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Chapter 8
8.1 8.5
Spherical vessel, Do = 2000 mm, Di = 1800 mm., Cylinder : r = 2 − 0.025 = 1.975 m
p = 6 MPa.
pr 1.5(1.975)
Di Do − Di σℓ = = = 59.25 MPa ◭
r= = 900 mm t= = 100 mm 2t 2(0.025)
2 2 pr
σc = = 2σ ℓ = 118.5 MPa ◭
pr 6(900) t
σ= = = 27 MPa ◭ √ √
2t 2(100) Spherical cap: rsph = 2r = 2 (1.975) = 2.793 m

prsph 1.5(2.793)
σ= = = 83.8 MPa ◭
2t 2(0.025)
8.2
Spherical vessel, r = 0.5 m = 500 mm, t = 5.6 mm, 8.6
σ w = 30 MPa.
Maximum allowable pressure is given by Spherical balloon, t = 0.2 mm, p = 1500 Pa,
σ ult = 10 MPa, N = 1.2.
pr 2tσ w 2(5.6)(30) Setting σ = σ ult /N , we get
σw = p= = = 0.672 MPa ◭ σ ult pr
2t r 500 =
N 2t
2(0.2 × 10−3 ) 10 × 106


2tσ ult
r = = = 2.222 m
Np 1.2(1500)
8.3 D = 2r = 4.44 m ◭
360
r= − 3.8 = 176.2 mm
2
8.7
pr 1.2(176.2) 225
σℓ = = = 27.8 MPa ◭ r= − 15 = 97.5 mm
2t 2(3.8) 2
σc = 2σ ℓ = 55.6 MPa ◭ The highest tensile stress in the tank is the circumferential
stress in the cylinder:
pr 18(97.5)
σc = = = 117 MPa
t 15
8.4 The factor of safety is
σ ult 340
From the test results, the allowable stresses are N= = = 2.9 ◭
σc 117
1 Pc 1 80000 2000
σc = = = MPa
N bt 2 180t 9t 8.8
1 Pℓ 1 160000 4000
σℓ = = = MPa 2σ w t 2(54)(30)
N bt 2 (180t) 9t (a) p= = =◭
r 10 × 1000
In a cylindrical vessel σ c = 2σ ℓ , which means that σ c σw 54
(b) ε = (1 − ν) = (1 − 0.3) = 1.89 × 10−4
governs. E 200 × 103
  ∆r = εr = (1.89 × 10−4 )(10 × 1000) = 1.89 mm
2000
t If A is the surface area of the container, the change in the
pr tσ c 9t
σc = r= = r = 249 m volume is approximately
t p 0.9
D = 2r = 494 mm ◭ ∆V = A ∆r = (4πr2 )∆r = 4π(10000)2(1.89)
= 2375 × 106 mm3 ◭

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8.9 8.11
Cylindrical vessel, r = 400 mm, t = 8 mm, p = 1.2 MPa, Cylindrical tube attached to rigid walls, r = 45 mm,
E = 200 GPa, ν = 0.3. L = 180 mm, t = 3 mm, p = 3 MPa, E = 84 GPa, ν = 1/3.

1.2 × 106 (0.4)

pr pr 3(45)
σℓ = = = 30.0 × 106 Pa σc = = = 45 MPa ◭
2t 2(8 × 10−3 ) t 3
σ c = 2σ ℓ = 60.0 × 106 Pa Rigid walls prevent longitudinal strain. Thus
σ ℓ − νσ c
σ c − νσ ℓ [60.0 − 0.3(30.0)] × 106 εℓ = =0
εc = = E
E 200 × 109 1
−6 σℓ = νσ c = (45) = 15 MPa ◭
= 255.0 × 10 3
∆r = εc r = 255.0 × 10−6 (400) = 0.102 mm ◭

8.12
8.10 Cylinder with hemispherical ends, Do = 400 mm, L = 600
mm, t = 18 mm, p = 3.6 MPa, E = 200 GPa, ν = 0.3.
Pipe: Do = 450 mm, t = 10 mm, p = 3.5 MPa. The inner radius is
Do 450 Do 400
r= −t= − 10 = 215 mm r= −t= − 18 = 182 mm
2 2 2 2
Bolts: d = 40 mm, σ w = 80 MPa, σ init = 55 MPa, n = Cylindrical part:
number of bolts.
(a) pr (3.6 × 106 )(0.182)
σℓ = = = 18.20 × 106 Pa
2t 2(0.018)
σ c = 2σ ℓ = 36.40 × 106 Pa

σ ℓ − νσ c [18.20 − 0.3(36.40)] × 106

∆L = εℓ L = L= (0.6)
E 200 × 109
= 21.84 × 10−6 m = 0.02184 mm
Pp = πr2 p = π(0.215)2 (3.5 × 106 ) = 508.3 × 103 N
πd2 π(0.04)2 Hemispherical cap:
Pb = n (σ w − σ init ) = n (80 − 55) × 106
4 4 σ = σ ℓ = 18.20 × 106 Pa
31.42 × 103 n N


=

508.3 × 103 = 31.42 × 103 n (1 − ν)σ (1 − 0.3)(18.20 × 106 )

Pp = Pb n = 16.17
∆r = εr = r= (0.182)
E 200 × 109
Use 17 bolts ◭ = 11.59 × 10−6 m = 0.01159 mm

(b) Overall change of length is

pr (3.5 × 106 )(0.215) ∆L + 2∆r = 0.02184 + 2 (0.01159) = 0.0450 mm ◭

σc = =
t 0.01
= 75.3 × 106 Pa = 73.5 MPa ◭

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At section m-n:
8.13
P M ctop P (0.06P )(0.014)
σ top = − = −6
−
A I 130 × 10 7800 × 10−12
= −100 000P Pa
P M cbot P (0.06P )(0.011)
Cylinder of elliptic cross section, a > b. σ bot = + = +
A I 130 × 10−6 7800 × 10−12
Maximum σ c occurs at section m-n. Letting L be the = 92 308P Pa
length of the vessel, we have from the FBD:
Compression at the top:
ΣF = 0 2 (σ c )max tL − paL = 0
pa −100 000P = −30 × 106 gives P = 300 N
(σ c )max = ◭
2t
Tension at the bottom:
Minimum σ c can be found in a similar manner. The result
is 92 308P = 15 × 106 + gives P = 162.5 N ◭
pb
(σ c )min = ◭
2t

8.17
8.14
The cross-sectional properties are

A = 0.0052 = 25 × 10−6 m2
0.0053
S = = 20.83 × 10−9 m3
6 4 4
π R4 − r 4


(11.25) − (11.25 − 1.88)
At section m-n we have M = 250e N·m. S = =π
4R 4 (11.25)
M P = 580.1 mm3
σ max = + h
2 2
i
A = π R2 − r2 = π (11.25) − (11.25 − 1.88)


S A
250e 250
150 × 106 = + = 121.8 mm2
20.83 × 10−9 25 × 10−6
e = 11.66 × 10−3 m = 11.66 mm ◭
P M 100 24000
σA = − + =− +
A S 121.8 580.1
= 40.6 MPa (T) ◭
P M 100 24000
8.15 σB = − −
A S
=−
121.8
−
580.1
= −42.2 MPa (C) ◭

P Mc P (P e)(h/2) P
σ max = − + =− + = − 2 (h − 6e)
A I bh bh3 /12 bh
h 8.18
σ max = 0 e= ◭
6

8.16
bh2 0.06(0.18)2
S = = = 324.0 × 10−6 m3
6 6
A = bh = 0.06(0.18) = 10.8 × 10−3 m2

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Maximum normal stress (compression) occurs at A.

