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Three Mode Single Phase Automatic Changeover Controller

Conference Paper · September 2020

DOI: 10.1109/ICFCR50903.2020.9249997

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 THREE MODE SINGLE PHASE AUTOMATIC
CHANGEOVER CONTROLLER
M. Arun Dev P. Febina Beevi K. Abhinshan
Electrical And Electronics Engineering Electrical And Electronics Engineering Electrical And Electronics Engineering
MEA Engineering College MEA Engineering College MEA Engineering College
Malappuram, Kerala, India. Malappuram, Kerala, India. Malappuram, Kerala, India.
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

K. Sarath kumar K. Muhammed Safvan

Electrical And Electronics Engineering Electrical And Electronics Engineering
MEA Engineering College MEA Engineering College
Malappuram, Kerala, India. Malappuram, Kerala, India.
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract—An automatic phase change over switch is designed as possible when there is a power failure occurs. At present
primarily to disconnect load from its power source and transfer two power sources can be switched alternately by using this
it to a standby source say generator or any other local power Automatic Changeover Switch [6-9]. The need for power will
source like solar which is installed near our loads, in case there
is a power outage. The switching process is done by one or more leads us to more than two power sources. Today the uses
relay coils and this will prevent the power outages. Once the of renewable resources such as solar are in common. To
supply is restored, the load is transferred back to mains supply. promote the use of renewable energy resources the government
The entire process is controlled by a group of relays that keeps is providing some subsidies. This will lead the people to
sensing to detect that whether the main supply is available or install the solar panels in their buildings [2]. When there is
not. This eliminates the need of manual operations and a small
duration of power outage. The proposed Automatic changeover already two power sources are installed, then to add this third
controller can switch three power sources alternately at a time. power source we need a Three Mode Automatic Changeover
keywords—Automatic changeover controller, Energy efficiency, Controller. This is the major concern to design a Three Mode
Power Grid, Solar, Switching time. Automatic Changeover Controller. Here we designed a Three
Mode Single Phase Automatic Changeover Controller by using
I. I NTRODUCTION with two DC relays [10-12]. And by using this method we
Nowadays the need for energy demand is high and this will can use n-1 number of DC relays for n power supplies, i.e.,
compel us to use more number of power sources for meeting n Mode Single Phase Automatic Changeover Controller. The
our demand [1]. So we will install more than one or more section 2 deals with working principle and block diagram and
power sources like solar to meet the required power for one section 3 explains the circuit of the Automatic changeover
load or a single building [2]. Today the uses of many protective controller. Section 4 explains the working of Three Mode
and controlling devices are used widely for better performance Single Phase Automatic change over switch and session 6
of our loads [3]. Since the safety and controlling systems contains the simulation results. Finally section 7 briefs the
installed for the desired operation are treated as critical loads, concluding remarks.
even a small power outage will affect the total system awful.
Hence the power source switching is also plays a key role II. P ROPOSED S YSTEM
in a power system [3-4]. The efficiency of a power system The transfer switch is referred to an electrical switch that
also depends on the power source and the switching speed of switches a load between two power sources. Some transfer
the switching devices [5]. These are showing the importance switches are manual, in that an operator affects the transfer
of a switching device in our power system to switch the by throwing a switch, while others are automatically or trigger
primary power when there is a power failure occurs [6]. In when they sense one of the sources has lost or gained power.
earlier days the changeover or switching mechanism in our An Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) is often installed where
power system is done with the help of manual changeover a backup generator is located, so that the generator may
switches [6]. Here the manual operation is quite difficult provide temporary electrical power if the utility source fails.
because the fast switching cannot be possible by using this. Automatic Transfer Switch commands the backup generator to
Then the manually operating changeover switch is replaced start, based on the voltage monitored on the primary supply
by Automatic Changeover Switch Here the switching speed as well as transferring the load to the backup generator. Also
is increased and the critical loads can be powered as soon it will isolates the backup generator from the electric utility

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when the generator is on and providing temporary power to the first relay (K1).Five AC ammeters are used to measure
for a short duration of time. There are two types of switch the current flowing to the load from each power sources in
transition modes; they are Open Transition (OT- the usual each stage. And a transistor switching circuit is used to sense
type) and Closed Transition (CT)). A Changeover Switch can the presence of supply in the first two power sources, named
be installed in front of the distribution board to switch the KSEB (Power Grid) and Solar. And this transistor circuit is
power supply. Similarly, Three Mode Single Phase Automatic used to turn-on and turn-off the second relay. Here the first
Changeover Controller is installed the same position as shown priority power source is the Power Grid (KSEB) and the
below in Fig.1 second priority power source is solar. The generator is treated
as standby power source to our load. And the power from it
is only used when the first two sources get failed.

