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What is Operating System Define its characteristics.

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What is Operating System Define its characteristics.

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Operating System (OS)
An Operating System (OS) is a crucial software component that acts as an intermediary
between computer hardware and the user. It manages hardware resources, provides a user
interface, and enables the execution of application software. Without an operating system,
a computer would be unable to function effectively.

Characteristics of an Operating System

1. Resource Management:

Memory Management: Allocates and manages the computer’s primary


memory (RAM) for various applications and processes.
Processor Management: Schedules processes and allocates CPU time to
ensure efficient execution of tasks.
Device Management: Controls and manages input/output devices such as
printers, keyboards, and monitors.

2. Process Management:

Process Scheduling: Determines the order in which processes are executed


by the CPU.
Multitasking: Allows multiple processes to run simultaneously by sharing
CPU time.
Process Synchronization: Ensures that processes do not interfere with each
other and run smoothly.

3. File Management:

File System Organization: Manages the creation, deletion, and organization


of files and directories.
Access Control: Implements permissions and security measures to protect
files from unauthorized access.

4. Security and Access Control:

User Authentication: Verifies the identity of users before granting access to


the system.
Data Protection: Implements security policies and encryption to protect data
from unauthorized access and breaches.

5. User Interface:

Graphical User Interface (GUI): Provides a visual interface with icons,


windows, and menus for user interaction.
Command-Line Interface (CLI): Allows users to interact with the system
through text-based commands.
6. Networking:

Network Management: Manages network connections and communication


between computers.
Internet Access: Provides support for internet connectivity and network
protocols.

7. Job Accounting:

Resource Tracking: Keeps track of resource usage by various processes and


users.
Billing and Reporting: Generates reports on resource consumption for
billing and analysis.

8. Error Detection and Handling:

System Monitoring: Continuously monitors the system for errors and


malfunctions.
Error Recovery: Implements mechanisms to recover from errors and
maintain system stability.

Examples of Operating Systems


Windows: Developed by Microsoft, widely used in personal computers and
enterprise environments.
macOS: Developed by Apple, known for its sleek design and integration with Apple
hardware.
Linux: An open-source operating system used in servers, desktops, and embedded
systems.
Android: A mobile operating system developed by Google, used in smartphones
and tablets.
iOS: Developed by Apple, used in iPhones and iPads.

Operating systems are fundamental to the functioning of computers, providing the


necessary environment for software applications to run and for users to interact with the
hardware.

If you have any more questions or need further details, feel free to ask!

: GeeksforGeeks : Britannica : GCFGlobal

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