each other to
get increased market share.

(c) Prices of similar varieties of steel in the Indian and Chinese markets
will fluctuate and tend to become equal after some time.

Let's Work these Out-Pg-62

Q.1 What is the role of MNCs in the globalization process?

Ans.: Globalization is the rapid integration of the global economy
through which countries can connected on various level. Globalization
has ensured development in trade and communication with different
countries. Over the last 20-30 years there has been a tremendous increase
in globalization spearheaded by MNCs. MNCs are Multi-National
Corporations or companies which have set up production in more than
one country. MNCs set up production in countries where they get
possibilities of lucrative return. Since the MNCs are producing as well as
selling in many countries, they are interlinking the economies of these
countries and thus speeding up globalization.

Q.2 What are the various ways in which countries can be linked?
Ans.: Some of the ways in which countries can be linked are:

(1) The increased flow of goods among countries. By following the export
and import practices.

(2) The provision of services between countries (e.g., call centers,

telemedicine).

(3) Initiating foreign investments by the companies of one country in other

countries.

(4) Movement of people into one country from another for working there
or for study or any other purpose.

(5) Through the communication between different countries via internet

(World Wide Web)

(6) By promoting tourism.

Q.3 Choose the correct option.

Globalization, by connecting countries, shall result in
A. lesser competition among producers.
B. greater competition among producers.
C. no change in competition among producers.
Ans.: Greater competition among producers. As the producers, from all
over the world are competing in similar market arena, this has induced
greater competition among them.

Let's Work these Out-Pg-63

Q.1 In the above example, underline the words describing the use of
technology in production.
Ans.: The text of the magazine is sent through Internet. The designers in
the Delhi office get orders on how to design the magazine from the office
in London using telecommunication facilities. The magazines are sent by
air to London. Payment of money for designing and printing from a bank
in London to a bank in Delhi is done instantly through the Internet.

Q.2 How is information technology connected with globalization? Would

globalization have been possible without expansion of IT?
Ans.: Information technology has fastened the pace of globalization. It
has revolutionized the way interaction is done. Owing to its development,
people can get connected to anyone, in every corner of the world,
instantly. Except physical movement of products, every other transaction
is possible through internet. Without it, Globalisation would have taken
many more years to spread out, as the required information for taking any
decision, would have taken more time to be communicated and thus would
have delayed the pace of integration among countries.

Let's Work these Out-Pg-64

Q.1 What do you understand by liberalization of foreign trade?
Ans.: There are two restrictions on foreign trade (i.e., trade of goods and
services between two sovereign nations) which are removed by
liberalization of foreign trade.

(a) Entry Tax or Customs Duty: This is a mechanism, where by prices of

imported goods are increased, to provide leeway to domestic players.
However under liberalization, ideally there will be no customs duty on
any imported product.

(b) Lifting of Quotas or Restrictions on the Quantity being imported: This

generally provides cushion to domestic manufacturer from cut throat
competition. However, under liberalization, there will be no restrictions
on the quantity of goods, except in rare condition, which would make the
domestic firms face higher level of competition.

Q.2 Tax on imports is one type of trade barrier. The government could
also place a limit on the number of goods that can be imported. This is
known as quotas. Can you explain, using the example of Chinese toys,
how quotas can be used as trade barriers? Do you think this should be
used? Discuss.
Ans.: In the case of Chinese toys, quotas should be used as trade barriers
judiciously to protect the Indian producers of a similar nature of toys
which are being imported. It should be used in a manner so that both
Indian and Chinese toys compete on an equal footing in the Indian market.
This will lead to a healthy and reasonable competition which will improve
the quality of toys. Also, it would prompt Indian manufacturers to earn
only reasonable profits. If Chinese toys were totally restricted, Indian
manufacturers will be tempted to lower their quality and increase prices,
thus harming the customers. On the other hand, if there are no quota
restrictions on Chinese toys, China will ‘dump’ toys in the market,
reducing the sales of the Indian producer and also harming the customer,
as then the customer will not have a free choice at a competitive price.

Let's Work these Out-Pg-66

Q.1 Fill in the blanks.

WTO was started at the initiative of ………. countries. The aim of the
WTO is to……….. . WTO establishes rules regarding ………. for all
countries, and sees that………… . In practice, trade between countries is
not………. . Developing countries like India have……….., whereas
developed countries, in many cases, have continued to provide protection
to their producers.
Ans.: Solution has been given in the chronological order:

Developed, liberalize international trade, international trade, they are

obeyed, free and fair, removed trade barriers.

Q.2 What do you think can be done so that trade between countries is
more fair?
Ans.: Trade between countries would be fairer if both the countries
removed trade barriers and allowed the free flow of goods and services,
and let the market forces of demand and supply decide the volume of
goods that will be transacted between countries.

Q.3 In the above example, we saw that the US Government gives massive
sums of money to farmers for production. At times, governments also give
support to promote production of certain types of goods, such as those
which are environmentally friendly. Discuss whether these are fair or not.
Ans: Government intervention distorts the forces of demand and supply.
Such intervention, gives undue advantage to those producers who receives
government assistance over those who doesn’t. Such intervention also
leads to poor resources usage, as the producer then would not take enough
steps to increase efficiency of the production process. However, in a
country which is underdeveloped or developing, such intervention be
allowed to be made on principled lines, to boast the already fragile
domestic market.

Let's Work these Out-Pg-67

Q.1 How has competition benefitted people in India?

