0% found this document useful (0 votes)

8 views264 pages

Dm2 Ch1a Propositonal Logic Review Part I

Uploaded by

Reading Steiner

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

0% found this document useful (0 votes)

8 views264 pages

Dm2 Ch1a Propositonal Logic Review Part I

Uploaded by

Reading Steiner

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 264

Propositional Logic

Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Chapter 1a
Propositional Logic Review I
Discrete Mathematics II
Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
(Materials drawn from Chapter 1 in: Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
“Michael Huth and Mark Ryan. Logic in Computer Science: Modelling and
Formal Language
Reasoning about Systems, 2nd Ed., Cambridge University Press, 2006.”)
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Nguyen An Khuong, Huynh Tuong Nguyen Week Plan?
Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering
University of Technology, VNU-HCM
1a.1
Propositional Logic
Contents Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

1 Propositional Calculus: Declarative Sentences

2 Propositional Calculus: Natural Deduction

Sequents
Contents
Rules for natural deduction
Introduction
Basic and Derived Rules Declarative Sentences
Excursion: Intuitionistic Logic Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
3 Propositional Logic as a Formal Language Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language
4 Semantics of Propositional Logic Semantics

Meaning of Logical Connectives Meaning of Logical

Connectives

Preview: Soundness and Completeness Preview: Soundness and

Completeness

Normal Form

5 Conjunctive Normal Form Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.2
Propositional Logic
Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

1 Propositional Calculus: Declarative Sentences

2 Propositional Calculus: Natural Deduction

Contents

Introduction
3 Propositional Logic as a Formal Language
Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction

4 Semantics of Propositional Logic Sequents

Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
5 Conjunctive Normal Form Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.3
Propositional Logic
Propositional Calculus Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Study of atomic propositions

Propositions are built from sentences whose internal structure is
not of concern.
Contents

Introduction

Propositions are built from sentences whose internal structure is
not of concern.
Contents
Building propositions Introduction

Formal Language

• Atomic proposition: One plus one equals two. Semantics

Meaning of Logical
• Atomic proposition: The earth revolves around the sun. Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
• Combined proposition: One plus one equals two and the
Normal Form
earth revolves around the sun. Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?

1a.4
Propositional Logic
Goals and Main Result of Propositional Calculus Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Meaning of formula
Associate meaning to a set of formulas by assigning a value true or
false to every formula in the set. Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.5
Propositional Logic
Goals and Main Result of Propositional Calculus Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Meaning of formula
Associate meaning to a set of formulas by assigning a value true or
false to every formula in the set. Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences
Proofs
Natural Deduction
Symbol sequence that formally establishes whether a formula is Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
always true. Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.6
Propositional Logic
Uses of Propositional Calculus Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Hardware design
The production of logic circuits uses propositional calculus at all
phases; specification, design, testing. Contents

Introduction

Formal Language
Problem solving
Semantics

Decision problems (scheduling, timetabling, etc) can be expressed Meaning of Logical

Connectives

as satisfiability problems in propositional calculus. Preview: Soundness and

Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.6
Propositional Logic
Predicate Calculus: Central ideas Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Richer language
Instead of dealing with atomic propositions, predicate calculus
provides the formulation of statements involving sets, functions Contents
and relations on these sets. Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.7
Propositional Logic
Predicate Calculus: Central ideas Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Richer language
Instead of dealing with atomic propositions, predicate calculus
provides the formulation of statements involving sets, functions Contents
and relations on these sets. Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Quantifiers Natural Deduction

Sequents
Predicate calculus provides statements that all or some elements Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
of a set have specified properties. Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.7
Propositional Logic
Predicate Calculus: Central ideas Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Richer language
Instead of dealing with atomic propositions, predicate calculus
provides the formulation of statements involving sets, functions Contents
and relations on these sets. Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Quantifiers Natural Deduction

Sequents
Predicate calculus provides statements that all or some elements Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
of a set have specified properties. Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Compositionality Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Similar to propositional calculus, formulas can be built from Preview: Soundness and

composites using logical connectives. Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.7
Propositional Logic
The uses of Predicate Calculus Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Progamming Language Semantics

The meaning of programs such as
ifx >= 0theny := sqrt(x)elsey := abs(x) Contents

can be captured with formulas of predicate calculus: Introduction

√ Declarative Sentences
∀x∀y(x0 = x ∧ (x ≥ 0 → y 0 = x) ∧ (¬(x ≥ 0) → y 0 = |x|)) Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Other Uses of Predicate Calculus Intuitionistic Logic

• Specification: Formally specify the purpose of a program in order to Formal Language

serve as input for software design, Semantics

Meaning of Logical
• Verification: Prove the correctness of a program with respect to its Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
specification. Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.8
Propositional Logic
An Example for Specification Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Let P be a program of the form

Contents

while a <> b do Introduction

if a > b then a := a - b else a:= b - a; Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction

The specification of the program is given by the formula Sequents

Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules

{a ≥ 0 ∧ b ≥ 0} P {a = gcd(a, b)} Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.9
Propositional Logic
Logic in Theorem Proving, Logic Programming, and Other Review I

Systems of Logic Nguyen An Khuong,

Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Theorem proving
Formal logic has been used to design programs that can
automatically prove mathematical theorems.

Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.10
Propositional Logic
Logic in Theorem Proving, Logic Programming, and Other Review I

Systems of Logic Nguyen An Khuong,

Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Theorem proving
Formal logic has been used to design programs that can
automatically prove mathematical theorems.

Logic programming Contents

Research in theorem proving has led to an efficient way of proving Introduction

formulas in predicate calculus, called resolution, which forms the Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
basis for logic programming. Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.10
Propositional Logic
Logic in Theorem Proving, Logic Programming, and Other Review I

Systems of Logic Nguyen An Khuong,

Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Theorem proving
Formal logic has been used to design programs that can
automatically prove mathematical theorems.

Logic programming Contents

Research in theorem proving has led to an efficient way of proving Introduction

formulas in predicate calculus, called resolution, which forms the Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
basis for logic programming. Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Some Other Systems of Logic Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language
• Three-valued logic: A third truth value (denoting “don’t Semantics
know” or “undetermined”) is often useful. Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.10
Propositional Logic
Logic in Theorem Proving, Logic Programming, and Other Review I

Systems of Logic Nguyen An Khuong,

Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Theorem proving
Formal logic has been used to design programs that can
automatically prove mathematical theorems.

Logic programming Contents

Research in theorem proving has led to an efficient way of proving Introduction

formulas in predicate calculus, called resolution, which forms the Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
basis for logic programming. Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Some Other Systems of Logic Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language
• Three-valued logic: A third truth value (denoting “don’t Semantics
know” or “undetermined”) is often useful. Meaning of Logical
Connectives

• Intuitionistic logic: A mathematical object is accepted only Preview: Soundness and

Completeness

if a finite construction can be given for it. Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.10
Propositional Logic
Logic in Theorem Proving, Logic Programming, and Other Review I

Systems of Logic Nguyen An Khuong,

Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Theorem proving
Formal logic has been used to design programs that can
automatically prove mathematical theorems.

Logic programming Contents

Research in theorem proving has led to an efficient way of proving Introduction

formulas in predicate calculus, called resolution, which forms the Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
basis for logic programming. Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Some Other Systems of Logic Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language
• Three-valued logic: A third truth value (denoting “don’t Semantics
know” or “undetermined”) is often useful. Meaning of Logical
Connectives

• Intuitionistic logic: A mathematical object is accepted only Preview: Soundness and

Completeness

if a finite construction can be given for it. Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

• Temporal logic: Integrates time-dependent constructs such Week Plan?

as (“always” and “eventually”) explicitly into a logic

framework; useful for reasoning about real-time systems.
1a.10
Propositional Logic
Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

1 Propositional Calculus: Declarative Sentences

2 Propositional Calculus: Natural Deduction

Contents

Introduction
3 Propositional Logic as a Formal Language
Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction

4 Semantics of Propositional Logic Sequents

Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
5 Conjunctive Normal Form Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.11
Propositional Logic
Declarative Sentences Review I

The language of propositional logic is based on propositions or Nguyen An Khuong,

Huynh Tuong Nguyen
declarative sentences.

Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.12
Propositional Logic
Declarative Sentences Review I

The language of propositional logic is based on propositions or Nguyen An Khuong,

Huynh Tuong Nguyen
declarative sentences.
Declarative Sentences
Sentences which one can—in principle—argue as being true or
false.
Contents

Introduction

John is not late for his meeting. Contents

Introduction
The train did arrive late. Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Therefore, there were taxis at the station. Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Example 1.2 Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language
If it is raining and
Semantics
Jane does not have her umbrella with her then Meaning of Logical
Connectives
she will get wet. Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Jane is not wet. Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.13
Propositional Logic
Putting Propositions Together Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Example 1.1 Huynh Tuong Nguyen

If the train arrives late and

there are no taxis at the station then
John is late for his meeting.

John is not late for his meeting. Contents

Introduction
The train did arrive late. Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Therefore, there were taxis at the station. Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Example 1.2 Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language
If it is raining and
Semantics
Jane does not have her umbrella with her then Meaning of Logical
Connectives
she will get wet. Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Jane is not wet. Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?
It is raining.

1a.13
Propositional Logic
Putting Propositions Together Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Example 1.1 Huynh Tuong Nguyen

If the train arrives late and

there are no taxis at the station then
John is late for his meeting.

John is not late for his meeting. Contents

Introduction
The train did arrive late. Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Therefore, there were taxis at the station. Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Example 1.2 Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language
If it is raining and
Semantics
Jane does not have her umbrella with her then Meaning of Logical
Connectives
she will get wet. Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Jane is not wet. Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?
It is raining.

Therefore, Jane has her umbrella with her.

1a.13
Propositional Logic
Focus on Structure Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
We are primarily concerned about the structure of arguments in Huynh Tuong Nguyen

this class, not the validity of statements in a particular domain.

Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.14
Propositional Logic
Focus on Structure Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
We are primarily concerned about the structure of arguments in Huynh Tuong Nguyen

this class, not the validity of statements in a particular domain.

We therefore simply abbreviate sentences by letters such as p, q, r,
p1 , p2 etc.

Contents

Introduction

there are no taxis at the station then Declarative Sentences

John is late for his meeting. Natural Deduction

Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.14
Propositional Logic
Focus on Structure Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
We are primarily concerned about the structure of arguments in Huynh Tuong Nguyen

this class, not the validity of statements in a particular domain.

We therefore simply abbreviate sentences by letters such as p, q, r,
p1 , p2 etc.
From Concrete Propositions to Letters - Example 1.1
Contents

If the train arrives late and Introduction

there are no taxis at the station then Declarative Sentences

John is late for his meeting. Natural Deduction

Sequents
Rules for natural deduction

John is not late for his meeting. Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.14
Propositional Logic
Focus on Structure Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
We are primarily concerned about the structure of arguments in Huynh Tuong Nguyen

this class, not the validity of statements in a particular domain.

We therefore simply abbreviate sentences by letters such as p, q, r,
p1 , p2 etc.
From Concrete Propositions to Letters - Example 1.1
Contents

If the train arrives late and Introduction

there are no taxis at the station then Declarative Sentences

John is late for his meeting. Natural Deduction

Sequents
Rules for natural deduction

John is not late for his meeting. Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language
The train did arrive late. Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.14
Propositional Logic
Focus on Structure Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
We are primarily concerned about the structure of arguments in Huynh Tuong Nguyen

this class, not the validity of statements in a particular domain.

We therefore simply abbreviate sentences by letters such as p, q, r,
p1 , p2 etc.
From Concrete Propositions to Letters - Example 1.1
Contents

If the train arrives late and Introduction

there are no taxis at the station then Declarative Sentences

John is late for his meeting. Natural Deduction

Sequents
Rules for natural deduction

John is not late for his meeting. Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language
The train did arrive late. Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives

Therefore, there were taxis at the station. Preview: Soundness and

Completeness

Normal Form
becomes Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?

1a.14
Propositional Logic
Focus on Structure Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
We are primarily concerned about the structure of arguments in Huynh Tuong Nguyen

this class, not the validity of statements in a particular domain.

We therefore simply abbreviate sentences by letters such as p, q, r,
p1 , p2 etc.
From Concrete Propositions to Letters - Example 1.1
Contents

If the train arrives late and Introduction

there are no taxis at the station then Declarative Sentences

John is late for his meeting. Natural Deduction

Sequents
Rules for natural deduction

John is not late for his meeting. Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language
The train did arrive late. Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives

Therefore, there were taxis at the station. Preview: Soundness and

Completeness

Normal Form
becomes Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
Letter version
If p and not q, then r. Not r. p. Therefore, q.
1a.14
Propositional Logic
Focus on Structure Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

From Concrete Propositions to Letters - Example 1.2

If it is raining and

If it is raining and
Jane does not have her umbrella with her then
she will get wet. Contents

Introduction

Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Therefore, Jane has her umbrella with her. Formal Language

Semantics
has Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
the same letter version Completeness

Normal Form
If p and not q, then r. Not r. p. Therefore, q.
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?

1a.15
Propositional Logic
Logical Connectives Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Notations/Symbols
Sentences like “If p and not q, then r.” occur frequently. Instead
of English words such as “if...then”, “and”, “not”, it is more
Contents
convenient to use symbols such as →, ∧, ¬.
Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.16
Propositional Logic
Logical Connectives Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Intuitionistic Logic

∧: conjunction of p and r is denoted by p ∧ r, meaning both are Formal Language

true. Semantics
Meaning of Logical
→: implication between p and r is denoted by p → r, meaning Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
that r is a logical consequence of p. p is called the Completeness

antecedent, and r the consequent. Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.16
Propositional Logic
Example 1.1 Revisited Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

From Example 1.1

If the train arrives late and
there are no taxis at the station then
John is late for his meeting. Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.17
Propositional Logic
Example 1.1 Revisited Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

From Example 1.1

If the train arrives late and
there are no taxis at the station then
John is late for his meeting. Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences
Symbolic Propositions
Natural Deduction
We replaced “the train arrives late” by p, etc. Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
The statement becomes: If p and not q, then r. Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.17
Propositional Logic
Example 1.1 Revisited Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

From Example 1.1

If the train arrives late and
there are no taxis at the station then
John is late for his meeting. Contents

Introduction

Formal Language

Semantics
Symbolic Connectives Meaning of Logical
Connectives
With symbolic connectives, the statement becomes: Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form
p ∧ ¬q → r
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?

1a.17
Propositional Logic
Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

1 Propositional Calculus: Declarative Sentences

2 Propositional Calculus: Natural Deduction

Sequents
Rules for natural deduction Contents

Basic and Derived Rules Introduction

Excursion: Intuitionistic Logic Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents

3 Propositional Logic as a Formal Language Rules for natural deduction

Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language
4 Semantics of Propositional Logic
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
5 Conjunctive Normal Form Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.18
Propositional Logic
Introduction Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Objective
We would like to develop a calculus for reasoning about
propositions, so that we can establish the validity of statements Contents
such as Example 1.1. Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.19
Propositional Logic
Introduction Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Objective
We would like to develop a calculus for reasoning about
propositions, so that we can establish the validity of statements Contents
such as Example 1.1. Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Idea Natural Deduction

Sequents

We introduce proof rules that allow us to derive a formula ψ from Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
a number of other formulas φ1 , φ2 , . . . φn . Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.19
Propositional Logic
Introduction Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Objective
We would like to develop a calculus for reasoning about
propositions, so that we can establish the validity of statements Contents
such as Example 1.1. Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Idea Natural Deduction

Sequents

We introduce proof rules that allow us to derive a formula ψ from Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
a number of other formulas φ1 , φ2 , . . . φn . Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Notation Semantics
Meaning of Logical

We write a sequent φ1 , φ2 , . . . , φn ` ψ Connectives

Preview: Soundness and

to denote that we can derive ψ from φ1 , φ2 , . . . , φn . Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.19
Propositional Logic
Example 1.1 Revisited Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
English Huynh Tuong Nguyen

If the train arrives late and

there are no taxis at the station then
John is late for his meeting.