Fig. 2. Circuit diagram of Three Mode Single phase Automatic changeover

controller

IV. W ORKING
A. Case 1
Fig. 1. Block diagram of Three Mode Single Phase Automatic Changeover
Switch The 12V DC eliminator is connected using a 6A socket from
the Power Grid. When the power grid supply is present the
It works on the principle of electromagnetic attraction. 12V DC eliminator will provide 12V DC voltage to the Relay
When the circuit of the relay senses the presence of current, K1. And a DC current will flow through current controlled
it energizes the electromagnetic field which produces the SPST to the relay coil which is connected as shown in the
temporary magnetic field. This magnetic field moves the relay above circuit diagram. The flow of this DC current will cause
armature for opening or closing the connections. Small power the current controlled switch to get closed and it will provide a
relays which works in 12V DC are used here. The smaller closed path to flow the power from Power Grid. The 12V DC
power relay has two contacts for opening and closing, these supply is used to drive the Relay K1 from NC to NO position
contacts are named as Normally Opened (NO) and Normally and for this purpose we are using a DC 12V eliminator as
Closed (NC). AC current is switched through these two mentioned earlier. Now the power will flow through the relay
contacts by providing a DC 12V supply to its coil is performed K1 to relay K2 through the NO contact. Here a feedback is
for the fast switching mechanism of the Three Mode Single given to the transistor Q1 from the output of relay K1 as shown
Phase Automatic Changeover Controller. in the above fig.3.2. The resistor R1 will limit the high current
flow to the transistor Q1 due to its high resistance value. The
III. C IRCUIT D IAGRAM
diode D2 represents a half wave rectifier circuit, which is used
The Three Mode Single Phase Automatic Changeover Con- to rectify the AC current to DC current for switching the
troller is an automatic transfer switch is used to switch three transistor Q1 as gate current. A capacitor is also employed
power sources alternatively at a time. Two 12V relays are here to provide uninterrupted gate signal during negative half
employed for the switching of AC 240V supply to the load. cycle. During the negative half cycle the capacitor C1 will
The three indicator used in this diagram are neon lamps. Here discharges. When the transistor is ON the relay K2 is in
a 12V DC eliminator is needed to provide 12V DC supply NO position and the power flows to the load through the

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path mentioned as above. The current flow through load is
taken from the ammeter U5 which is connected along with
the load. The second diode D1 works as a protection diode
to remove negative DC power flow from the VSS (stand by
source- battery).

B. Case 2
When the power grid supply is absent the 12V DC supply
from the eliminator is also absent will results the opening of
current controlled switch. Hence the Relay K1 moves to NC
position and the power from the solar power source will flows
to the relay K2. Since the transistor feedback is present, a high
current flow through the resistor R1 will occurs. The resistor
R1 limits the high current flow to the base of transistor Q1
due to its high resistance value. The diode D2 will rectify
the AC current to DC current and given to the transistor Q1
as gate current. The capacitor C1 provides uninterrupted gate
signal during each negative half cycles. The transistor Q1 will
energize the relay K2 to NO position from NC position and Fig. 3. Simulation result of Three Mode Single phase Automatic Changeover
controller when all the 3 sources are active.
the power flows to the load through the path as shown in
fig.2. The second diode D1 removes negative DC current flow
from the standby source, VSS. The current to the load can be flows to the load though the two relays, named K1 and K2
measured from the ammeter U5. respectively. The Current Flow can be measured using two
C. Case 3 ammeters U1 and U5.

When both the Power grid and solar power source fails
the feedback to the transistor is in OFF which interrupt the
gate supply. This will causes the sudden switching of relay
K2 from NO position to NC position which result the power
flow from the Generator to the load. This is also measured
with the same ammeter as mentioned above, U5. Thus the
uninterrupted power demand is meeting by using this Three
Mode Single phase Automatic Changeover Controller.