P = 24 kN M = 24(0.18) − 18(0.54) = −5.40 kN · m
P My P (P e) y
|σ|max = + = +
P M 24 (−5.40) A I A I
σA = − = −
A S 10.8 × 10 −3 324.0 × 10−6 P P (44.3)(222.3)
= + = 8.2669 × 10−5 P MPa
=
2
18 890 kN/m = 18.89 MPa (T) ◭ 16950 416 × 106
P M 24 (−5.40) σ w = |σ|max 90 = 8.26698 × 10−5 P P = 1088.7 kN ◭
σB = + = +
A S 10.8 × 10−3 324.0 × 10−6
2 For W360 × 101 without the plate
= −14 440 kN/m = 14.44 MPa (C) ◭
P = σ w A = 90(12900) = 1161 kN

which is larger than the allowable value with plate.

8.19
The properties of the cross section are
A = π(R2 − r2 ) = π(602 − 502 ) = 3455.8 mm2
8.21
π π
S = (R4 − r4 ) = [604 − 504 ] = 87833.7 mm3
4R 4(60)

M P M P
σa = + σb = − +
S A S A ΣMB = 0 0.1 (P cos 40◦ ) + 1.0 (P sin 40◦ ) − 3RA = 0
σa + σb 20 − 100 RA = 0.2398P
∴P = A= (3455.8)
2 2 ΣFy = 0 P sin 40◦ − RA − By = 0
= 138232 N = 138.232 kN ◭
σa − σb 20 + 100 By = P sin 40◦ − 0.2398P = 0.4030P
M = S= (87833.7)
2 2 ΣFx = 0 Bx − P cos 40◦ = 0 Bx = 0.7660P
= 5270022 N · mm = 5270.022 kN · mm ◭
At section just to the left of C (no axial force):

M = 2RA = 2(0.2398P ) = 0.4796P N · m

8.20 M M 0.4796P
15 mm 270 mm σ max = = 2 = = 719.4P N/m2
S bh /6 0.1(0.2)2 /6
e
NA At section just to the right of C (axial force = Bx ):
356 mm P
y-
M = 1.0By = 0.4030P N · m
.A Bx M 0.7660P 0.4030P
σ max = + = +
For: A = 12900 mm2 , I¯ = 301 × 106 mm4 A S (0.1 × 0.2) 0.1(0.2)2 /6
For the section: = 642.8P N/m2 (smaller than at left of C)
A = 12900 + 4050 = 16950 mm2
ΣAi ȳi 12900(356/2) + 4050(356 + 7.5) σ w = σ max 10 × 106 = 719.4P
ȳ = =
ΣAi 16950 P = 13 900 N = 13.90 kN ◭
= 222.3 mm
I = Σ I¯i + Ai (ȳi − ȳ)2
 
 2
6 356
= 301 × 10 + 12900 − 222.3
2
270(15)3 2
+ + 4050 (356 + 15 − 222.3)
12
= (326.4 + 89.6) × 106 = 416 × 106 mm4
356
e = 222.3 − = 44.3 mm
2

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8.22 8.24

Px = P cos 17.5◦ = 0. 9537P

Py = P sin 17.5◦ = 0.3007P
M = 1.0Py − 0.2Px = 0.3007P − 0.2 (0. 9537P )
= 0.1100P N · m
2 3 3
For W130 × 28.1: A = 3590 mm , S = 167 × 10 mm .
From FBD of entire member: Px M cA 0. 9537P 0.1100P (0.1)
σA = − = −
    A I 8000 × 10−6 50 × 10−6
4 3 = −100.8P Pa
ΣMA = 0 0.9 RB + 0.3 RB − 1.0(45) = 0
5 5 Px M cB 0. 9537P 0.1100P (0.2)
RB = 50.0 kN σB = + = −6
+
A I 8000 × 10 50 × 10−6
= 559.2P Pa
From FBD of segment to the right of section m-n:
With P = 100 × 103 N we get
ΣMC = 0 M + 0.2(50) − 0.325(36) = 0
M = 1.70 kN · m σ A = −10.08 × 106 Pa = 10.08 MPa (C) ◭
ΣFaxial = 0 P = 27 kN (C) σ B = 55.9 × 106 Pa = 55.9 MPa (T) ◭

P M 27 1.70
σ max,min = − ± =− ±
A S 3590 × 10−6 167 × 10−6
= −7521 ± 10 180 kPa = −7.52 ± 10.18 MPa
8.25
σ max = 2.66 MPa ◭ σ min = −17.70 MPa ◭ From solution of Prob. 8.24:

σ A = 100.8P Pa (C) σ B = 559.2P Pa (T)

Because the given working stress in tension (8 MPa) is
8.23 smaller than in compression (12 MPa), the tensile stress at
B governs. Therefore,
8 × 106 = 559.2P P = 14 310 N = 14.31 kN ◭

8.26 40 kN/m

P M cA P 630P (180) Ax A B
σA = + = + = 4.694 × 10−5 P 2m RB
A I 99000 3078 × 106
60o
P M cB P 630P (270) Ay
σB = − = −
A I 99000 3078 × 106 For W200 × 41.7: S = 398 × 10−6 m3 ,
= −4.5162 × 10−5 P A = 5.32 × 10−3 m2
From the FBD of the beam:
Stress at B governs. Letting |σ B | = σ w , we have
ΣMA = 0 + 2RB cos 60◦ − (40 × 2)(1.0) = 0
−5
96 = 4.5162 × 10 P P = 2126 kN ◭ RB = 80.0 kN
ΣFx = 0 +→ Ax − RB sin 60◦ = 0
◦
Ax = 80 sin 60 = 69.28 kN