Ans.: Competition from imported goods has benefitted people in India
in the following ways

(a) Indian producers have improved their technology and quality to

compete with foreign goods.
(b) Prices of Indian goods have reduced to match those of foreign goods
and so buyers of these items have benefitted.
(c) Some Indian companies have entered into collaboration with the
foreign companies and some MNCs have invested in Indian companies,
thus benefiting both. There has been increased joint ventures between
foreign and Indian companies which have improved the business of both
and also created employment opportunities.

Q.2 Should more Indian companies emerge as MNCs? How would it

benefit the people in the country?
Ans.: Yes they should, because this would benefit Indian people in
following ways:
(a) Profit earned by Indian MNCs, would improve foreign exchange
positon of India.
(b) Provide employment to more Indian people, and this would improve
their standard of living.
(c) Would increase the tax pool of the government.

Q.3 Why do governments try to attract more foreign investment?

Ans.: Governments try to attract more foreign investment for the
following reasons

(a) It provides necessary capital for undertaking economic activities,

which would in turn boast GDP growth.
(b) Leads to increased employment opportunities.
(c) Provides the required tax income for the government.

Q.4 In Chapter 1, we saw what may be development for one may be

destructive for others. The setting of SEZs has been opposed by some
people in India. Find out who are these people and why are they opposing
it.
Ans.: The persons who are opposing the setting up of the SEZs are of two
kinds

(a) The rural people or the tribals who live where the SEZs are being
established. They are worried that their livelihood would be affected as it
is directly linked to the land, on which they have been living for various
generation.
(b) The persons who are producing goods and services outside the SEZs
similar to those proposed inside the SEZs. They are afraid of the undue
competitive strength that those who are doing production inside SEZs
would have against them, in the marketplace.

Let's Work these Out-Pg-68

Q.1 What are the ways in which Ravi’s small production unit was affected
by rising competition?
Ans.: Ravi’s small production unit was affected by rising competition in
the following ways

(a) His customer base have shrunk as they are using MNCs product, which
doesn’t use capacitors produced by Ravi’s unit.
(b) Due to removal of import duties on capacitors, demand for capacitor
from Ravi has taken a hit, which has in turn reduced his production and
sales.
(c) Owing to decreased sale, Ravi is suffering loss which may eventually
make him shut his manufacturing unit.

Q.2 Should producers such as Ravi stop production because their cost of
production is higher compared to producers in other countries? What do
you think?
Ans.: In a market which is flooded with products at a price lesser than
Ravi’s product, definitely Ravi would have difficult time selling its
product. In such situation either Ravi must go for technological
upgradation or switch to products where there is manageable level of
competition. In both the above situation, he has to do capital investment
for which either he will go for personal saving or will require government
support via subsidized loan raising.

Q.3 Recent studies point out that small producer in India need three things
to compete better in the market

(a) better roads, power, water, raw materials, marketing and information
network.
(b) improvements and modernization of technology.
(c) timely availability of credit at reasonable interest rates.
• Can you explain how these three things would help Indian producers?
• Do you think MNCs will be interested in investing in these? Why?
• Do you think the government has a role in making these facilities
available? Why?
• Can you think of any other step that the government could take? Discuss.
Ans.: These three things will help the Indian producers to compete better
in the market as follows
(a) Better infrastructure would lead to time bound execution of the plan
and would lead to greater efficiency in the business operation.
(b) Better technology would lead to production of increased quality
products that too at a reasonable rate.
(c) Better finance will enable them to adapt according to the requirement
of the time – they can invest quickly when demand is increasing in market
MNCs will be interested in investing in these. There are a lot of MNCs
not be interested in investing in these because then it would enable the
Indian players to compete with MNCs on equal term, which will then be
in contrast to MNCs interest.
Government must ensure that basic infrastructural facilities should be
provided, which then would catalyze entrepreneurial spirit. Also
government should provide single window clearances for setting up a
business in a transparent and time bound manner to curb red tapism.

Let's Work these Out-Pg-70

Q.1 In what ways has competition affected workers, Indian exporters and
foreign MNCs in the garment industry?
Ans.: Owing to increased competition in the garment industry, there is
greater informalisation of workforce happening. As the employee’s profit
margin is shrinking they prefer to temporally hire workers, leading to
decrease in the share of formal employment. In such scenario, Indian
exporters have to switch towards greater mechanization and avoid hiring
workers on permanent basis. Moreover MNCs, owing to their massive
market reach and financial resources, are outsourcing semi-finished
products, and are thus able to thrive in such situation.

Q.2 What can be done by each of the following so that the workers can
get a fair share of benefits brought by globalization?
(a) Government
(b) Employers at the exporting factories
(c) MNCs
(d) Workers
Ans.: (a) Government must adopt appropriate policy and ensure that the
framed law gets implemented and justice must be ensured.
(b) Employers must invest in new technology so as to increase efficiency
of production and ensure compliance with government rules.
(c) MNCs may provide essential training to workers who have lost their
job, so as to improve their skill set and increase their employability.
(d) Workers will have to inculcate learning attitude and must adapt
themselves according to changing time.

Q.3 One of the present debates in India is whether companies should have
flexible policies for employment. Based on what you have read in the
chapter, summaries the point of view of the employers and workers.
Ans.:
Point of View of Employers: They prefer to have flexible hire and fire
policy wherein they would employ labours according to the demand of
the situation. This will ensure profit maximization for them, as they can
then optimize their cost of production.
Point of View of Workers: Will always prefer permanent employment
as it gives them a sense of security. Also formal employment gives them
access to various social benefits like provident fund, gratuity etc.