John is not late for his meeting. Contents

Introduction

The train did arrive late. Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Therefore, there were taxis at the station. Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.20
Propositional Logic
Example 1.1 Revisited Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
English Huynh Tuong Nguyen

If the train arrives late and

there are no taxis at the station then
John is late for his meeting.

John is not late for his meeting. Contents

Introduction

The train did arrive late. Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Therefore, there were taxis at the station. Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Sequent Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical

p ∧ ¬q → r, ¬r, p ` q Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.20
Propositional Logic
Example 1.1 Revisited Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
English Huynh Tuong Nguyen

If the train arrives late and

there are no taxis at the station then
John is late for his meeting.

John is not late for his meeting. Contents

Introduction

The train did arrive late. Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Therefore, there were taxis at the station. Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Sequent Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical

p ∧ ¬q → r, ¬r, p ` q Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Remaining task Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

Develop a set of proof rules that allows us to establish such

sequents.
1a.20
Propositional Logic
Rules for Conjunction Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Introduction of Conjunction

φ ψ
[∧i] Contents

Introduction
φ∧ψ Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.21
Propositional Logic
Rules for Conjunction Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Introduction of Conjunction

φ ψ
[∧i] Contents

Introduction
φ∧ψ Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction

Elimination of Conjunction Basic and Derived Rules

p∧q r, Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction

q ∧ r. Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
1 p ∧ q (premise) Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
2 r (premise) Completeness

Normal Form
3 q (by using Rule ∧e2 and Item 1) Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?

1a.22
Propositional Logic
Example of Proof Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
To show
p ∧ q, r ` q ∧ r.

How to start?
Contents

p∧q r, Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction

q ∧ r. Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Proof Step-by-Step Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
1 p ∧ q (premise) Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
2 r (premise) Completeness

Normal Form
3 q (by using Rule ∧e2 and Item 1) Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
4 q ∧ r (by using Rule ∧i and Items 3 and 2)

1a.22
Propositional Logic
Graphical Representation of Proof Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Contents
p∧q Introduction

[∧e2 ] r Declarative Sentences

q Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction

[∧i] Basic and Derived Rules

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.24
Propositional Logic
Where are we heading with this? Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

• We would like to prove sequents of the form

φ1 , φ2 , . . . , φn ` ψ
• We introduce rules that allow us to form “legal” proofs Contents

φ1 , φ2 , . . . , φn ` ψ
• We introduce rules that allow us to form “legal” proofs Contents

“valid”, or “meaningful”? Basic and Derived Rules

Intuitionistic Logic

• What does it mean to be meaningful? Formal Language

Semantics
• Can we say that any meaningful sequent has a valid proof? Meaning of Logical
Connectives
• ...but first back to the proof rules... Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.24
Propositional Logic
Rules of Double Negation and Eliminating Implication Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Double Negation Huynh Tuong Nguyen

¬¬φ φ
[¬¬e] [¬¬i]
φ ¬¬φ Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Origin of term Basic and Derived Rules

Intuitionistic Logic

“Modus ponens” is an abbreviation of the Latin “modus ponendo Formal Language

ponens” which means in English “mode that affirms by affirming”. Semantics

Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.26
Propositional Logic
Modus Ponens Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

The rule
φ φ→ψ
[→ e] Contents

ψ Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
is often called “Modus Ponens” (or MP) Sequents
Rules for natural deduction

Origin of term Basic and Derived Rules

Intuitionistic Logic

“Modus ponens” is an abbreviation of the Latin “modus ponendo Formal Language

“Modus tollens” is an abbreviation of the Latin “modus tollendo Semantics

tollens” which means in English “mode that denies by denying”. Meaning of Logical
Connectives

More precisely, we could say “mode that denies the consequent of Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

an implication”. Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.27
Propositional Logic
Example Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Contents
p → (q → r), p, ¬r ` Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.28
Propositional Logic
Example Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Contents
p → (q → r), p, ¬r ` ¬q Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

1a.28
Propositional Logic
Example Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Contents
p → (q → r), p, ¬r ` ¬q Introduction

1 p → (q → r) premise Declarative Sentences

2 p premise Natural Deduction

Sequents
3 ¬r premise Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
4 q→r →e 1,2 Intuitionistic Logic

5 ¬q MT 4,3 Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.28
Propositional Logic
How to introduce implication? Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Compare the sequent (MT)

Contents

p → q, ¬q ` ¬p Introduction

Declarative Sentences

with the sequent Natural Deduction

Sequents
p → q ` ¬q → ¬p Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.29
Propositional Logic
How to introduce implication? Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Compare the sequent (MT)

Contents

p → q, ¬q ` ¬p Introduction

Declarative Sentences

with the sequent Natural Deduction

Sequents
p → q ` ¬q → ¬p Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules

The second sequent should be provable, but we don’t have a rule Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language
to introduce implication yet!
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.29
Propositional Logic
A Proof We Would Like To Have Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

p → q ` ¬q → ¬p
1 p→q premise Contents

Introduction
2 ¬q assumption Declarative Sentences
3 ¬p MT 1,2 Natural Deduction
Sequents

4 ¬q → ¬p →i 2–3 Rules for natural deduction

Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.30
Propositional Logic
A Proof We Would Like To Have Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

p → q ` ¬q → ¬p
1 p→q premise Contents

Introduction
2 ¬q assumption Declarative Sentences
3 ¬p MT 1,2 Natural Deduction
Sequents

4 ¬q → ¬p →i 2–3 Rules for natural deduction

Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

We can start a box with an assumption, and use previously proven Formal Language

propositions (including premises) from the outside in the box. Semantics

Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.30
Propositional Logic
A Proof We Would Like To Have Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

p → q ` ¬q → ¬p
1 p→q premise Contents

Introduction
2 ¬q assumption Declarative Sentences
3 ¬p MT 1,2 Natural Deduction
Sequents

4 ¬q → ¬p →i 2–3 Rules for natural deduction

Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

We can start a box with an assumption, and use previously proven Formal Language

propositions (including premises) from the outside in the box. Semantics

Meaning of Logical
We cannot use assumptions from inside the box in rules outside Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
the box. Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.30
Propositional Logic
Rule for Introduction of Implication Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.31
Propositional Logic
Rule for Introduction of Implication Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Introduction of Implication

Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.31
Propositional Logic
Rule for Introduction of Implication Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Introduction of Implication

Contents

Introduction
φ Declarative Sentences
..
. Natural Deduction
Sequents
ψ Rules for natural deduction

Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

[→ i] Formal Language

Semantics
φ→ψ Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.31
Propositional Logic
Rule for Disjunction Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.32
Propositional Logic
Rule for Disjunction Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Introduction of Disjunction Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.32
Propositional Logic
Rule for Disjunction Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Introduction of Disjunction Huynh Tuong Nguyen

φ ψ
[∨i1 ] [∨i2 ]
φ∨ψ φ∨ψ Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.32
Propositional Logic
Rule for Disjunction Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Introduction of Disjunction Huynh Tuong Nguyen

φ ψ
[∨i1 ] [∨i2 ]
φ∨ψ φ∨ψ Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Elimination of Disjunction Natural Deduction

Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.32
Propositional Logic
Rule for Disjunction Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Introduction of Disjunction Huynh Tuong Nguyen

φ ψ
[∨i1 ] [∨i2 ]
φ∨ψ φ∨ψ Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Elimination of Disjunction Natural Deduction

Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language
φ ψ
Semantics

φ∨ψ .. .. Meaning of Logical

. . Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
χ χ Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

[∨e] Week Plan?