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Maximum compressive stress occurs in the top flange at Maximum stress (compression) occurs at the top of the
midspan (where M is maximized). cross section at B where
Mmax Ax 1 2
(σ c )max = + Paxial = − P M = P N·m
S A 2 3
w0 L2 40(2)2
Mmax = = = 20.0 kN · m Paxial M P/2 2P/3
8 8 σ = − =− −
20.0 69.28 A S 0.1 × 0.4 (0.1 × 0.42 )/6
∴ (σ c )max = +
398 × 10−6 5.32 × 10−3 = −262.5P
2
= 63.3 × 103 kN/m = 63.3 MPa ◭
Setting |σ| = σ w , we get
262.5P = 120 × 106 P = 457 × 103 N = 457 kN ◭
8.27

8.29

From FBD of frame:

ΣMA = 0 3(40) + 5(72) − 8Ey = 0 Ey = 60 kN ΣMA = 0 2(150) − 5NC = 0 NC = 60 kN
From FBD of member BD: Maximum compressive stress occurs at the section just
ΣMB = 0 1(40) + 3(72) − 4Dy = 0 Dy = 64 kN below B where
5
From FBD of member CDE: P = −120 kN M = (60) = 100 kN · m
3
ΣMC = 0 2(64) − 4(60) + 2D = 0 Dx = 56 kN
P M 120 × 103 100 × 103
σ = − =− −
A S 0.1 × 0.3 0.1 × 0.32 /6
= −70.7 × 106 Pa = 70.7 MPa (C) ◭
Mmax = 64 kN·m occurs at the 72-kN load.
P Mmax 56 × 103 64 × 103
σ max = + = +
A S 0.1 × 0.4 (0.1 × 0.42 )/6
= 25.4 × 106 Pa = 25.4 MPa (T) ◭
8.30

8.28

  ΣFx′ = 0:
4 5
ΣMA = 0 2P − 3 =0 T T = P
5 6 σ dA + (60 dA cos 30◦ ) cos 30◦ − (40 dA sin 30◦ ) sin 30◦ = 0
3 1
ΣFx = 0 Ax − T = 0 Ax = P σ = −35 MPa ◭
5 2
4 2 ΣFy′ = 0:
ΣFy = 0 Ay − P + T = 0 Ay = P
5 3 τ dA − (60 dA cos 30◦ ) sin 30◦ − (40 dA sin 30◦ ) cos 30◦ = 0
τ = 43.3 MPa ◭

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σx + σ y σ x − σy
8.31 σy′ = − cos 2θ − τ xy sin 2θ
2 2
= 5 − 35 cos 60◦ − 0 = −12.5 MPa ◭

σx − σ y
τ x′ y ′ = − sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ
2
ΣFx′ = 0: ◦
= −35 sin 60 + 0 = −30.3 MPa ◭
4 3
σ dA − 1280(0.8 dA) − 2400(0.6 dA) = 0
5 5
σ = 1683 N/m2 ◭
ΣFy′ = 0:
4 3
τ dA − 2400(0.6 dA) + 1280(0.8 dA) = 0
5 5
2 8.34
τ = 538 N/m ◭
σx = σy = 0 τ xy = 8 MPa θ = −30◦

σx + σ y σ x − σy
8.32 x'
σ x′ = + cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ
2 2
σ ◦
= 0 + 0 + 8 sin(−60 ) = −6.93 MPa ◭
dA cos25o

τ
dA σx + σ y σ x − σy
25o dA cos25o 12 MPa σy′ = − cos 2θ − τ xy sin 2θ
y' 12 MPa
2 2
◦
= 0 + 0 − 8 sin(−60 ) = 6.93 MPa ◭
6 MPa
ΣFx′ = 0:
σx − σy
◦ ◦ τ x′ y ′ = − sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ
σ dA + (6 dA cos 25 ) cos 25 2
−(12 dA cos 25◦ ) sin 25◦ − (12 dA sin 25◦ ) cos 25◦ = 0 = 0 + 8 cos(−60◦ ) = 4.0 MPa ◭
σ + 6 cos2 25◦ − 24 cos 25◦ sin 25◦ = 0
σ = 4.26 MPa ◭

ΣFy′ = 0:

τ dA − (6 dA cos 25◦ ) sin 25◦

−(12 dA cos 25◦ ) cos 25◦ + (12 dA sin 25◦ ) sin 25◦ = 0
τ − 6 cos 25◦ sin 25◦ − 12(cos2 25◦ − sin2 25◦ ) = 0 8.35
τ = 10.01 MPa ◭
σ x = 60 MPa σ y = 80 MPa τ xy = −100 MPa
θ = −35◦

8.33 σ x + σy σx − σ y
= 70 MPa = −10 MPa
σ x = 40 MPa σ y = −30 MPa τ xy = 0 θ = 30 ◦ 2 2
sin 2θ = −0.9397 cos 2θ = 0.3420
σx + σ y σ x − σy
= 5 MPa = 35 MPa
2 2
σx + σy σx − σy
σ x′ = + cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ
σx + σy σx − σy 2 2
σ x′ = + cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ = 70 + (−10) (0.3420) + (−100)(−0.9397)
2 2
◦
= 5 + 35 cos 60 + 0 = 22.5 MPa ◭ = 160.6 MPa ◭

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σ x + σy σx − σ y σx + σ y σ x − σy
σ y′ = − cos 2θ − τ xy sin 2θ σ x′ = + cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ
2 2 2 2
= 70 − (−10)(0.3420) − (−100)(−0.9397) = 3.5 + 2.0(−0.1736) + 11.3(−0.9848)
= −20.6 MPa ◭ = −7.98 MPa ◭

σx − σ y
τ x′ y ′ = − sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ σx + σ y σ x − σy
2 σy′ = − cos 2θ − τ xy sin 2θ
= −(−10)(−0.9397) + (−100)(0.3420) 2 2
= 3.5 − 2.0(−0.1736) − 11.3(−0.9848)
= −43.6 MPa ◭
= 14.98 MPa ◭
43.6 MPa 20.6 MPa
160.6 MPa
σx − σ y
τ x′ y ′ = − sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ
x 2
= −2(−0.9848) + 11.3(−0.1736)
35o
= 0.01 MPa ◭
x'
0.01 MPa
7.98 MPa 14.98 MPa
8.36
x
σ x = σ y = −8 MPa τ xy = −10 MPa θ = 60◦
50o
σ x + σy σx − σy x'
= −8 MPa =0
2 2
sin 2θ = 0.8660 cos 2θ = −0.5

σ x′ =
σx + σy
+
σ x − σy
cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ 8.38
2 2
= −8 + 0 + (−10)(0.8660) = −16.66 MPa ◭ σx = 0 σ y = 60 MPa τ xy = 30 MPa