Exercises
Q.1 What do you understand by globalization? Explain in your own
words.
Ans.: Globalisation refers to the process of integration between countries
such that there is a greater flow of goods, services, capital and labour
among them. This process is making world into “one big village”.
This process has had following impact:
● Greater coordination and cooperation at international level.
● Emergence of institution like WTO (World trade organisation) for
facilitating trade led relation among countries.
● Separation of the process of production, where in a company can have
R&D, Manufacturing unit and distribution zone, being located all
separately in different location.

Q.2 what were the reasons for putting barriers to foreign trade and foreign
investment by the Indian government? Why did it wish to remove these
barriers?
Ans.: Government of India initiated slew of measures to put barrier on
foreign trade and investment owing to following reasons:
● To safeguard the domestic producers from foreign competition.
● Ideological leaning, which prompted the newly independent
government to see foreign dependence as the harbinger of imperialism.
However in such scenario, government did allow the import of essential
commodities required for undertaking Industrialisation and development
of the country.
In the subsequent years, following situation compelled the government to
open up the Indian economy-
● Lack of innovation and efficiency of domestic producer owing to lack
of competition.
● Sub-standard GDP growth rate.
● Fragile Balance of payment condition in early 1990s, wherein India
didn’t have adequate foreign reserve to pay for the imports.

Q.3 How would flexibility in labour laws help companies?

Ans.: For running the business/company, the four essential factors to be
present are enumerated as following: Land, labour, capital and
entrepreneurship. In such backdrop, if there is a flexibility in labour laws,
it would mean- less regulatory framework for recruiting or for removing
the labour, no strict working condition parameters, and no underlying
formal rules for working hours, and so on. Since the objective of the
business is profit maximization, such flexibilities ensure cost saving and
thus leads to greater profit and expansion of the company.

Q.4 What are the various ways in which MNCs set up or control
production in other countries?
or
How are Multinational Corporations (MNCs) controlling and spreading
their productions across the world? Explain.
Ans.: Multinational corporations (MNCs) usually set up their production
units, where they found lucrative business conditions like- business
friendly government policies, economical skilled labour, proximity to the
market and so on.
In this regard, MNCs control production in following ways-
Various ways in which MNCs control production in other countries:

(i) Forging partnerships with local companies: By doing this MNCs, bring
in required capital and expertise in the running of local company. In
addition, in certain scenarios, latest technologies are also shared, which
increases the overall productivity of the concerned business.
(ii) Competing with local companies or buying them up: Owing to their
large capital base, MNCs often end up buying the local companies, or
weed them out of business.
(iii) Outsourcing of required inputs: MNCs often uses the products of
local company for making their product. E.g. in garments, footwear,
sports items, etc. The products are supplied to MNCs which have great
power to determine price, quality, delivery and labour conditions for these
distant producers.

Q.5 Why do developed countries want developing countries to liberalize

their trade and investment? What do you think should the developing
countries demand in return?
Ans.: Developed countries want developing countries to liberalize their
trade and investment for following reasons:

● To make use of the untapped resource potential of developing countries.

● To ensure the utilization of the capital in some productive use which
they have acquired over the period of economic development.

However in return developing countries can negotiate for following:

● Transfer of latest technology
● Least or zero environmental externalities.
● Adequate protection to vulnerable industries
● Humane treatment and condition of labourers.

Q.6 “The impact of Globalization has not been uniform.” Explain this
statement.
Ans.: Impact of Globalisation, has been labelled non- uniform as on one
hand it has greatly increased pace of GDP, increased investment in
developing countries, increased volume of trade which in turn has
provided employment to millions of people and let to expansion of Indian
companies. Ex- Tata Motors (Automobiles), Infosys (IT), etc.
However on the other side, Globalisation has increased income inequality,
has led to contractualization of labour, and shifting of hazardous
industries to developing countries. All these aforementioned scenarios
clearly states that the impact of Globalisation has been uneven.

Q.7 How has liberalization of trade and investment policies helped the
globalization process?
Ans.: Easing of rules pertaining to trade and investment has led to
increased flow of investment and trade.
● It has promoted further integration among countries.
● Increased globalization has led to greater movement of people across
border.

Q.8 How does foreign trade lead to integration of markets across

countries? Explain with an example other than those given here.
Ans.: Increased trading activities among countries has strengthened
markets in the following ways-
● Foreign trade has led to increased competition among the producers,
which has further increased efficiency of the market.
● For the consumers, it has led to increased choices, which has led to
increased consumer satisfaction.
● It has led to availability of goods and services which were not earlier
available in the local market.
This is how markets are integrated through foreign trade. For example,
Chinese electronic items are imported to India, and have proved to be a
tough competition for less-technologically-advanced companies over
here.

Q.9 Globalisation will continue in the future. Can you imagine what the
world would be like twenty years from now? Give reasons for your
answer.
Ans.: Twenty years from now on, Globalisation process would be far
more sophisticated and intense. It will probably rode on the back of fourth
industrial revolution, and will make the world more integrated. Trade and
capital would increase, and so does the mobility of labour. All these
processes would bridge inequalities and would lead to greater cooperation
and coordination among human societies, while respecting the individual
self at the same time.