V. S IMULATION
Simulation software used is NI Multisim 13.0.1 Power Pro.
NI Multisim (formerly MultiSIM) is an electronic schematic
capture and simulation program which is part of a suite of
circuit design programs, along with NI Ultiboard. Multisim
is one of the few circuit design programs to employ the
original Berkeley SPICE based software simulation. Multi-
sim was originally created by a company named Electronics
Workbench, which is now a division of National Instruments. Fig. 4. Simulation result of Three Mode Single phase Automatic Changeover
Multisim includes microcontroller simulation (formerly known controller when the power grid source is inactive and all others are active.
as MultiMCU), as well as integrated import and export features
to the printed circuit board layout software in the suite, NI The simulation result of Three Mode Single phase Auto-
Ultiboard. NI Multisim 13.0.1 Power Pro is widely used matic Changeover controller when the power grid source is
in academia and industry for circuits education, electronic inactive and all others are active is shown in the Fig.4. In this
schematic design and SPICE simulation. the Power grid is inactive hence the solar will give the required
The simulation of the Three Mode Single Phase Automatic power and the relay K1 switches and the current from solar
Changeover Controller is taken in account with the help of power source flowing to the load.
NI Multisim 13.0.1 Power Pro. Here the simulating process is In the fig.5 both the power grid and solar power source are
shown by using the below figures. in active and hence the standby generator or the third power
Here the Fig.3. Shows the Simulation result of Three Mode source will provide the required power to the load. The current
Single phase Automatic Changeover controller when all the 3 and Voltage can be measured with the help of the respected
sources are active. Then the power from the Power grid will ammeter and voltmeter.

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 Changeover switch available in the market. Also each stage
current and voltage can be measured by using the ammeter and
the voltmeter which is installed along with the Three Mode
single phase Automatic Changeover Controller. By using this
topology one can alternately switch n power sources by using
n-1 number of relays, in n- Mode Single Phase Chaneover
Controller. It is been planning to design Three Mode Three
phase Automatic changeover controller as a next stage.
R EFERENCES
[1] Carol Dahl, “A Survey Of Energy Demand Elasticities For The Devel-
oping World”, The Journal of Energy and Development, vol.18, no.1,
pp.1-47, 1992.
[2] Matthew Britt, “A case for decentralized residential rooftop solar:
Opportunities and obstacles”, Joint Event on 7th World Congress and
Expo on Green Energy and 3rd World Congress on Wind and Renewable
Energy June 24-25, 2019 Barcelona, Spain.
[3] Mason C. R., “Art and Science of Protective Relaying”, Chapter 2, GE
Consumer and Electrical. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
Fig. 5. Simulation result of Three Mode Single phase Automatic Changeover [4] Roger C. Dugan, Mark F. McGranaghan, Surya Santoso, H. Wayne
controller when the power grid and solar are inactive and the generator is Beaty, “Electrical Power Systems Quality Second Edition”, Mc Graw
active. Hill, 2002 ISBN 0-07-138622-X, page 72,2002.
[5] J.R. Agero, E. Takayesu, D. Novosel, and R. Masiello, “Modernizing
the grid: Challenges and opportunities for a sustainable future”, IEEE
Power & Energy Magazine, vol. 14, pp. 74-83, May/June 2017.
[6] Uneet kumar singh, “Automatic Phase Changeover Switch”, Interna-
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no.2,pp. 76-80, April 2016.
[7] Harish T. Wakudkar, Prajwaleet V. Mawale, Anand A. Kamble, Prof.
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no.2, pp. 240-241. Feb-2018.
[8] Abdul Afram and Abdul Atisam Farooq “A Low Cost Generator Auto
Transfer Switch ATS Controller for 2- 3 KVA Household Generators”,
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[10] S.K. Bhattacharya: “Basic Electrical and Electronic Engineering”, Pear-
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2009.
Fig. 6. Simulation result of Three Mode Single phase Automatic Changeover
controller when all the power sources are inactive.

Now the fig.6 will represents state when the entire three
power source fails. The loads will turnoff due to lack of power
supply.
VI. CONCLUSION
The use of Three Mode single phase Automatic Changeover
Controller will help to more than two power sources at a
time alternatively. This will also ensure a reliable and faster
switching mechanism about a time speed less than 5mS,
which is the same switching speed of the newly available
single phase changeover switches which can switch between
only two power sources. And the need for 3 Mode single
phase Automatic changeover controller is meeted with two
simple DC relays. The average cost of this Three Mode single
phase Automatic Changeover Controller is estimated to below
Rs.2,000, which is almost nearer to the price of Automatic

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