σx + σy σx − σy s
2
s
2
σ y′ = − cos 2θ − τ xy sin 2θ
 
σ x − σy 0 − 60
2 2 R = + τ 2xy = + 302
= −8 − 0 − (−10)(0.8660) = 0.66 MPa ◭ 2 2
= 42.43 MPa
σx − σy
τ x′ y ′ = − sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ
2 σ x + σy 0 + 60
= 0 + (−10)(−0.5) = 5.0 MPa ◭ σ 1,2 = ±R= ± 42.43
2 2
σ1 = 72.4 MPa ◭ σ 2 = −12.4 MPa ◭

τ xy 30
sin 2θ1 = = = 0.7070
R 42.43
σ x − σy 0 − 60
cos 2θ1 = = = −0.7070
2R 2(42.43)
2θ1 = 135◦ θ1 = 67.5◦ ◭
8.37

σ x = 5.5 MPa σ y = 1.5 MPa τ xy = 11.3 MPa

◦
θ = −50

σ x + σy σx − σy
= 3.5 MPa = 2.0 MPa
2 2
sin 2θ = −0.9848 cos 2θ = −0.1736

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8.39 8.41
σ x = −4 MPa σ y = 6 MPa τ xy = 8 MPa σ x = 30 MPa σy = 0 τ xy = 90 MPa

s s s 2 s 2
2 2
σ x − σy −4 − 6 σ x − σy 30 − 0
R = + τ 2xy = + 82 R = + τ 2xy = + 902
2 2 2 2
= 9.434 MPa = 91.24 MPa

σx + σy −4 + 6 σ x + σy 30 + 0
σ 1,2 = ±R= ± 9.434 σ 1,2 = ±R= ± 91.24
2 2 2 2
σ1 = 10.43 MPa ◭ σ 2 = −8.43 MPa ◭ σ1 = 106.2 MPa ◭ σ 2 = −76.2 MPa ◭

τ xy 90
τ xy 8 sin 2θ1 = = = 0.9864
sin 2θ1 = = = 0.8480 R 91.24
R 9.434 σ x − σy 30 − 0
σx − σy −4 − 6 cos 2θ1 = = = 0.1644
cos 2θ1 = = = −0.5300 2R 2(91.24)
2R 2(9.434)
2θ1 = 80.5◦ θ1 = 40.3◦ ◭◭
2θ1 = 122.0◦ θ 1 = 61.0◦ ◭

8.42
8.40 σ x = −10 MPa σy = 0 τ xy = −10 MPa
σ x = σ y = 6 MPa τ xy = −12 MPa σx − σ y σx + σy
= −5 MPa σ̄ = = −5 MPa
s 2 2
2
σx − σ y p
R= + τ 2xy = 02 + (−12)2 = 12 MPa s
2
2

σx − σ y
q
2
τ max = + τ xy2 = (−5) + (−10)2
2
σx + σy 6+6 = 11.18 MPa ◭
σ 1,2 = ±R = ± 12 = 6 ± 12 MPa
2 2
σ1 = 18 MPa ◭ σ y = −6 MPa ◭ σx − σy −5
tan 2θ = − =− = −0.50
2τ xy −10
τ xy σx − σy 2θ = −26.57◦ θ = −13.28◦ ◭
sin 2θ1 = = −1.0 cos 2θ1 = =0
R 2R
2θ1 = −90◦ θ1 = −45◦ ◭ σx − σ y
τ x′ y ′ = − sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ
6 MPa 2
= −(−5) sin(−26.57◦) + (−10) cos(−26.57◦)
= −11.18 MPa
45o
18 MPa

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8.43 8.45
σ x = −30 MPa σ y = 30 MPa τ xy = −40 MPa σ x = 4 MPa σ y = −6 MPa τ xy = 3 MPa
σx − σ y σx + σy σx − σ y σx + σ y
= −30 MPa σ̄ = =0 = 5 MPa σ̄ = = −1 MPa
2 2 2 2
s 2 s
σx − σ y
q 2
τ max = + τ xy2 = (−30)2 + (−40)2 σx − σy p
2 τ max = + τ xy2 = 52 + 32 = 5.83 MPa ◭
2
= 50 MPa ◭ σx − σy −5.0
tan 2θ = − =− = −1.6667
2τ xy 3
σx − σy −30
tan 2θ = − =− = −0.75 2θ = −59.04◦ θ = −29.5◦ ◭
2τ xy −40
2θ = −36.87◦ θ = −18.43◦ ◭
σx − σy
τ x′ y ′ = − sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ
σx − σy 2
τ x′ y ′ = − sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ = −5.0 sin(−59.04◦) + 3 cos(−59.04◦) = +5.83 MPa
2
= −(−30) sin(−36.87◦) + (−40) cos(−36.87◦)
= −50 MPa

8.46
8.44 R=
p
102 + 102 = 14.14 MPa ◭ σ̄ = 0 ◭
σ x = 70 MPa σ y = 50 MPa τ xy = 30 MPa
s s
 2  2
σx − σ y 70 − 50
τ max = + τ 2xy = + 302
2 2
= 31.6 MPa ◭

σx − σ y 70 − 50
tan 2θ = − =− = −0.3333
2τ xy 2(30)
2θ = −18.435◦ θ = −9.22◦ ◭ 8.47
R = 10 MPa ◭ σ̄ = −10 MPa ◭
σx − σy
τ x′ y ′ = − sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ
2
70 − 50
= − sin(−18.435◦) + 30 cos(−18.435◦)
2
= 31.6 MPa
60 MPa

31.6 MPa

9.22o
60 MPa

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8.48 8.52
R=0 ◭ σ̄ = −p ◭

8.49 60 MPa t σ x′ = −8 − 10 cos 30◦ = −16.66 MPa ◭

x σ y′ = −8 + 10 cos 30◦ = 0.66 MPa ◭
y
30 τ x′ y′ = 10 sin 30◦ = 5.0 MPa ◭
20 MPa −60 −20
x s
20
30 R
30 MPa y

Stresses in MPa
p 8.53 t
R= 402 + 302 = 50 MPa ◭ σ̄ = −20 MPa ◭ y' 10
50

60
52.0
8.50 y 20 60° x
s
x
−40 80
120° 60°
σ x′ = −8 sin 60◦ = −6.93 MPa ◭
σ y′ = 8 sin 60◦ = 6.93 MPa ◭ x'
x' Stresses in MPa
τ x′ y′ = 8 cos 60◦ = 4.0 MPa ◭
σ x′ = 20 − 60 cos 60◦ = −10 MPa ◭
σ y′ = 20 + 60 cos 60◦ = 50 MPa ◭
τ x′ y′ = 60 sin 60◦ = 52.0 MPa ◭