Q.10 Suppposing you find two people arguing: One is saying

globalization has hurt our country’s development. The other is telling,
globalization is helping India develop. How would you respond to these
arguments?
Ans.: Both the arguments has their share of truth. As Globalisation can
be summed has having both positive and negative attributes. And these
attributes can be stated as follow:

Positive impact of the globalization on India-

(i) Greater variety of products, with improved quality and reasonable
price.
(ii) Availability of products at economical rate has led to higher standard
of living.
(iii) Increase in foreign direct investment
(iv) Creation of employment in certain sectors.
(v) Top Indian companies have been benefited by investing in new
technology and production methods along with successful collaborations
with foreign companies.
(vi) Has led to some large Indian company to emerge as multinationals
themselves. For example, TataMotors, Infosys, Ranbaxy etc.
(vii) Created immense opportunities for companies in service sector,
particularly in IT.

Negative impact of the globalization on India-

(i) Producers who failed to compete, got perished. All this competition
has led to increased unemployment. For instance, batteries capacitors
which have been hit hard due to tough competition.
(ii) Has led to greater casualization of work. Owing to increased pressure
of competition most employers these days prefer to employ workers
‘flexibly’. This means that workers’ jobs are no longer secure.

Q.11 Fill in the blanks

Indians buyers have a greater choice of goods than they did two decades
back. This is closely associated with the process of ____(a)____ Markets
in Indian are selling goods produced in many other countries. This means
there is increasing ____(b)____ with other countries. Moreover, the rising
number of brands that we see in the markets might be produced by MNCs
in India. MNCs are investing in India because ____(c)____ While
consumers have more choices in the market, the effect of rising
____(d)____ and ____(e)____ has meant greater ____(f)____ among the
producers.
Ans.: (a) globalization
(b) trade
(c) production costs here are cheaper
(d) demand
(e) purchasing power
(f) competition.

Q.12 Match the following:

List I
(i) MNCs buy at cheap rates from small producers
(ii) Quotas and taxes on imports are used to egulate trade
Indian companies who have invested abroad
(iii) IT has helped in spreading of production of services
(iv) Several MNCs have invested in setting up factories in India for
production
List II
(a) Automobiles
(b) Garments, footwear, sports items
(c) Call centres
(d) Tata Motors, Infosys, Ranbaxy
(e) Trade barriers
Ans.:
(i)-(b)
(ii)-(e)
(iii)-(d)
(iv)-(c)
(v)-(a)

Q.13A Choose the most appropriate option.

The past two decades of globalization has seen rapid movements in

A. goods, services and people between countries.
B. goods, services and investments between countries.
C. goods, investments and people between countries.
Ans.: Because of improvement in transportation and communication
technology, globalization has seen rapid movement in Goods, services
and people between countries.

Q.13B Choose the most appropriate option.

The most common route for investments by MNCs in countries around
the world is to
A. set up new factories.
B. buy existing local companies.
C. form partnerships with local companies.
Ans.: It is so, as the MNCs get ready made setup, and also the experience
pool of the existing employees, which prompts them to make investment
in existing local companies.

Q.13C Choose the most appropriate option.

Globalisation has led to improvement in living conditions

A. of all the people
B. of people in the developed countries.
C. of workers in the developing countries
D. None of the above
Ans.: As Large companies, especially MNCs have spread their
production process, all throughout the world, people in developing
countries are employment opportunities because of this.
 Chapter 5
Consumer Right

Let's Work these Out-Pg-77

Q.1 What are the various ways by which people may be exploited in
the market?
Ans.: There are many ways by which consumers are exploited. A few of
them are:
A. Selling at higher prices -- The price charged for the product will not be
proportionate to the quality;
B. Product risk -- Drugs that are hazardous, banned or beyond expiry date,
electrical appliances with inadequate safety precautions, etc;
C. Adulteration -- This is very common in food items and could prove to
be highly injurious to one's health;
D. Sub-standard Products -- Items whose quality is far below the required
standard;
E. False Claims -- Manufacturers make false representations about their
products in the media with a view to mislead the consumers. Claiming
that use of a particular oil will cure baldness, using a company's fairness
cream for a specific period will make one fair, etc., are all typical
examples of exaggerated, misleading advertisements; and
F. Warranty/Annual Maintenance Contract -- In many cases, though the
product will have a warranty or will be under annual maintenance contract
(AMC), when a problem arises, the consumer is told that certain parts will
not be covered and they will have to pay.
Q.2 Think of one example from your experience where you thought that
there was some ‘cheating’ in the market. Discuss in the classroom.
Ans.: Experience of cheating which I went through in the market is when
I went to purchase vegetables in the market, I found out that the weighing
machine used by the local vendors was fraudulent, While purchasing 1 kg
of tomatoes they actually gave me only 850gms of tomatoes which I came
to know by weighing the tomatoes in electric weighing machine.

Q.3 What do you think should be the role of government to protect

consumers?
Ans.: The government is responsible for creating market places that are
fair, efficient and competitive for producers, traders and consumers.
Ministry of consumer affairs is responsible to protect the consumers.

The Indian government paid vital role for consumer protection by

enacting various rules and regulations such as:

1) Consumer protection act, 1986.

2) Certification marks such as ISI for industrial goods, AGMARK for

agricultural products etc., provides quality assurance of goods and
services.
3) Consumer courts

4) Prevention of Black Marketing and Maintenance of Essential

Commodities Act,

Let's Work these Out-Pg-78

Q.1 what could have been the steps taken by consumer groups?
Ans.: Consumer groups should issue leaflets providing information so as
to educate consumers on matters affecting them.
● Consumer groups should press for proper labeling of the products with
maximum price to be charged, the contents of the product, especially
drugs, side effects if any, of the product etc.
● Organizing movements against the malpractices of manufacturers and
traders of the products.
● They should have also supervised whether the government rules and
regulations are fully implemented or not and force business organizations
to follow the rules.
● On behalf of the consumer they should file a PIL for redressal of
consumer grievances.