1a.32
Propositional Logic
Example Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

1 p ∧ (q ∨ r) premise
2 p ∧e1 1
3 q∨r ∧e2 1 Contents

Introduction
4 q assumption
Declarative Sentences
5 p∧q ∧i 2,4
Natural Deduction
6 (p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ r) ∨i1 5 Sequents
Rules for natural deduction

7 r assumption Basic and Derived Rules

Intuitionistic Logic
8 p∧r ∧i 2,7 Formal Language
9 (p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ r) ∨i2 8 Semantics
Meaning of Logical
10 (p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ r) ∨e 3, 4–6, 7–9 Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.33
Propositional Logic
Special Propositions Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.34
Propositional Logic
Special Propositions Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

• Recall: We are only interested in the truth value of

propositions, not the subject matter that they refer to.

Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.34
Propositional Logic
Special Propositions Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

• Recall: We are only interested in the truth value of

propositions, not the subject matter that they refer to.
• Therefore, all propositions that we all agree must be true are
the same! Contents

Introduction
• Example: p → p, p ∨ ¬p
Declarative Sentences
• We denote the proposition that is always true (tautology) Natural Deduction

using the symbol >. Sequents

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.35
Propositional Logic
Rule for Negation Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Elimination of Negation Huynh Tuong Nguyen

φ ¬φ
[¬e]
⊥ Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Introduction of Negation Natural Deduction

Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.35
Propositional Logic
Rule for Negation Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Elimination of Negation Huynh Tuong Nguyen

φ ¬φ
[¬e]
⊥ Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Introduction of Negation Natural Deduction

Sequents
Rules for natural deduction

Basic and Derived Rules

Intuitionistic Logic

φ Formal Language

.. Semantics

. Meaning of Logical
Connectives

⊥ Preview: Soundness and

Completeness

Normal Form

[¬i] Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

¬φ

1a.35
Propositional Logic
Elimination of ⊥ Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.36
Propositional Logic
Elimination of ⊥ Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Elimination of ⊥ Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.36
Propositional Logic
Elimination of ⊥ Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Elimination of ⊥ Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences
⊥
Natural Deduction
[⊥e] Sequents
Rules for natural deduction

φ Basic and Derived Rules

Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.36
Propositional Logic
Basic Rules (conjunction and disjunction) Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

φ ψ φ∧ψ φ∧ψ
[∧i] [∧e1 ] [∧e2 ]
φ∧ψ φ ψ Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
φ ψ Sequents

φ∨ψ .. .. Rules for natural deduction

[¬¬e] Formal Language

φ Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.40
Propositional Logic
Some Derived Rules: Introduction of Double Negation Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Contents

Introduction
φ Declarative Sentences

[¬¬i] Natural Deduction

Sequents

¬¬φ Rules for natural deduction

Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.41
Propositional Logic
Example: Deriving [¬¬ i] from [¬ i] and [¬ e] Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Contents
1 φ premise
Introduction
2 ¬φ assumption Declarative Sentences

3 ⊥ ¬e 1,2 Natural Deduction

Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
4 ¬¬φ ¬i 2–3 Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.42
Propositional Logic
Some Derived Rules: Modus Tollens Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Contents

Introduction
φ→ψ ¬ψ Declarative Sentences

[M T ] Natural Deduction
Sequents

¬φ Rules for natural deduction

Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.43
Propositional Logic
Some Derived Rules: Proof By Contradiction Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Contents
¬φ Introduction
.. Declarative Sentences
.
Natural Deduction
⊥ Sequents

Rules for natural deduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.46
Propositional Logic
Motivation Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Consider the following theorem. Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Theorem
There exist irrational numbers a and b such that ab is rational.
Let us call this theorem χ. We give a Proof Outline for χ.
Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.46
Propositional Logic
Motivation Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Consider the following theorem. Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Theorem
There exist irrational numbers a and b such that ab is rational.
Let us call this theorem χ. We give a Proof Outline for χ.
Let p be the following proposition. Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.46
Propositional Logic
Motivation Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Consider the following theorem. Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Theorem
There exist irrational numbers a and b such that ab is rational.
Let us call this theorem χ. We give a Proof Outline for χ.
Let p be the following proposition. Contents

Introduction
Proposition p Declarative Sentences
√
√ 2 Natural Deduction
2 is rational. Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.46
Propositional Logic
Motivation Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Consider the following theorem. Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Theorem
There exist irrational numbers a and b such that ab is rational.
Let us call this theorem χ. We give a Proof Outline for χ.
Let p be the following proposition. Contents

Introduction
Proposition p Declarative Sentences
√
√ 2 Natural Deduction
2 is rational. Sequents
Rules for natural deduction

Then the proof of χ goes like this:

Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language
p ¬p
Semantics
[LEM ] .. .. Meaning of Logical
. . Connectives

p ∨ ¬p χ χ Preview: Soundness and

Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

[∨e] Week Plan?

1a.46
Propositional Logic
In detail (1) Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.47
Propositional Logic
In detail (1) Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

p Contents

.. Introduction
. Declarative Sentences
χ Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.47
Propositional Logic
In detail (1) Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

p Contents

.. Introduction
. Declarative Sentences
χ Natural Deduction
√ Sequents
√ 2 Rules for natural deduction
Assume 2 is rational. Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.47
Propositional Logic
In detail (1) Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

p Contents

.. Introduction
. Declarative Sentences
χ Natural Deduction
√ Sequents
√ 2 √ Rules for natural deduction
Assume 2 is rational. Choose a and b to be 2, and we have Basic and Derived Rules

found irrational a and b such that ab is rational. Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.47
Propositional Logic
In detail (1) Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

p Contents

.. Introduction
. Declarative Sentences
χ Natural Deduction
√ Sequents
√ 2 √ Rules for natural deduction
Assume 2 is rational. Choose a and b to be 2, and we have Basic and Derived Rules

found irrational a and b such that ab is rational. Thus Theorem χ Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language
holds under the assumption p.
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.47
Propositional Logic
In detail (2) Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.48
Propositional Logic
In detail (2) Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

¬p
.. Contents
.
Introduction
χ Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.48
Propositional Logic
In detail (2) Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

¬p
.. Contents
.
Introduction
χ Declarative Sentences
√
√ 2 Natural Deduction
Assume 2 is irrational. Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.48
Propositional Logic
In detail (2) Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

¬p
.. Contents
.
Introduction
χ Declarative Sentences
√ √
√ 2 √ 2 √ Natural Deduction
Assume 2 is irrational. Choose a to be 2 and b to be 2. Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.48
Propositional Logic
In detail (2) Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

¬p
.. Contents
.
Introduction
χ Declarative Sentences
√ √
√ 2 √ 2 √ Natural Deduction
Assume 2 is irrational. Choose a to be 2 and b to be 2. Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Then we have Basic and Derived Rules

Week Plan?

1a.49
Propositional Logic
Summary of Proof for χ Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Proposition p
√
√ 2
2 is rational.
Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences
p ¬p Natural Deduction

[LEM ] .. .. Sequents
. . Rules for natural deduction

p ∨ ¬p χ χ Basic and Derived Rules

Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

[∨e] Semantics
Meaning of Logical
χ Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.49
Propositional Logic
Summary of Proof for χ Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Proposition p
√
√ 2
2 is rational.
Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences
p ¬p Natural Deduction

[LEM ] .. .. Sequents
. . Rules for natural deduction

p ∨ ¬p χ χ Basic and Derived Rules

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.50
Propositional Logic
The Magic of LEM Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

• There exist irrational numbers a and b such that ab is rational.

• But: If they exist, do you have an example? Contents
√
√ 2 √ Introduction
• Probably√a = 2 and b = 2..., but we haven’t proven Declarative Sentences
√ 2
that 2 is irrational! Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.50
Propositional Logic
The Magic of LEM Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

• There exist irrational numbers a and b such that ab is rational.

• Note: 2 =2 Basic and Derived Rules

Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.50
Propositional Logic
The Magic of LEM Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

• There exist irrational numbers a and b such that ab is rational.

• Note: 2 =2 Basic and Derived Rules

Intuitionistic Logic

• Using
√
LEM, we can make use of the “probable irrationality” of Formal Language
√ 2 Semantics
2 without having to prove it! Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.50
Propositional Logic
Intuitionistic Logic Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Intuitionistic logic does not accept the derived rule LEM.

Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.51
Propositional Logic
Intuitionistic Logic Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Intuitionistic logic does not accept the derived rule LEM.

The underlying argument for LEM is elimination of double Contents

Introduction
negation.
Declarative Sentences

¬¬φ Natural Deduction

Sequents

[¬¬e] Rules for natural deduction

Basic and Derived Rules

φ Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.51
Propositional Logic
Deriving LEM using Basic Rules Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

1 ¬(φ ∨ ¬φ) assumption

2 φ assumption Contents

3 φ ∨ ¬φ ∨i1 2 Introduction

4 ⊥ ¬ e 3,1 Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
5 ¬φ ¬ i 2–4 Sequents

6 φ ∨ ¬φ ∨ i2 5 Rules for natural deduction

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.53
Propositional Logic
Intuitionistic Logic Review I

Intuitionistic logic is obtained from natural deduction by removing Nguyen An Khuong,

Huynh Tuong Nguyen
the rule ¬¬e.
History of Intuitionistic Logic

• Late 19th century: Gottlob Frege proposes to reduce

mathematics to set theory.
Contents
• Russell destroys this programme via paradox.
Introduction

mathematics, with intuitionistic logic as its formal foundation. Natural Deduction

Sequents
• An alternative response is Hilbert’s formalistic position. Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Applications of Intuitionistic Logic Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
• Intuitionistic logic has a strong connection to computability Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
• For example, if we have an intuitionistic proof of Completeness

Normal Form

Theorem Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?
There exist irrational numbers a and b such that ab is rational.
then we would know irrational a and b such that ab is rational.
1a.53
Propositional Logic
Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

1 Propositional Calculus: Declarative Sentences

2 Propositional Calculus: Natural Deduction

Contents

Introduction
3 Propositional Logic as a Formal Language
Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction

4 Semantics of Propositional Logic Sequents

Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
5 Conjunctive Normal Form Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.54
Propositional Logic
Recap: Logical Connectives Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

¬: negation of p is denoted by ¬p.

Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.55
Propositional Logic
Recap: Logical Connectives Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

¬: negation of p is denoted by ¬p.

Contents
∨: disjunction of p and r is denoted by p ∨ r, meaning at least Introduction

one of the two statements is true. Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.55
Propositional Logic
Recap: Logical Connectives Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

¬: negation of p is denoted by ¬p.

Contents
∨: disjunction of p and r is denoted by p ∨ r, meaning at least Introduction

one of the two statements is true. Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
∧: conjunction of p and r is denoted by p ∧ r, meaning both are Sequents

true. Rules for natural deduction

Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.55
Propositional Logic
Recap: Logical Connectives Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

¬: negation of p is denoted by ¬p.

Contents
∨: disjunction of p and r is denoted by p ∨ r, meaning at least Introduction

one of the two statements is true. Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
∧: conjunction of p and r is denoted by p ∧ r, meaning both are Sequents

true. Rules for natural deduction

Basic and Derived Rules

→: implication between p and r is denoted by p → r, meaning Intuitionistic Logic

Allowed Basic and Derived Rules

Intuitionistic Logic

(p ∧ (¬q)) Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.56
Propositional Logic
Formal itemize Required Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Use of Meta-Language

When we describe rules such as [LEM ]

Contents
φ ∨ ¬φ Introduction

we mean that letters such as φ can be replaced by any formula. Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
But what exactly is the set of formulas that can be used for φ? Sequents
Rules for natural deduction

Allowed Basic and Derived Rules

Intuitionistic Logic

(p ∧ (¬q)) Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Not allowed Connectives
Preview: Soundness and

) ∧ p q¬( Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.56
Propositional Logic
Definition of Well-formed Formulas Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Definition
Contents
• Every propositional atom p, q, r, . . . and p1 , p2 , p3 , . . . is a Introduction
well-formed formula. Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.57
Propositional Logic
Definition of Well-formed Formulas Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Definition
Contents
• Every propositional atom p, q, r, . . . and p1 , p2 , p3 , . . . is a Introduction
well-formed formula. Declarative Sentences

• If φ is a well-formed formula, then so is (¬φ). Natural Deduction

Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.57
Propositional Logic
Definition of Well-formed Formulas Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Definition
Contents
• Every propositional atom p, q, r, . . . and p1 , p2 , p3 , . . . is a Introduction
well-formed formula. Declarative Sentences

• If φ is a well-formed formula, then so is (¬φ). Natural Deduction

Sequents

• If φ and ψ are well-formed formulas, then so is (φ ∧ ψ). Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.57
Propositional Logic
Definition of Well-formed Formulas Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Definition
Contents
• Every propositional atom p, q, r, . . . and p1 , p2 , p3 , . . . is a Introduction
well-formed formula. Declarative Sentences

• If φ is a well-formed formula, then so is (¬φ). Natural Deduction

Sequents

• If φ and ψ are well-formed formulas, then so is (φ ∧ ψ). Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules

• If φ and ψ are well-formed formulas, then so is (φ ∨ ψ). Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.57
Propositional Logic
Definition of Well-formed Formulas Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Definition
Contents
• Every propositional atom p, q, r, . . . and p1 , p2 , p3 , . . . is a Introduction
well-formed formula. Declarative Sentences

• If φ is a well-formed formula, then so is (¬φ). Natural Deduction

Sequents

• If φ and ψ are well-formed formulas, then so is (φ ∧ ψ). Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules

• If φ and ψ are well-formed formulas, then so is (φ ∨ ψ). Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language
• If φ and ψ are well-formed formulas, then so is (φ → ψ).
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.57
Propositional Logic
Definition very restrictive Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

How about this formula?

Contents
p ∧ ¬q ∨ r
Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.58
Propositional Logic
Definition very restrictive Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

How about this formula?

Contents
p ∧ ¬q ∨ r
Introduction

Declarative Sentences
Usually, this is understood to mean
Natural Deduction
Sequents
((p ∧ (¬q)) ∨ r) Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.58
Propositional Logic
Definition very restrictive Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

How about this formula?

Contents
p ∧ ¬q ∨ r
Introduction

Declarative Sentences
Usually, this is understood to mean
Natural Deduction
Sequents
((p ∧ (¬q)) ∨ r) Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
...but for the formal treatment of this section and the first Formal Language
homework, we insist on the strict definition, and exclude such Semantics

formulas. Meaning of Logical

Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.58
Propositional Logic
Backus Naur Form: A more compact definition Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Contents
Backus Naur Form for propositional formulas Introduction

Declarative Sentences

φ ::= p|(¬φ)|(φ ∧ φ)|(φ ∨ φ)|(φ → φ) Natural Deduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.61
Propositional Logic
Parse trees Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

A formula
(((¬p) ∧ q) → (p ∧ (q ∨ (¬r))))
Contents
...and its parse tree: Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.61
Propositional Logic
Parse trees Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

A formula
(((¬p) ∧ q) → (p ∧ (q ∨ (¬r))))
Contents
...and its parse tree: → Introduction

Declarative Sentences

∧ ∧ Natural Deduction
Sequents

¬ q p ∨ Rules for natural deduction

Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

p q ¬ Formal Language

Semantics

r Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.61
Propositional Logic
Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

1 Propositional Calculus: Declarative Sentences

2 Propositional Calculus: Natural Deduction

Contents
3 Propositional Logic as a Formal Language Introduction

Declarative Sentences

4 Semantics of Propositional Logic Natural Deduction

Sequents
Meaning of Logical Connectives Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Preview: Soundness and Completeness Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

5 Conjunctive Normal Form Semantics

Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.62
Propositional Logic
Meaning of propositional formula Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Meaning as mathematical object

We define the meaning of formulas as a function that maps
formulas and valuations to truth values.
Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.63
Propositional Logic
Meaning of propositional formula Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Meaning as mathematical object

We define the meaning of formulas as a function that maps
formulas and valuations to truth values.
Contents
Approach
Introduction