8.54 x'
t
4.33
8.51 0.33
5.88

x 50° R y'
2 α 8 s
−4 2 2 x' 25°
y

y'

p
p R = 62 + 22 = 6.325 MPa
R = 602 + 402 = 72.11 MPa 2
40 α = tan−1 = 18.43◦
a = 90◦ − tan−1 = 56.31◦ 6
60 σ x′ = 2 − 6.325 cos(50◦ + 18.43◦ ) = −0.33 MPa ◭
σ y′ = 2 + 6.325 cos(50◦ + 18.43◦ ) = 4.33 MPa ◭
σ x′ = 72.11 cos 56.31◦ = 40.0 MPa ◭
τ x′ y′ = 6.325 sin(50◦ + 18.43◦) = 5.88 MPa ◭
σ y′ = −σ x′ = −40.0 MPa ◭
τ x′ y′ = 72.11 sin 56.31◦ = 60.0 MPa ◭

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8.55 8.57

p
R = 352 + 302 = 46.10 MPa (a)
30
α = 180◦ − 110◦ − tan−1 = 29.40◦ p √
35 R = 22 + 62 = 40 MPa
6
2θ1 = tan−1 = 71.57◦ θ1 = 35.8◦
σ x′ = 25 + 46.10 cos 29.40◦ = 65.2 MPa ◭ 2
σ y′ = 25 − 46.10 cos 29.40◦ = −15.2 MPa ◭ √
τ x′ y′ = 46.10 sin 29.40◦) = 22.6 MPa ◭ σ 1 = −6 + 40 = 0.32 MPa ◭
√
σ 2 = −6 − 40 = −12.33 MPa ◭

(b) √
8.56 τ max = R = 40 = 6.32 MPa ◭

8.58

p
R = 252 + 802 = 83.82 MPa
80
α = 120◦ − tan−1 = 47.35◦
25
(a)
σ x′ = −25 − 83.82 cos 47.35◦ = −81.8 MPa ◭ p √
σ y′ = −25 + 83.82 cos 47.35◦ = 31.8 MPa ◭ R = 62 + 62 = 72 MPa
6
τ x′ y′ = 83.82 sin 47.35◦ ) = 61.7 MPa ◭ 2θ1 = tan−1 = 45◦ θ 1 = 22.5◦ ◭
6

√
σ 1 = −2 + 72 = 6.49 MPa ◭
√
σ 2 = −2 − 72 = −10.49 MPa ◭

(b) √
τ max = R = 72 = 8.49 MPa ◭

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8.59 (a)
115.6 85.6 p
t R = 402 + 302 = 50 MPa
y 31.7° 30
2θ2 = tan−1 = 36.87◦ θ 2 = 18.4◦ ◭
40
90 R tmax
σ 1 = 40 + 50 = 90 MPa ◭
30 s 15 σ 2 = 40 − 50 = −10 MPa ◭
2 −60 −15 1
2q1 76.7°
15
(b)
90
τ max = R = 50 MPa ◭
x 100.6

Stresses in MPa
(a) 8.62
p
R = 452 + 902 = 100.6 MPa (a) Transform the shear stress due to the second loading to
90 the xy-axes:
2θ1 = tan−1 = 63.4◦ θ1 = 31.7◦ ◭
45
σ 1 = −15 + 100.6 = 85.6 MPa ◭
σ 2 = −15 − 100.6 = −115.6 MPa ◭

(b)
τ max = R = 100.6 MPa ◭

8.60

σ x = 4 sin 60◦ = 3.464 MPa σ y = −σ x = −3.464 MPa

◦
τ xy = 4 cos 60 = 2 MPa
Superimpose the stresses acting on the xy-planes caused
by the two loadings:

(a) σ x = 0 + 3.464 = 3.464 MPa

p √ σ y = 0 − 3.464 = −3.464 MPa
R = 62 + 42 = 52 MPa
τ xy = 3 + 2 = 5 MPa
4
2θ2 = 180◦ − tan−1 = 146.31◦ θ2 = 73.2◦ ◭
√ 6
σ 1 = −12 + 52 = −4.79 MPa ◭
√
σ 2 = −12 − 52 = −19.21 MPa ◭

(b) √
τ max = R = 52 = 7.21 MPa ◭

8.61
p
R = 3.4642 + 52 = 6.083 MPa
5
2θ1 = tan−1 = 55.29◦ θ 1 = 27.6◦ ◭
3.464
σ1 = R = 6.08 MPa ◭ σ 2 = −R = −6.08 MPa ◭

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8.63 8.64
(a) Transform the shear stress due to the second loading to Stress state (b):
the xy-axes: 20
x t y'

x'
90° 45°
y' x'
s
−20 −10
10
20
y
y
10
x

σ x = 4 MPa σ y = −4 MPa τ xy = 0 Stresses in MPa

Superimposing stress states (a) and (b):
Superimpose the stresses acting on the xy-planes caused
30
by the two loadings:
20
y
σ x = 0 + 4 = 4 MPa ◭ σ y = 0 − 4 = −4 MPa ◭ t
10
x
τ xy = 3 + 0 = 3 MPa ◭ x

(b) 20 R
2 30 1 38.3
−10 10 45°
20
22.5°
y x
18.3

Stresses in MPa

p
p R = 202 + 202 = 28.3 MPa
R = 42 + 32 = 5 MPa σ 1 = 10 + 28.3 = 38.3 MPa ◭
3 σ 2 = 10 − 28.3 = −18.3 MPa ◭
2θ1 = tan−1 = 36.87◦ θ1 = 18.4◦ ◭
4
σ 1 = R = 5 MPa ◭ σ 2 = −R = −5 MPa ◭ θ2 = 22.5◦ ◭

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8.65 8.68

(a) τ max = 20 MPa ◭ (b) τ abs = 40 MPa ◭

8.69
Plot point x . ◦
Knowing that R = τ max = 10 MPa, construct diameter of
xy-plane
t
tmax = tabs

circle.
There are two ways to draw the circle; hence there are two s
−6 10
solutions. p
AB = 102 − 82 = 6 MPa Stresses
in MPa
(a) τ max = 8 MPa ◭ (b) τ abs = 8 MPa ◭
σ y = 30 ± 2AB = 30 ± 2(6) MPa
σ y = 18 MPa or 42 MPa ◭

8.70

8.66

p
(a) τ max = (75 − 30)2 + 302 = 54.1 MPa ◭
(b) τ abs = τ max = 54.1 MPa ◭
12 + σ x 12 − σ x
σ aa = + cos 60◦ = 4 MPa
2 2
σx = −20 MPa ◭
8.71