Q.2 There may be rules and regulations but they are often not followed.
Why? Discuss.
Ans.: There are rules and regulations to protect the consumer from
exploitation, but they are not followed because:
● Illiteracy and ignorance of consumers
● Limited supply of goods
● Compromising attitude of consumers
● Lack of competition
● Cumbersome ,expensive and time consuming process of consumer
courts
● Lack of information
● Greed of sellers to earn more profits.
Let's Work these Out-Pg-79
Q.1 For the following (you can add to the list) products/services discuss
what safety rules should be observed by the producer?
(a) LPG cylinder
(b) Cinema theatre
(c) Circus
(d) Medicines
(e) Edible oil
(f) Marriage pandal
(g) A high-rise building.
Ans.:
Product/Service Safety rules to be observed
LPG cylinder 1. Check that the cylinder has been delivered with
company seal and safety cap intact.
2. Ensure that there is no leakage of gas from the
cylinder.
3. Look for due date of test which is marked on inner
side of cylinder, if due date is over don't accept the
cylinder.
4. Keep the cylinder away from inflammable items.
5. Disconnect LPG regulator when not in use and
keep the cylinder in upright position.
Cinema theatre Fire extinguishers should be installed in important
areas of the premises.
• Clearly marked and well illuminated exits should
be there in all areas for emergencies like fire.
A short documentary should be screened during
every show by showing the exits, emergency escape
routes and instructions as to what to do and what not
 to do in the case of fire or other hazards (As per
directions of Hon'ble Supreme Court in the Uphaar
Tragedy case).
• The emergency department telephone nos. of
nearest Hospitals, Police Station and Fire
Department should be displayed in every show.

Circus  Sufficient exits, well marked and properly

lighted;
 Lighted and unobstructed passageways to areas
leading away from the structure;Inspection
before the opening by the city electrical
inspector to ascertain if any defects exist in the
wiring and provision made for immediate
correction of any defects which may be found;
 Sufficient first-aid fire appliances to be
distributed throughout the structure with
operating personnel familiar with the operation
of such equipment available and assigned
during the use of such structure as a place of
assembly;
 Sufficient "No Smoking" signs visible at all
times;
 The cage for dangerous animals like lions
should be secure.
 Safety net should be there for trapeze artists.

Medicines 1. Date of manufacture, date of expiry, batch number

and composition must be printed on the packaging.

2. Close your medicine caps tightly after every use.

Choose child-resistant caps for medicine bottles, if
you're able to.
Edible oil 1. Since the product is perishable check the
manufacturing and expiry date.

2. Quality assurance can be checked through agmark

for the product. 3. Store oil in a cool or dry location.
Marriage pandal 1. Adequate number of fire extinguishers should be
installed in the premises.

2. Multiple entry and exit gates to avoid rush during

an untoward incident.
Check the electrical wiring to prevent fire and short
circuit.
A high-rise 1. Escalators should be of assured quality and
building provided with information of what to do during
emergency.

2 Staircases must have handrails and emergency exit

staircases should be at a different location from the
daily use staircase.

Q.2 Find out any case of accident or negligence from people around you,
where you think that the responsibility lay with the producer. Discuss.
Ans.: In my locality there was a building being developed, but the
contractor used poor raw materials for the construction of the building and
when the tenants went to stay there within few days the building got
demolished automatically. A case was filed in the court and the contractor
was sued for using for not following the quality standards during
construction.

Let's Work these Out-Pg-81

Q.1 When we buy commodities we find that the price charged is
sometimes higher or lower than the Maximum Retail Price printed on the
pack. Discuss the possible reasons. Should consumer groups do
something about this?
Ans.: There is a difference between the maximum retail price and actual
price of the goods. The maximum retail price is inclusive of all taxes and
a retailer can sell at a price below the MRP. In fact consumers should
always look for retailers who sell below the MRP because the MRP is the
maximum retail price allowed for that commodity and not the actual price
and a retailer can well reduce his margin built into the MRP.
The possible reason for higher price may be overcharging by the retailer
for an ignorant customer. Sometimes it also happens that the manufacturer
increases the price of a products and sells old stocks/products on new price
rates and if buyers ask the reason they simply answer that the Price has
increased because of the changes in duties or increase in the cost of
production and the new packages carry the revised MRP. Obviously, this
new price does not apply to the stock already with the retailer. And this is
where retailers try to make a quick buck by trying to sell the old stock at
the new revised rate, even though doing so is an unfair trade practice.

Q.2 Pick up a few packaged goods that you want to buy and examine the
information given. In what ways are they useful? Is there some
information that you think should be given on those packaged goods but
is not? Discuss.
Ans.: The information given on the package can be useful as follows
● Maximum Retail Price (MRP): consumer needs to pay only the price
mentioned and not more than that.
● Date of production and best before: it reveals to the consumer whether
the product is consumable or not due to its perishability nature.
● Ingredients used: It gives consumer information about the various items
used in making the product. Examples are sugar for diabetics and salt for
high blood pressure patients. Similarly if the product contains some
ingredient which is allergic to the consumer he will not consume that.
● Energy information: it gives information about proteins, fats,
carbohydrates, vitamins. It would make the consumer aware of the
calories he consumes.
● On products such as medicines and electrical items safe and instructions
to use should be mentioned .and method of storage for food items and
drugs should be explicitly mentioned in the packaging label.