We define this mapping based on the structure of the formula, Declarative Sentences

using the meaning of their logical connectives. Natural Deduction

Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.63
Propositional Logic
Meaning of propositional formula Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Meaning as mathematical object

We define the meaning of formulas as a function that maps
formulas and valuations to truth values.
Contents
Approach
Introduction

We define this mapping based on the structure of the formula, Declarative Sentences

using the meaning of their logical connectives. Natural Deduction

Sequents
Rules for natural deduction

Truth Values Basic and Derived Rules

Intuitionistic Logic

The set of truth values contains two elements T and F, where T Formal Language

represents “true” and F represents “false”. Semantics

Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.63
Propositional Logic
Meaning of propositional formula Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Meaning as mathematical object

We define the meaning of formulas as a function that maps
formulas and valuations to truth values.
Contents
Approach
Introduction

We define this mapping based on the structure of the formula, Declarative Sentences

using the meaning of their logical connectives. Natural Deduction

Sequents
Rules for natural deduction

Truth Values Basic and Derived Rules

Intuitionistic Logic

The set of truth values contains two elements T and F, where T Formal Language

represents “true” and F represents “false”. Semantics

Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Valuations Completeness

Normal Form
A valuation or model of a formula φ is an assignment of each
Homeworks and Next
propositional atom in φ to a truth value. Week Plan?

1a.63
Propositional Logic
Meaning of logical connectives Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

The meaning of a connective is defined as a truth table that gives

the truth value of a formula, whose root symbol is the connective,
based on the truth values of its components. Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
φ ψ φ∧ψ Sequents

T T T Rules for natural deduction

Basic and Derived Rules
T F F Intuitionistic Logic

F T F Formal Language

F F F Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.64
Propositional Logic
Truth tables of formulas Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Truth tables use placeholders of formulas such as φ:

φ ψ φ∧ψ
T T T
Contents
T F F
Introduction
F T F
Declarative Sentences
F F F Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.65
Propositional Logic
Truth tables of formulas Review I

Week Plan?

1a.67
Propositional Logic
Validity and Satisfiability Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Validity Contents

Introduction
A formula is valid if it computes T for all its valuations.
Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Introduction

φ1 , φ2 , . . . , φn |= ψ Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Soundness Intuitionistic Logic

Let φ1 , φ2 , . . . , φn and ψ be propositional formulas. If Formal Language

φ1 , φ2 , . . . , φn ` ψ, then φ1 , φ2 , . . . , φn |= ψ. Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.69
Propositional Logic
Semantic Entailment, Soundness and Completeness of Review I

Propositional Logic Nguyen An Khuong,

Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Introduction

φ1 , φ2 , . . . , φn |= ψ Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Soundness Intuitionistic Logic

Let φ1 , φ2 , . . . , φn and ψ be propositional formulas. If Formal Language

φ1 , φ2 , . . . , φn ` ψ, then φ1 , φ2 , . . . , φn |= ψ. Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness Completeness

Normal Form
Let φ1 , φ2 , . . . , φn and ψ be propositional formulas. If Homeworks and Next
φ1 , φ2 , . . . , φn |= ψ, then φ1 , φ2 , . . . , φn ` ψ. Week Plan?

1a.69
Propositional Logic
Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

1 Propositional Calculus: Declarative Sentences

2 Propositional Calculus: Natural Deduction

Contents

Introduction
3 Propositional Logic as a Formal Language
Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction

4 Semantics of Propositional Logic Sequents

C ::= D|D ∧ C. Rules for natural deduction

Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.71
Propositional Logic
Conjunctive Normal Form Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Introduction

L ::= p|¬p, Declarative Sentences

D ::= L|L ∨ D, Natural Deduction

Sequents

C ::= D|D ∧ C. Rules for natural deduction

Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Examples Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives

• (¬p ∨ q ∨ r) ∧ (¬q ∨ r) ∧ (¬r) is in CNF. Preview: Soundness and

Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.71
Propositional Logic
Conjunctive Normal Form Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Introduction

L ::= p|¬p, Declarative Sentences

D ::= L|L ∨ D, Natural Deduction

Sequents

C ::= D|D ∧ C. Rules for natural deduction

Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Examples Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives

• (¬p ∨ q ∨ r) ∧ (¬q ∨ r) ∧ (¬r) is in CNF. Preview: Soundness and

Completeness

• (¬p ∨ q ∨ r) ∧ ((p ∧ ¬q) ∨ r) ∧ (¬r) is not in CNF. Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.71
Propositional Logic
Conjunctive Normal Form Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Introduction

L ::= p|¬p, Declarative Sentences

D ::= L|L ∨ D, Natural Deduction

Sequents

C ::= D|D ∧ C. Rules for natural deduction

Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Examples Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives

• (¬p ∨ q ∨ r) ∧ (¬q ∨ r) ∧ (¬r) is in CNF. Preview: Soundness and

Completeness

• (¬p ∨ q ∨ r) ∧ ((p ∧ ¬q) ∨ r) ∧ (¬r) is not in CNF. Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

• (¬p ∨ q ∨ r) ∧ ¬(¬q ∨ r) ∧ (¬r) is not in CNF. Week Plan?

1a.71
Propositional Logic
Usefulness of CNF Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Lemma
A disjunction of literals L1 ∨ L2 ∨ · · · ∨ Lm is valid iff there are
1 ≤ i, j ≤ m such that Li is ¬Lj .

Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.72
Propositional Logic
Usefulness of CNF Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Lemma
A disjunction of literals L1 ∨ L2 ∨ · · · ∨ Lm is valid iff there are
1 ≤ i, j ≤ m such that Li is ¬Lj .

How to disprove
Contents

|= (¬q ∨ p ∨ r) ∧ (¬p ∨ r) ∧ q? Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.72
Propositional Logic
Usefulness of CNF Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Lemma
A disjunction of literals L1 ∨ L2 ∨ · · · ∨ Lm is valid iff there are
1 ≤ i, j ≤ m such that Li is ¬Lj .

How to disprove
Contents

|= (¬q ∨ p ∨ r) ∧ (¬p ∨ r) ∧ q? Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Disprove any of: Natural Deduction

Sequents
Rules for natural deduction

|= (¬q ∨ p ∨ r) |= (¬p ∨ r) |= q. Basic and Derived Rules

Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.72
Propositional Logic
Usefulness of CNF Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Lemma
A disjunction of literals L1 ∨ L2 ∨ · · · ∨ Lm is valid iff there are
1 ≤ i, j ≤ m such that Li is ¬Lj .

How to disprove
Contents

|= (¬q ∨ p ∨ r) ∧ (¬p ∨ r) ∧ q? Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Disprove any of: Natural Deduction

Sequents
Rules for natural deduction

|= (¬q ∨ p ∨ r) |= (¬p ∨ r) |= q. Basic and Derived Rules

Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language
How to prove Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
|= (¬q ∨ p ∨ q) ∧ (p ∨ r¬p) ∧ (r ∨ ¬r)? Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.72
Propositional Logic
Usefulness of CNF Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
Lemma
A disjunction of literals L1 ∨ L2 ∨ · · · ∨ Lm is valid iff there are
1 ≤ i, j ≤ m such that Li is ¬Lj .

How to disprove
Contents

|= (¬q ∨ p ∨ r) ∧ (¬p ∨ r) ∧ q? Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Disprove any of: Natural Deduction

Sequents
Rules for natural deduction

|= (¬q ∨ p ∨ r) |= (¬p ∨ r) |= q. Basic and Derived Rules

Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language
How to prove Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
|= (¬q ∨ p ∨ q) ∧ (p ∨ r¬p) ∧ (r ∨ ¬r)? Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form
Prove all of:
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
|= (¬q ∨ p ∨ q) |= (p ∨ r¬p) |= (r ∨ ¬r).