8.67

p
(a) τ max = (3.6 − 2.4)2 + 1.22 = 1.697 MPa ◭
(a) τ max = 1.5 MPa ◭ (b) τ abs = 2.5 MPa ◭ 2.4 + τ max 2.4 + 1.697
(b) τ abs = = = 2.05 MPa ◭
2 2

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8.72 8.76

p
(a) τ max = (80 − 55)2 + 152 = 29.2 MPa ◭ 20 + 15
τ abs = = 17.5 MPa ◭
55 + τ max 55 + 29.2 2
(b) τ abs = = = 42.1 MPa ◭
2 2

8.73 y
8.77
xy-plane t

24 tmax
−18 s
−50 −32
Because σ w > 2τ w and |σ max | = 2τ max , shear stress
−25 24
R governs.
1P
x τ max = τ w = τw
2A
(a)
p
R= 242 + 72 = 25 MPa τ max = R = 25 MPa ◭
π (0.06)2
P = 2τ w A = 2 20 × 106
(b) Where are the other two Mohr’s circles that should 4
3
appear in the figure? One coincides with the circle shown, = 113.1 × 10 N = 113.1 kN ◭
the other one is a point at the origin.
Therefore,
τ abs = τ max = 25 MPa ◭
8.78
8.74

τ abs = 10 MPa ◭
P 200 × 103
σx = = = 40 × 106 Pa = 40 MPa
A 0.05 × 0.1
8.75 t
yz-plane Let the x′ -axis be perpedicular to the plane of the joint.
xy-plane
From Mohr’s circle:
tabs zx-plane

s
−10 10 20 σ x′ = 20 − 20 cos 80◦ = 16.53 MPa ◭
τ x′ y′ = 20 sin 80◦ = 19.70 MPa ◭

Stresses in MPa
20 − (−10)
τ abs = = 15 MPa ◭
2

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8.79 8.81

For thin-walled tube: P 600 × 103

σx = − =− = −0.0530×103 MPa = −53 MPa
2 A π(120)2 /4
πD3 t

D
J = AR2 = (πDt) = Assuming that shear stress govens:
2 4
π(1.5 × 1000)3(8) τ max = τ w R = 60 MPa
= = 21.2 × 109 mm4
4
Assuming that normal stress governs:

TR (3000 × 1000)(.75 × 1000) 53

τ xy = = = 0.1061 GPa |σ|max = σ w + R = 78
J 21.2 × 109 2
= 106.1 MPa R = 51.5 MPa ◭ use
s  2
53
From Mohr’s circle: τ xy = 51.52 − = 44.2 MPa
2
σ x′ = 106.1 sin 40◦ = 68.2 MPa ◭ πd3 rxy π(120)3 (44.2)
T = = = 14996.7 kN · mm
τ x′ y′ = 106.1 cos 40◦ = 81.3 MPa ◭ 16 16
2πN T 2π(250)(14996.7) × (10−3 )
P= = = 392.6 kw
60 60

8.80 8.82

π 2 π
A = (D − d2 ) = (902 − 752 ) = 1943.86 mm2
4 4
P 600 × 103 P 108000
σx = − =− = −76.39 × 106 Pa σl = − = − = −55.6 MPa
A π(0.1)2 /4 A 1943.86 
= −76.39 MPa

θ 0.8π/180
dθ θ

1.5π/180
 τ cl = G r = (84 × 103 ) (45) = 10.6 MPa
τ xy = G r = G r = (80 × 109 ) (0.05) L 5000
dx L 8
= 13.09 × 106 Pa = 13.09 MPa
r 
σl σ 2 l
σ 1,2 = ± + τ 2cl
2 2
s 2
55.6 55.6
= − − + 10.62
s 2
76.39 2 2
τ max = + 13.092 = 40.4 MPa ◭
2 |σ|max = |σ 2 | = 57.6 MPa ◭
76.39 r  s 2
|σ|max = + 40.4 = 78.6 MPa ◭ σl 2 2 55.6
2 τ max = + τ cl = + 10.62
2 2
= 29.8 MPa ◭

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8.83 8.85
P 2.5 × 103
T = = = 198.94 N · m
2πf 2π(2)
tcl
c
l sl

32M 32(5500 × 103 )

σy = = = 76.8 MPa
πd3 π(90)3
P 50 × 103
σl = − = − = −70.36 × 106 Pa Assuming that shear stress governs:
πd2 /4 π(0.03)2 /4
= −70.36 MPa τ max = τ w R = 112 MPa
16T 16(198.94) Assuming that normal stress governs:
τ cl = 3
= = 37.53 × 106 Pa = 37.53 MPa
πd π(0.03)3 76.8
σ max = σ w + R = 108
2
σl
r 
σ 2 R = 69.6 MPa ◭ (use)
l
σ 1,2 = ± + τ 2cl s 2
2 2

76.8
s 2 τ xy = 69.62 − = 58 MPa
70.36 70.36 2
= − ± − + 37.532
2 2 πd3 τ xy π(90)3 (58)
T = = = 8302 kN · mm
|σ|max = |σ 2 | = 86.6 MPa ◭ 16 16
8.86

8.84 z
M
V
T
x y
At cross section A:
At the critical point B:
M = (16 + 8.4)(0.24) = 5.856 kN · m 32M 4P
σy = + 2
T = (16 − 8.4)(0.3) = 2.28 kN · m πd3 πd
32(125 × 103 )(0.02) 4(125 × 103 )
Stresses acting on the element shown: = +
π(0.08)3 π(0.08)2
M 5.865 59.74 = 74.60 × 106 Pa = 74.60 MPa
σz = = = kPa
S πd3 /32 d3 Assuming that shear stress governs:
16T 16(2.28) 11.612
τ zx = 3
= 3
= kPa τ max = τ w R = 80 MPa
πd πd d3
Assuming that normal stress governs:
r 
σz 2
τ max = + τ 2zx
2 74.60
σ max = σ w + R = 100
1p 2
80 × 103 = 59.742 + 11.6122 R = 62.70 MPa ⊳ use
d3
d = 0.0913 m = 91.3 mm ◭ s  2
74.60
τ xy = 62.702 − = 50.40 MPa
2
πd3 τ xy π(0.08)3 (50.40 × 106 )
T = = = 5070 N · m ◭
16 16

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8.87 8.89

16T 16(9 × 103 )

At the critical point B: τ xy = = = 45.84 × 106 Pa = 45.84 MPa
πd3 π(0.1)3
32M 32(1.2 × 103 )
σx = = = 97.78 × 106 Pa = 97.78 MPa At point A:
πd3 π(0.05)3
Assuming that shear stress governs: 4P 32M 4(160 × 103 ) 32(6 × 103 )
σx = + = +
πd2 πd3 π(0.1)2 π(0.1)3
τ max = τ w R = 80 MPa ◭ (use)
= 81.49 × 106 Pa = 81.49 MPa
Assuming that normal stress governs:
97.78 s
σ max = σ w + R = 140 81.49
2
2 τ max = + 45.842 = 61.3 MPa ◭
R = 91.11 MPa 2
s 81.49