Q.3 People make complaints about the lack of civic amenities such as
bad roads or poor water and health facilities but no one listens. Now the
RTI Act gives you the power to question. Do you agree? Discuss.
Ans.: Yes, RTI gives us the power to question the government and help
us find out who is responsible for the corruption or incompletion of work
and make him liable for his Poor or bad performance. After the
implementation of RTI there has been transparency and accountability in
the government working and the consumer grievances are redressed ae
early as possible.

Let's Work these Out-Pg-82

Q.1 Following are some of the catchy advertisements of products that we

purchase from the market. Which of the following offers would really
benefit consumers? Discuss.
(a) 15 gm more in every 500 gm pack.
(b) Subscribe for a newspaper with a gift at the end of year.
(c) Scratch and win gifts worth Rs 10 lakh.
(d) A milk chocolate inside a 500 gram glucose box.
(e) Win a gold coin inside a pack.
(f) Buy shoes worth Rs 2000 and get one pair of shoes worth Rs 500 free.
Ans.: (a) 15 gm more in every 500 gm pack – yes, the consumer gets
additional quantity without having to pay extra for the additional quantity
given free during the time of purchase.
(b) Subscribe for a newspaper with a gift at the end of a year – NO,
Because there is no guarantee that at the end of the year gift will be
provided further due to some problem you may not be able purchase
newspaper for the entire year, you may stop in between and due to which
you may lose your gift.
(c) Scratch and win gifts worth Rs 10 lakh – NO, because you get a scratch
card only after you purchase some product and there is no guarantee that
you will surely win a gift as it is purely on luck basis..
(d) A milk chocolate inside a 500 gram glucose box –YES, the consumer
is getting something extra for which he is not paying and the offer is
written there is a surety that the chocolate would be inside otherwise you
can claim it.

(e)Win a gold coin inside a pack –NO, since winning a gold coin is purely
on luck basis and of least probability and consumer has to spend first and
then try out his luck.
(f)Buy shoes worth Rs 2000 and get one pair of shoes worth Rs 500 free
: NO, most of the times the value of free good is included in the price of
the original good and further the free good may not be of assured
quality and of the taste which the consumer wants.

Let's Work these Out-Pg-84

Q.1 Arrange the following in the correct order.

(a) Arita files a case in the District Consumer Court.
(b) She engages a professional person.
(c) She realizes that the dealer has given her defective material.
(d) She starts attending the court proceedings.
(e) She goes and complains to the dealer and the Branch office, to no
effect.
(f) She is asked to produce the bill and warranty before the court.
(g) She purchases a wall clock from a retail outlet.
(h) Within a few months, the dealer was ordered by the court to replace
her old wall clock with a brand new one at no extra cost.
Ans.:
(g), (c), (e), (b), (a), (f), (d ), (h )

Let 's Work thes

Out-Pg-8
Q.1Look at the posters and cartoons in this chapter. Think of any particular
commodity and the aspects that need to be looked at as a consumer. Design a
poster for this.

Ans.: Do it yourself

Q.2 Find out the nearest Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission for your area.

Ans.:Do it yourself

Q.3 what is the difference between consumer protection council and

consumer court?
Ans.: consumer protection council is a non-government organisation,
spreading awareness among common people and help them to file cases
in the court and get justice for the consumers. They represent individuals
in the consumer courts.
Consumer courts are government organizations that provide redressal for
consumer grievances by passing orders which are enforceable by law.
Consumer court is established at district, state and national level.

Q.4 The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 ensures the following as rights
which every consumer in India should possess.
(i) Right to choice
(ii) Right to information
(iii) Right to redressal
(iv) Right to representation
(v) Right to safety
(vi) Right to consumer education
Categorise the following cases under different heads and mark against
each in brackets.
(a) Lata got an electric shock from a newly purchased iron. She
complained to the shopkeeper immediately. ( )
(b) John is dissatisfied with the services provided by
MTNL/BSNL/TATA INDICOM for the past few months. He files a case
in the District Level Consumer Forum. ( )
(c) Your friend has been sold a medicine that has crossed the expiry date
and you are advising her to lodge a complaint ( )
(d) Iqbal makes it a point to scan through all the particulars given on the
pack of any item that he buys. ( )
(e) You are not satisfied with the services of the cable operator catering
to your locality but you are unable to switch over to anybody else. ( )
(f) You realise that you have received a defective camera from a dealer.
You are complaining to the head officer persistently. ( )
Ans.: Right to Safety:

According to this right the consumers have the right to be protected

against the marketing of goods and services which are hazardous to life
and property, this right is important for safe and secure life. This right
includes concern for consumer’s long term interest as well as for their
present requirement.

Right to Information:

According to this right the consumer has the right to get information about
the quality, quantity, purity, standard and price of goods or service so as
to protect himself against the abusive and unfair practices. The producer
must supply all the relevant information at a suitable place.

3. Right to Choice:

According to this right every consumer has the right to choose the goods
or services of his or her likings. The right to choose means an assurance
of availability, ability and access to a variety of products and services at
competitive price and competitive price means just or fair price.
Right to be Heard or Right to Representation:

According to this right the consumer has the right to represent him or to
be heard or right to advocate his interest. In case a consumer has been
exploited or has any complaint against the product or service then he has
the right to be heard and be assured that his/her interest would receive due
consideration.

This right includes the right to representation in the government and in

other policy making bodies. Under this right the companies must have
complaint cells to attend the complaints of customers.

5. Right to Seek Redressal:

According to this right the consumer has the right to get compensation or
seek redressal against unfair trade practices or any other exploitation. This
right assures justice to consumer against exploitation.