1a.72
Propositional Logic
Usefulness of CNF (cont.) and Transformation to CNF Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Proposition
Let φ be a formula of propositional logic. Then φ is satisfiable iff
¬φ is not valid. Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.73
Propositional Logic
Usefulness of CNF (cont.) and Transformation to CNF Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Proposition
Let φ be a formula of propositional logic. Then φ is satisfiable iff
¬φ is not valid. Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences
Satisfiability test
Natural Deduction

We can test satisfiability of φ by transforming ¬φ into CNF, and Sequents

Rules for natural deduction
show that some clause is not valid. Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.73
Propositional Logic
Usefulness of CNF (cont.) and Transformation to CNF Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Proposition
Let φ be a formula of propositional logic. Then φ is satisfiable iff
¬φ is not valid. Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences
Satisfiability test
Natural Deduction

We can test satisfiability of φ by transforming ¬φ into CNF, and Sequents

Rules for natural deduction
show that some clause is not valid. Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language
Theorem-Transformation to CNF
Semantics
Every formula in the propositional calculus can be transformed Meaning of Logical
Connectives

into an equivalent formula in CNF. Preview: Soundness and

Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.73
Propositional Logic
Algorithm for CNF Transformation Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.74
Propositional Logic
Algorithm for CNF Transformation Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
1 Eliminate implication using:
A → B ≡ ¬A ∨ B.

Contents

Introduction

¬(A ∨ B) ≡ (¬A ∧ ¬B). Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction

3 Eliminate double negations using the equivalence ¬¬A ≡ A. Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.74
Propositional Logic
Algorithm for CNF Transformation Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
1 Eliminate implication using:
A → B ≡ ¬A ∨ B.
2 Push all negations inward using De Morgan’s laws:

¬(A ∧ B) ≡ (¬A ∨ ¬B),

Contents

Introduction

¬(A ∨ B) ≡ (¬A ∧ ¬B). Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction

3 Eliminate double negations using the equivalence ¬¬A ≡ A. Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

4 The formula now consists of disjunctions and conjunctions of Formal Language

literals. Use the distributive laws to eliminate conjunctions Semantics

within disjunctions: Meaning of Logical

Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

A ∨ (B ∧ C) ≡ (A ∨ B) ∧ (A ∨ C), Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.74
Propositional Logic
Algorithm for CNF Transformation Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen
1 Eliminate implication using:
A → B ≡ ¬A ∨ B.
2 Push all negations inward using De Morgan’s laws:

¬(A ∧ B) ≡ (¬A ∨ ¬B),

Contents

Introduction

¬(A ∨ B) ≡ (¬A ∧ ¬B). Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction

3 Eliminate double negations using the equivalence ¬¬A ≡ A. Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

4 The formula now consists of disjunctions and conjunctions of Formal Language

literals. Use the distributive laws to eliminate conjunctions Semantics

within disjunctions: Meaning of Logical

Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

A ∨ (B ∧ C) ≡ (A ∨ B) ∧ (A ∨ C), Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

(A ∧ B) ∨ C ≡ (A ∨ C) ∧ (B ∨ C).
1a.74
Propositional Logic
Example Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Contents

(¬p → ¬q) → (p → q) ≡ ¬(¬¬p ∨ ¬q) ∨ (¬p ∨ q) Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Declarative Sentences
≡ (¬¬¬p ∧ q) ∨ (¬p ∨ q)
Natural Deduction
≡ (¬p ∧ q) ∨ (¬p ∨ q) Sequents
Rules for natural deduction

≡ (¬p ∨ ¬p ∨ q) ∧ (q ∨ ¬p ∨ q) Basic and Derived Rules

Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.75
Propositional Logic
Example Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Contents

(¬p → ¬q) → (p → q) ≡ ¬(¬¬p ∨ ¬q) ∨ (¬p ∨ q) Introduction

Declarative Sentences
≡ (¬¬¬p ∧ q) ∨ (¬p ∨ q)
Natural Deduction
≡ (¬p ∧ q) ∨ (¬p ∨ q) Sequents
Rules for natural deduction

≡ (¬p ∨ ¬p ∨ q) ∧ (q ∨ ¬p ∨ q) Basic and Derived Rules

Intuitionistic Logic

≡ >. Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.75
Propositional Logic
Homeworks Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
I. Write down the explanations (in Vietnamese, or in English if Huynh Tuong Nguyen

possible) of the following terms, find examples for each term,

what are the differences between them:

Contents

Introduction

Declarative Sentences

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.76
Propositional Logic
Homeworks Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
I. Write down the explanations (in Vietnamese, or in English if Huynh Tuong Nguyen

possible) of the following terms, find examples for each term,

Natural Deduction
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.76
Propositional Logic
Homeworks Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
I. Write down the explanations (in Vietnamese, or in English if Huynh Tuong Nguyen

possible) of the following terms, find examples for each term,

what are the differences between them:
1) fallacy, contradiction, paradox, counterexample;
2) premise, assumption;
3) tautology, valid, contradiction, satisfiable;
Contents
4) soundness, completeness;
Introduction
5) sequent, consequence, implication, entailment.
Declarative Sentences
II. What are the differences between the following notations: Natural Deduction
’−→’, ’=⇒’, ’`’, ’|=’ ? And what are the differences between Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
the following notations: ’←→’, ’⇐⇒’, ’a`’, ’≡’, ’=’ ? Find Basic and Derived Rules

examples to illustrate these differences. Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.76
Propositional Logic
Homeworks Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
I. Write down the explanations (in Vietnamese, or in English if Huynh Tuong Nguyen

possible) of the following terms, find examples for each term,

examples to illustrate these differences. Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language
III. It is recommended that you should do as much as you can Semantics
ALL marked exercises in [2] (notice that sample solutions for Meaning of Logical
Connectives

these exercises are available in [3]). For this lecture, the Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

following are recommended exercises [2]: Normal Form

1.1: 2d), 2g); Homeworks and Next
1.2: 1d), 1g), 1m), 1q), 1u), 1w), 3a), 3b), 3c), 3f), 3g), 3l), 3o); Week Plan?

1.4: 12d);
1.5: 3b), 3c), 7c).
1a.76
Propositional Logic
Next Week? Review I

Nguyen An Khuong,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen

Contents

Introduction
• Exercises Session;
Declarative Sentences
• [2, Section 1.6]: SAT Solvers; Natural Deduction
Sequents
• Application of SAT Solving. Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic

Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness

Normal Form

Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?