97.78
2 σT = + 61.3 = 102.0 MPa ◭
τ xy = 802 − = 63.32 MPa 2
2
πd3 τ xy π(0.05)3 (63.32 × 106 )
T = = = 1554 N · m ◭
16 16

8.88

At point B:

4P 32M 4(160 × 103 ) 32(6 × 103 )

σx = − = −
πd2 πd3 π(0.1)2 π(0.1)3
= −40.74 × 106 Pa = −40.74 MPa
At the critical point C:

4M 4(2 × 103 )(1.2) 9600 s 

σx = = = Pa 40.74
πr3 πr3 πr3 τ max = + 45.842 = 50.2 MPa
3 2
2T 2(2 × 10 )(1.5) 6000
τ xy = 3
= 3
= Pa 40.74
πr πr πr3 σC = + 50.2 = 70.6 MPa ◭
p
(9600/2)2 + 60002 7684 2
τ max = 3
= Pa
πr πr3
Assuming that shear stress governs:
7684
τ max = τ w = 60 × 106 r = 0.0344 m
πr3
Assuming that normal stress governs:
9600/2 + 7684
σ max = σ w = 120 × 106
πr3
r = 0.0321 m = 32.1 mm ◭

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π π
8.90 J = (D4 − d4 ) = (4804 − 4504 ) = 1.1857 × 109 mm4
32 32
J 1.1857 × 109
I = = = 0.5929 × 109 mm4
2 2
D 480
r = −t= − 15 = 225 mm (inner radius)
2 2
At the critical point B:

pr 5(225)
σc = = = 75 MPa
At the section containing A and B: t 15
pr M (D/2) 5(225) (30 × 106 )(480/2)
V = 2.5 kN M = 2.5(0.8) = 2.0 kN · m σl = + = +
2t I 2(15) 0.5929 × 109
T = 2.5(0.6) = 1.5 kN · m = 49.6 MPa
T (D/2) (120 × 106)(480/2)
Considering the cross section as a difference of the outer τ lc = = = 24.3 MPa
J 1.1857 × 109
160-mm and the inner 150-mm squares:
From Mohr’s circles:
0.164 − 0.154
I = = 12.426 × 10−6 m4 s 2
12 75 − 49.6
Q = (0.16 × 0.08)(0.04) − (0.15 × 0.075)(0.0375) R = + 24.32 = 27.4 MPa
2
= 90.125 × 10−6 m3 75 + 49.6
σ max = + 27.4 = 89.7 MPa ◭
At point A: 2
σ max 89.7
τ abs = = = 44.85 MPa
Mc (2.0 × 103 )(0.08) 2 2
σ = = = 12.876 × 106 Pa
I 12.426 × 10−6
T 1.5 × 103
τ = = = 6.244 × 106 Pa
2A0 t 2(0.155)2 (0.005)
(A0 is the area enlosed by the median line)
8.92
r  s 2
σ 2 12.876
τ max = + τ2 = + 6.2442 × 106
2 2
= 8.97 × 106 Pa = 8.97 MPa ◭

At point B:
T VQ pr pr
σ max = τ = + σc = σt =
2A0 t I(2t) t 2t
(2.5 × 103 )(90.125 × 10−6 ) From Mohr’s circles:
= 6.244 × 106 +
(12.426 × 10−6 )(2 × 0.005) pr pr
= 8.06 × 106 Pa = 8.06 MPa ◭ σ max = τ abs =
t 2t
Because σ w > 2τ w , shear stress governs.
pr 2r
τ abs = τ w = τw = 30
8.91 2t 2(15)
r = 450 mm d = 2r = 900 mm (inner dia.) ◭

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8.93

Assume that normal stress governs:

π π
A = (D2 − d2 ) = (6002 − 5702 ) = 27567.5 mm2
4 4 s 2
D 600 43.5 + 21.75 43.5 − 21.75 2
r = −t= − 15 = 285 mm (inner radius) σw = σ 1 100 = + + rℓc
2 2 2 2
τ ℓc = 66.5 MPa
pr 1.5(285)
σc = = = 28.5 MPa
t 15
Assume that shear stress governs:
pr P 1.5(285) 120 × 103
σℓ = + = + = 18.6 MPa
2t A 2(15) 27567.5
s 2
43.5 − 21.75 2
28.5 τ w = τ max 50 = + rℓc
σ max = 28.5 MPa ◭ τ abs = = 14.25 MPa 2
2
τ ℓc = 48.8 MPa ⇐= (use)
τ ℓc J 48.8(439.7 × 106 )
T = = = 119.2 kN · m ◭
r 180
8.94

8.96 t
c

weld
From the solution to Prob. 8.93: tcl c b
l 16 174
s
a
A = 27567.5 mm2 r = 285 mm (inner radius) 60°

10 020
sl
R

pr 0.9(285) l
σc = = = 17.1 MPa
t 15
pr P 0.9(285) (−300 × 103 ) P 200
σℓ = + = + = −2.33 MPa σl = = = 16 174 Pa
2t A 2(15) 27567.5 A π(0.5 − 0.4842 )/4
2

17.1 + 2.33 16T D 16(30)(0.5)

σ max = 17.1 MPa ◭ τ max = = 9.7 MPa τ cl = = = 10 020 Pa
2 π(D4 − d4 ) π(0.54 − 0.4844 )

s 2
16 174
R = + 10 0202 = 12 876 Pa
8.95 2
10 020
α = sin−1 = 51.10◦
J = Ar̄2 = (2πr̄t)r̄2 = 2πr̄3 t = 2π(180)3 (12) 12 876
= 439.7 × 106 mm4 β = 60◦ − 51.10◦ = 8.90·
pri 3(180 − 12/2) 16 174
σc = + = 43.5 MPa σ weld = + 12 876 cos 8.90◦
t 12 2
σc = 20 800 Pa = 20.8 kPa ◭
σℓ = = 21.75 MPa
2

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8.97 M2 M 8.99
A
t
T M1

The highest stresses occur at point A located at the

support. The stress resultants at the support are

M1 = 120(0.2) = 24 N · m
M2 = 180(0.2) = 36 N · m
p
M = 242 + 362 = 43.27 N · m
T = 120(0.15) = 18 N · m

