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PPT Solid State

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39 views

PPT Solid State

Uploaded by

Bikram
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is Solid?
• Substances which have definite volume
and definite shape

• In terms of kinetic molecular model, solids have


regular order of their constituent particles
(atoms, molecules or ions)

• These particles are held together by fairly strong


forces, therefore, they are present at fixed positions

• The solids are rigid and maintain their own shape when
subjected to outside force
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CLASSIFICATION OF SOLIDS
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CRYSTAL LATTICE OR SPACE


LATTICE AND UNIT CELL
Two Dimensional Lattices Three Dimensional Lattices
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Parameters of a Unit cell

• Its dimensions (lengths) along the three


edges as a, b and c. These edges may or
may not be mutually perpendicular.

• Angles α, β and γ between the pair of


edges.
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Types of Unit cell

Unit Cell

Face Centered Unit Cell

Primitive Unit Non-Primitive Body Centered Unit Cell


Cell Unit Cell
End Centered Unit Cell
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Seven Crystal Systems

There are seven types of


simple or primitive unit cells
among crystals. These unit
cells are characterized by the
axial lengths a, b and c and
the angles α, β and γ. These
are called seven crystal
systems or crystal habits.
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Types of Cubic Lattices


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Similarly, if we consider the other


lattices, in addition to simple lattices
for other systems, it is observed that
there are 14 different types of space
lattices. These are known as 14
Bravais lattices after the name of
French mathematician who first
described them.

❖ There is no end centered


cubic unit cell.
❖ Only orthorhombic and
monoclinic crystal systems
have end centered unit cells.
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TYPES OF CUBIC CRYSTALS AND NUMBER


OF ATOMS PER UNIT CELL

(i)Simple or primitive cubic unit cell


Atom present at each corner contributes 1/8 to each
cube because it is shared by 8 cubes. Now, there are 8
atoms at the corners. Thus, the number of atoms present
in each unit cell = 1/8 × 8 corner atoms = 1 atom
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(ii)Body centered cubic unit cell


The number of atoms present at the corners per unit cell = 8 corner atoms × 1/8 atom
per unit cell = 1 atom
The number of atoms present at the center of the cube = 1
∴ Total number of atoms in bcc arrangement = 1 + 1 = 2
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(iii)Face centered cubic unit cell


The number of atoms present at corners per unit cell = 8 corner
atoms × 1/8 atom per unit cell = 1
The number of atoms present at faces per unit cell = 6 atoms at the
faces × ½ atom per unit cell = 3
∴ Total number of atoms in ccp or fcc arrangement = 1+ 3 = 4
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Summery

• Atoms (or spheres) at the corners of a simple cube touch each other
• In the face centered cube, the atoms along the face diagonal of the
cube touch each other
• In the body centered cube, the atoms along the body diagonal of the
cube touch each other
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PACKING EFFICIENCY

➢ In whatever way, the constituent particles (atoms, molecules or ions) are


packed, there is always some free space left in the form of voids. The
packing efficiency is the percentage of total space filled by the
particles.

➢ Both types of close packing (hcp and ccp) are equally efficient and occupy
74% of the available volume.

➢ In body centered cubic structure, the efficiency is 68% while in simple


cubic structure, it is only 52.4%.
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(i)In a simple cubic unit cell


Suppose the edge length of the unit cell = a
Radius of the sphere = r
Since the spheres are touching each other along the edge,
a = 2r
Now, there are eight spheres at the corners of the cube.
Each sphere at the corner is shared by eight-unit cells and
the contribution per unit cell is 1/8 so that number of
spheres per unit cell is 8 × 1/8 = 1
4
Volume of sphere = πr3
3
Volume of cube = a3 = (2r)3 = 8r3
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = × 100
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙
4 3
π𝑟
= 3 × 100 = 52.4%
8𝑟 3
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(ii)In a Body Cantered cubic unit cell


Suppose the edge length of the unit cell = a
Radius of the sphere = r
It is clear from figure that there are 8 spheres at the
corners and one in the body of the unit cell.
No. of spheres per unit cell = 8 × 1/8 + 1 = 2
It is evident from the figure that spheres along body
diagonal are touching so that, AD = 4r
Consider right angled ΔABC,
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 = a2 + a2
∴ AC2 = 2a2
Similarly, in right angled ΔACD,
Body diagonal, AD2 = AC2 + CD2 = 2a2 + a2 = 3a2
∴ AD = 3a
∴ 3a = 4r
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4𝑟
𝑎=
3
4𝑟 64𝑟 3
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝑎3 = ( )3 =
3 3 3
4
Volume of sphere = πr3
3
4 3 8 3
Total volume of two spheres = 2 ×πr = πr
3 3
𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
= × 100
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙
8 3
π𝑟
= 3 × 100 = 68%
64𝑟 3

3 3
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(iii)In a Face Cantered cubic unit cell


Suppose the edge length of the unit cell = a
Radius of the sphere = r
It is clear from the figure that there are 8 spheres at
the corners and six spheres at the faces.
No. of spheres in unit cell = 8 × 1/8 + 6 × 1/2 = 4
As spheres along face diagonal are touching, it is
evident from the figure, AC = 4r
Consider ΔABC. Since it is right angled triangle,
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 = a2 + a2 = 2a2
∴ Face diagonal, AC = 2a
∴ 2a = 4r
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4𝑟
𝑎= = 2 2𝑟
2
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝑎3 = (2 2𝑟)3
= 16 2𝑟 3
4 3
Volume of sphere = πr
3
4 16 3
Total volume of four spheres = 4 × πr3 = πr
3 3
𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙
=
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙
× 100
16 3
π𝑟
= 3 × 100 = 74%
16 2𝑟 3
8538032865

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