1a.77

Paul Rusnock - Reasoning and Critical Thinking (Course Notes For PHI 1101, Version 2.1) (2020)
No ratings yet
Paul Rusnock - Reasoning and Critical Thinking (Course Notes For PHI 1101, Version 2.1) (2020)
207 pages
Sister Miriam Joseph. Trivium. (outline)
No ratings yet
Sister Miriam Joseph. Trivium. (outline)
23 pages
Dm2 Ch1a Propositonal Logic Review Part I
No ratings yet
Dm2 Ch1a Propositonal Logic Review Part I
264 pages
DS Ch1a Propositonal Logic Handout
No ratings yet
DS Ch1a Propositonal Logic Handout
78 pages
Unit-3
No ratings yet
Unit-3
128 pages
3rd Leacture Formal Methods in Software Engineering (2)
No ratings yet
3rd Leacture Formal Methods in Software Engineering (2)
22 pages
AI Presentation Vs
No ratings yet
AI Presentation Vs
14 pages
Chapter3 Logic Part1
No ratings yet
Chapter3 Logic Part1
20 pages
LAB_11_AI
No ratings yet
LAB_11_AI
6 pages
What do you think about “The proposition”
No ratings yet
What do you think about “The proposition”
10 pages
Unit-Iii: Syllabus
No ratings yet
Unit-Iii: Syllabus
11 pages
3. Module-3 Knowledge Representation
No ratings yet
3. Module-3 Knowledge Representation
96 pages
WINSEM2024-25_BMEE407L_TH_VL2024250503562_2025-01-13_Reference-Material-I
No ratings yet
WINSEM2024-25_BMEE407L_TH_VL2024250503562_2025-01-13_Reference-Material-I
29 pages
Bce111 L1
No ratings yet
Bce111 L1
12 pages
03_Propositional Logic
No ratings yet
03_Propositional Logic
29 pages
Propositional Logic
No ratings yet
Propositional Logic
18 pages
AI-NOTES-JNTUK-R20-UNIT-3
No ratings yet
AI-NOTES-JNTUK-R20-UNIT-3
20 pages
Propositional Logic in Artificial Intelligence
No ratings yet
Propositional Logic in Artificial Intelligence
9 pages
Formal Methods in Software Engineering
No ratings yet
Formal Methods in Software Engineering
22 pages
L.4
No ratings yet
L.4
45 pages
Chap03Logic
No ratings yet
Chap03Logic
21 pages
Propositional Logic in Artificial Intelligence: Example
No ratings yet
Propositional Logic in Artificial Intelligence: Example
6 pages
Ai Chapter 3 and 4
No ratings yet
Ai Chapter 3 and 4
37 pages
UNIT 3 Logic
100% (1)
UNIT 3 Logic
78 pages
ch4
No ratings yet
ch4
33 pages
Expert systems L3
No ratings yet
Expert systems L3
24 pages
Propositional Logic -1
No ratings yet
Propositional Logic -1
16 pages
1.Propositional logic.pptx
No ratings yet
1.Propositional logic.pptx
16 pages
PROPOSITONAL-LOGIC-THEORY-2025
No ratings yet
PROPOSITONAL-LOGIC-THEORY-2025
41 pages
cour 1,2
No ratings yet
cour 1,2
16 pages
AI-UNIT-3-2
No ratings yet
AI-UNIT-3-2
123 pages
3-Propositional Logic in Artificial Intelligence
No ratings yet
3-Propositional Logic in Artificial Intelligence
4 pages
mlf00028
No ratings yet
mlf00028
38 pages
Propositional Logic in AI
No ratings yet
Propositional Logic in AI
5 pages
AI Propositional Predicate Logic
No ratings yet
AI Propositional Predicate Logic
40 pages
Propositional logic
No ratings yet
Propositional logic
5 pages
Propositional Logic in Artificial Intelligence
No ratings yet
Propositional Logic in Artificial Intelligence
8 pages
1 Knowledge Representation and Inference
No ratings yet
1 Knowledge Representation and Inference
12 pages
notes_pl
No ratings yet
notes_pl
14 pages
Logic Unit 3 Artificial Intelligance
No ratings yet
Logic Unit 3 Artificial Intelligance
34 pages
Propositional Logic in Artificial Intelligence - Javatpoint
No ratings yet
Propositional Logic in Artificial Intelligence - Javatpoint
7 pages
Predicate Logic
No ratings yet
Predicate Logic
28 pages
Ai Lect7 Expert System
No ratings yet
Ai Lect7 Expert System
183 pages
Discrete Mathematics Students Notes
No ratings yet
Discrete Mathematics Students Notes
92 pages
Unit 3
No ratings yet
Unit 3
26 pages
AI Unit-2
No ratings yet
AI Unit-2
28 pages
Discrete Mathematics
100% (1)
Discrete Mathematics
210 pages
3_Principaux formalismes_En
No ratings yet
3_Principaux formalismes_En
58 pages
02 Handout Propositional Logic
No ratings yet
02 Handout Propositional Logic
14 pages
02 Propnd
No ratings yet
02 Propnd
90 pages
DS Lec 1
No ratings yet
DS Lec 1
20 pages
Notes Cse Basics File21
No ratings yet
Notes Cse Basics File21
84 pages
Discrete Mathematical Structures - Unit 1
No ratings yet
Discrete Mathematical Structures - Unit 1
39 pages
Knowledge, Reasoning, and Planning
No ratings yet
Knowledge, Reasoning, and Planning
17 pages
Lect W02 CHP 02b Propositional
No ratings yet
Lect W02 CHP 02b Propositional
46 pages
Propositional Logic in KRR
No ratings yet
Propositional Logic in KRR
6 pages
AI Introduction & Logic
No ratings yet
AI Introduction & Logic
21 pages
Logique mathematique
No ratings yet
Logique mathematique
28 pages
Propositional logic in Artificial intelligence
No ratings yet
Propositional logic in Artificial intelligence
19 pages
Block 1
No ratings yet
Block 1
61 pages
Mcs 013
No ratings yet
Mcs 013
128 pages
Absolute Biological Logic: Structural Theory of the Brain as an Advanced Biological PLC, Where the Levels of Perception and the Programmer Self Form a Logical Sequence of Reconfiguration.
From Everand
Absolute Biological Logic: Structural Theory of the Brain as an Advanced Biological PLC, Where the Levels of Perception and the Programmer Self Form a Logical Sequence of Reconfiguration.
Jose Daniel Vera Cuba
No ratings yet
Chapter Wise Question Bank (1)
No ratings yet
Chapter Wise Question Bank (1)
8 pages
1장 강의노트 언어철학
No ratings yet
1장 강의노트 언어철학
2 pages
Chapter 1 Boolean Algebra
No ratings yet
Chapter 1 Boolean Algebra
29 pages
DLD 03 Comb Logic Design Part1
No ratings yet
DLD 03 Comb Logic Design Part1
22 pages
A1 Solutions – Boolean logic
No ratings yet
A1 Solutions – Boolean logic
3 pages
MAT 211 Sec 1.3
No ratings yet
MAT 211 Sec 1.3
6 pages
Exercises in Analysis 2nd Edition Dipak Roy Ebook All Chapters PDF
100% (1)
Exercises in Analysis 2nd Edition Dipak Roy Ebook All Chapters PDF
62 pages
Gtu Pyqs Toc-separated
No ratings yet
Gtu Pyqs Toc-separated
10 pages
7 - Q2 Gen Math
No ratings yet
7 - Q2 Gen Math
22 pages
Proof By Deduction - Lesson
No ratings yet
Proof By Deduction - Lesson
14 pages
Module 2 Combinational Logic Circuits
No ratings yet
Module 2 Combinational Logic Circuits
62 pages
Logical Studies First Edition. Edition Von Wright 2024 Scribd Download
100% (2)
Logical Studies First Edition. Edition Von Wright 2024 Scribd Download
62 pages
Unit 4
No ratings yet
Unit 4
101 pages
05 Laboratory Exercise 1
No ratings yet
05 Laboratory Exercise 1
2 pages
Operations On Sets Book
No ratings yet
Operations On Sets Book
375 pages
BNCS1209
No ratings yet
BNCS1209
37 pages
Maths Project Class 11
No ratings yet
Maths Project Class 11
9 pages
UIU CSE 2213 CourseSyllabus
No ratings yet
UIU CSE 2213 CourseSyllabus
5 pages
Note 01
No ratings yet
Note 01
17 pages
The Intellectual Brilliance of Aristotle
No ratings yet
The Intellectual Brilliance of Aristotle
3 pages
AI Tech-knowledge Unit 4
No ratings yet
AI Tech-knowledge Unit 4
24 pages
Chapter 3 - Basic Logical Concepts
No ratings yet
Chapter 3 - Basic Logical Concepts
78 pages
MODULES ON SET
No ratings yet
MODULES ON SET
18 pages
Grade 9 Unit 1.3
No ratings yet
Grade 9 Unit 1.3
33 pages
Medical Physiology for Undergraduate Students 2nd Edition by Indu Khurana ISBN 8131228053 9788131228050 instant download
100% (3)
Medical Physiology for Undergraduate Students 2nd Edition by Indu Khurana ISBN 8131228053 9788131228050 instant download
26 pages
maths Worksheet I (1)
No ratings yet
maths Worksheet I (1)
3 pages
1 st year-FINAL DM -QB-231MA202
No ratings yet
1 st year-FINAL DM -QB-231MA202
25 pages
介绍集合论 Introduction Of Set
No ratings yet
介绍集合论 Introduction Of Set
9 pages