Right to Consumer Education:

According to this right it is the right of consumer to acquire the knowledge

and skills to be informed to customers. It is easier for literate consumers
to know their rights and take actions but this right assures that illiterate
consumer can seek information about the existing acts and agencies are
set up for their protection.
(a) Lata got an electric shock from a newly purchased iron. She
complained to the shopkeeper immediately. (Right to redressal)
(b) John is dissatisfied with the services provided by
MTNL/BSNL/TATA INDICOM for the past few months. He files a case
in the District Level Consumer Forum. (Right to representation)
(c) Your friend has been sold a medicine that has crossed the expiry date
and you are advising her to lodge a complaint (Right to safety)
(d) Iqbal makes it a point to scan through all the particulars given on the
pack of any item that he buys. (Right to consumer education)
(e) You are not satisfied with the services of the cable operator catering
to your locality but you are unable to switch over to anybody else. (Right
to choice)
(f) You realise that you have received a defective camera from a dealer.
You are complaining to the head officer persistently. (Right to
information)

Q.5 If the standardization ensures the quality of a commodity, why are

many goods available in the market without ISI or Agmark certification?
Ans.: ISI mark is a certification mark for industrial products in India. The
mark certifies that a product conforms to the Indian Standard, mentioned,
developed by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), the national standards
body of India Standardization no doubt ensures the quality of a product
but it is time consuming and expensive to avail it and Millions of micro,
small and medium enterprises cannot afford it. Further it is not
compulsory in the case of most products in the market, it is compulsory
for electrical appliance, gold etc.

Q.6 Find out the details of who provides Hallmark and ISO certification.
Ans.: Hallmark certifies gold products and is provided by Gold Council
of India. BIS hallmark is a "Hallmark" system for "Gold" as well as
“Silver". "Jewellery" sold in India has “BIS hallmark" which certifies that
the piece of jewellery conforms to a set of standards laid by the Bureau of
Indian Standards". "Bureau of Indian Standards is the national standards
organization of India working under the aegis of Ministry of Consumer
Affairs, Food & Public Distribution. It is established by the Bureau of
Indian Standards Act, 1986 which came into effect on 23 December 1986

ISO certification is given by the International Standardization

Organization headquartered in Geneva. India is a member of ISO
organization and India follows ISO 9001, 14001 etc.

Exercises
Q.1 Why are rules and regulations required in the marketplace? Illustrate
with a few examples.
Ans.: Rules and regulations are required in the market place to protect
the consumers from unfair trade practices and exploitation by the sellers.
Sellers often sell adulterated, defective, expired goods and every time it’s
the consumer who has to suffer due to sellers malpractices. Examples:
● Sellers sell expired medicines which is injurious to the consumer’s
health.
● Adulteration of milk by adding water, black pepper by adding papaya
seeds etc.,
Hence rules and regulations are required to protect the consumers from
such malpractices.

Q.2 What factors gave birth to the consumer movement in India? Trace
its evolution.
Ans.: In India, the consumer movement originated as a social force with
the necessity of protecting and promoting the interests of consumers
against unethical and unfair trade practices.
Factors:

● Malpractices in business ,
● Rampant food shortages,
● hoarding,
● black marketing,
● Adulteration gave birth to the consumer movement in an organized form
in 1960s.
Evolution:
Steps taken by pressure groups and civil society for creating consumer
awareness resulted in formation of consumer protection act (COPRA) by
the government on 24th December, 1986. Which is celebrated as National
consumers’ day.

Q.3 Explain the need for consumer consciousness by giving two

examples.
Ans.: consumers being the victims of unfair trade practices of the seller
need to be conscious during purchase of goods and services.
Examples:
● Sellers sometimes sell expired products like medicines, perishables,
etc., which is injurious to health consumer needs to be conscious while
purchasing such goods.
● Sellers sometime sell goods at a price greater than its MRP or sell
defective goods like electronic items etc., hence consumers need to be
conscious so that they don’t get cheated by the seller.

Q.4 Mention a few factors which cause exploitation of consumers.

Ans.: Factors causing exploitation of consumers are:
(a) Limited Information:
Due to absence of correct and timely information regarding quality, price,
instructions, warnings etc. Consumers are not aware of how to use the
product and they end up paying more for product than the MRP.
(b) Limited Supplies:
The consumers are exploited when the goods and services are not
available in the market to the required amount or quantity. This makes or
gives chance for black marketing & hoarding, of the goods etc.
(c) Limited Competition:
At times only one producer or a group of producers produce some
products. They manipulate the prices of their products by making these
non-available for certain period. So the prices rise high and the benefit
goes to that particular group causing loss to the customers.
(d) Literacy:
Illiterate people are very easily exploited by the sellers. Due to low
literacy the level of consumer consciousness in our country is very low. It
benefits the producers and sellers in keeping the rates of their products
high and earns more profit. Thus the consumers are easily exploited.
Q.5 What is the rationale behind the enactment of consumer protection
Act 1986?
Ans.: The Consumer Protection Act 1986 was enacted to provide for
better protection of the interests of consumers and for that purpose to
make provision for the establishment of Consumers Councils and other
authorities for the settlement of consumers' disputes and for matters
connected therewith. It provides consumers right to information, right to
choose, right to grievances redressal etc.

Q.6 Describe some of your duties as consumers if you visit a shopping

complex in your locality.
Ans.: Every consumer has certain rights and duties:
While going to a shopping mall he should exercise the following duties:
● He should be able to differentiate between branded and duplicate items.
● He should buy goods after checking the expiry date.
● He should check for ISI, AGMARK certification, and buy products
which are under guarantee and warranty.
● He must ask for the invoice in the billing counter and help the
government by paying taxes.
● He should create consumer awareness organizations and educate the
locality people about their rights and duties.

Q.7 Suppose you buy a bottle of honey and a biscuit packet. Which logo
or mark you will have to look for and why?
Ans.: While buying a bottle of honey or a biscuit packet, one would have
to look for ISI LOGO OR AGMARK.
The logo or mark is issued by the government regulatory body to those
sellers who follow the rules and regulations and quality standards for
selling the product. The logo or mark is an assurance of quality of the
product, the mark carries different number for different products and
ensures guarantee of quality products. Hence one should look for logo
while buying the products

Q.8 What legal measures were taken by the government to empower the
consumers in Indian?
Ans.: Legal measures taken by the government to empower consumers
in India are:
● MRTP ACT: (monopolies and restrictive trade practices act) 1984, to
check unfair trade practices.
● COPRA ACT (consumer protection act) 1986, to protect consumers
from exploitation in market place.
● Consumer courts: district, state and national levels for redressal of
consumer grievances.
● RTI ACT (Right to information) 2005, Ensuring transparency in
functioning of government departments.
● Central protection authority to recall products and initiate class suit
against defaulting companies.
● Consumer helpline.

Q.9 Mention some of the rights of consumers and write a few sentences
on each.
Ans.: 1. Right to safety:
Consumers have the right to be protected against the marketing of goods
which are hazardous to life and health. Food additives and colors’,
dangerous toys, flammable fabrics, unsafe appliances are examples of
such goods. Consumers are entitled to healthy and safe products.

2. Right to information:
It means the right to be informed about the quality, quantity, potency,
purity, standard and the price of goods so as to protect the consumers
against unfair trade practices.
3. Right to choose:
Consumers must have access to a variety of goods at competitive prices.
Free competition and wide variety enable consumers to choose the best
goods.
4. Right to be heard:
Consumers need to be assured that their interests will receive due
consideration at appropriate forums.
5. Right to education:
Consumers have the right to be made aware of their rights and remedies
available to them for redressal of their grievances.
6. Right to redressal:
Standing machinery must be provided for quick and satisfactory redressal
of consumer grievances against unfair trade practices and exploitation by
unscrupulous elements.
7. Right to healthy environment:
Consumers have the right to live in a pollution free environment. This is
necessary to enhance the quality of human life.
Q.10 By what means can the consumers express their solidarity?
Ans.: Consumers can express their solidarity against unfair trade
practices by forming:

● Consumer protection council

● Voluntary consumer association
● Resident welfare association
● Consumer clubs
Forming groups or associations helps consumers to put forward their
views to the government and in turn government comes out with legal and
financial aid such as consumer courts and fight cases against unscrupulous
traders.

Q.11 Critically examine the progress of consumer movement in India.

Ans.: After the enactment of consumer protection act in 1986, various
voluntary organizations were formed which helped in creating awareness
about consumer rights and duties in the market place. Jago Grahak Jago
initiative of the government made the consumers more conscious while
buying goods and services. Establishment of consumer courts helped the
consumers to sue the unscrupulous traders.
However there are only few recognised consumer associations and due to
cumbersome, expensive and time consuming process of consumer courts
many consumers are not willing to go through legal process for justice.
There is an issue in implementation of various acts related to consumer
protection.
Still India needs to go a long way in the process of consumer protection
and making consumer the real king of the market.
Q.12 Match the following:
List I
(i) Availing details of ingredients of a product
(ii) Agmark
(iii) Accident due to faulty engine in a scooter
(iv) District Consumer Court
(v) Consumers International
(vi) Bureau of Indian Standards
List II
(a) Right to safety
(b) Dealing with edible oil and cereals
(c) Certification of edible oil and cereals
(d) Agency that develops standards for goods and services
(e) Right to information
(f) Global level institution of consumer welfare organization
Ans.: (i)-(e); (ii)-(c); (iii)-(a); (iv)-(b); (v)-(f); (vi)-(d)

Q.13 Say True of False.

(i) COPRA applies only to goods
(ii) India is one of the many countries in the world which has exclusive
courts for consumer redressal.
(iii) When a consumer feels that he has been exploited, he must file a case
in the District Consumer Court.
(iv) It is worthwhile to move to consumer courts only if the damages
incurred are of high value.
(v) Hallmark is the certification maintained for standardization of
jewellery.
(vi) The consumer redressal process is very simple and quick.
(vii) A consumer has the right to get compensation depending on the
degree of the damage.
Ans.: (i) FALSE: It applies to both goods and services.
(ii) TRUE: Like USA, BRITAIN INDIA is one of the country having
consumer redressal forum at district, state and national level.
(iii) TRUE: To protect the consumers from exploitation government
established consumer courts at all the three levels .district consumer court
entertains complaints where value of goods and services and
compensation does not exceed 20 lakhs.
(iv) True: one can appeal in district consumer court when value of goods
or services does not exceeds 20 crores.
One can appeal in state level when compensation exceeds rupees 20 lakhs
but not 1 crore.
One can appeal in central council when compensation exceeds 1 crore.
(v) True: Logo or marks are given by government regulatory authorities
and these marks indicate quality assurance of goods and services.
(vi) False: consumer redressal process is time consuming, expensive and
cumbersome as the onus is on the buyer to provide evidence against
fraudlenttrade practices of seller.
(vii) True : Based on the degree of damage he can appeal for
compensation at various level of consumer forum district, state, national.
Page 1
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