The corresponding stresses at point A are At the critical section, which is just to the left of C:
p
32M 32(43.27) M = 12002 + 3002 = 1236.9 N · m
σ= 3
= = 130.59 × 106 Pa = 130.59 MPa
πd π(0.015)3 T = 300 N · m
16T 16(18)
τ= = = 27.16 × 106 Pa = 27.16 MPa
πd3 π(0.015)3
32M 32(1236.9)
s 2
= 100.79 × 106 Pa
r 
σ σ 2 130.59 130.59 σx = 3
=
σ1 = + 2
+τ = + + 27.162 πd π(0.05)3
2 2 2 2
= 100.79 MPa
= 136.0 MPa ◭ 16T 16(300)
τ xy = = = 12.22 × 106 Pa = 12.22 MPa
πd3 π(0.05)3

s
r  2
8.98

σ x 2
100.79
τ max = + = rxy + 12.222
2 2
= 51.9 MPa ◭
σx 100.79
σ max = + τ max = + 51.9 = 102.3 MPa ◭
2 2

8.100
At the critical section, which is just to the left of C:

M = 1500 N · m T = 300 N · m
32M 16T
σx − 3
τ xy =
πs πd3

r 
σ x 2 =
16 p 2
τ max = + rxy M + T2
2 πd3 32M 16T
16 σx = τ xy =
πd3 πd3
p
80 × 106 = 15002 + 3002
πd3
d = 0.0460 m = 46.0 mm ◭ r 
σ x 16 p 2
τ max = + τ 2xy = M + T2
2 πd3
σx 16 p
σ max = + τ max = 3
[M + M 2 + T 2 ]
2 πd

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Assuming that stresses at section B govern:

16 p
8.102
10 = 1762 + 542 d = 4.5 mm
πd3
16  p 
25 = 3
176 + 1762 + 542 d = 4.2 mm
πd
bh3 20(120)3
Assuming that stresses at section D govern: I= = = 2.88 × 106 mm4 = 2.88 × 10−6 m4
12 12
16 p Q = A′ ȳ ′ = (20 × 40)(40) = 32 × 103 mm3 = 32 × 10−6 m3
10 = 1202 + 1802 d = 4.8 mm ◭
πd3
16  p
2 + 1802

25 = 120 + 120 d = 4.1 mm
πd3 MyB P (30000 × 0.3)(0.02) 40000
σx = − + =− +
I A 2.88 × 10−6 0.02 × 0.12
= −45.83 × 106 Pa
8.101 VQ 30000(32 × 10−6 )
τ xy = = = 16.67 × 106 Pa
Ib (2.88 × 10−6 )(0.02)

From Mohr’s circle:

bh3 20(120)3
s 2
I= = = 2.88 × 106 mm4 = 2.88 × 10−6 m4 45.83
12 12 R = + 16.672 = 28.34 MPa ◭
2
Q = A′ ȳ ′ = (20 × 40)(40) = 32 × 103 mm3 = 32 × 10−6 m3
16.67
2α = 60◦ − sin−1 = 23.97◦
28.34
M yA P (30000 × 0.25)(0.02) 40000
σx = + = +
I A 2.88 × 10 −6 0.02 × 0.12 45.83
σ y′ = − + 28.34 cos 23.97◦ = 2.98 MPa ◭
= 68.75 × 106 Pa 2
VQ 30000(32 × 10−6 ) τ x′ y ′ = 28.34 sin 23.97◦ = 11.51 MPa ◭
τ xy = = = 16.67 × 106 Pa
Ib (2.88 × 10−6 )(0.02)

From Mohr’s circle:

s
 2
68.75
τ max = R = + 16.672 = 38.20 MPa ◭
2
68.75
σ1 = + 38.20 = 72.6 MPa ◭
2
68.75
σ2 = − 38.20 = −3.8 MPa ◭
2
16.67
2θ1 = sin−1 2θ1 = 25.87◦ θ 1 = 12.9◦ ◭
38.20

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From Mohr’s circle:

8.103 s
27.90
2
R = + 6.012 = 15.190 MPa
2
6.01
2θ1 = sin−1 = 23.31◦ θ1 = 11.7◦ ◭
P 4P 4(180) 15.190
σx = = 2
= = 15.9 MPa
A πd π(120)2
27.90
16T 16(6 × 106 ) σ1 = + 15.190 = 29.1 MPa ◭
τ xy = 3
= = 17.7 MPa 2
πd π(120)3 27.90
σ2 = − 15.190 = −1.24 MPa ◭
From Mohr’s circle: 2
s
 2
15.9
R = + 17.72 = 19.4 MPa
2
17.7
2α = 70 − sin−1 = 4.16◦
19.4
15.9
σ ′y = − 19.4 cos 4.16◦ = −11.4 MPa ◭
2
τ x′ y′ = 19.4 sin 4.16◦ = 1.4 MPa

8.105

See solution of Prob. 8.104 for Mohr’s circle.

τ max = R = 15.19 MPa ◭
8.104 27.90
σ̄ = = 13.95 MPa
2

200(300)3 180(260)3
8.106
I = − = 186.36 × 106 mm4
12 12
= 186.36 × 10−6 m4
Q = (200 × 20)(140) = 560 × 103 mm3 = 560 × 10−6 m3
From FBD of end-plate, the net axial force on cylinder is
π(300)2
M yA 3
(40 × 10 )(0.13) P =2 − 4(40 × 103 ) = −18628.3 N
σx = = = 27.90 × 106 Pa 4
I 186.36 × 10−6
VQ (40 × 103 )(560 × 10−6 ) P 18628.3
τ x′ y ′ = = = 6.01 × 106 Pa σℓ = =− = −2.57 MPa
Ib (186.36 × 10−6 )(0.02) A π(3152 − 3002 )/4
pr 2(150)
σc = = = 40 MPa
t 7.5
Note that σ ℓ and σ c have opposite signs. Therefore,
σ c − σℓ 40 − (−2.57)
τ max = = = 21.3 MPa ◭
2 2

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into the expression for σ̄, we obtain

8.107 1 E 1 E
σ̄ = [(1 + ν)(εx + νεy )] = (εx + εy )
2 1 − ν2 21−ν
E
= ε̄ Q.E.D.
1−ν
Working stresses are: (σ T )w = 40 MPa, (σ C )w = 28 MPa,
and τ w = 22 MPa. From the above FBD of an end-plate,
the net axial force is
π (300)
2
8.109
P = p − 160 000 = 70685.8p − 140 000
4

P 70685.8p − 16 0000
σt = = = 9.756p − 19.3 MPa
A π (3152 − 3002 ) /4
pr p (150) Equation (f) of Art. 8.9 is
σc = = = 20p
t 7.5
β = εy sin θ cos θ − εx sin θ cos θ − γ xy sin2 θ
Assume longitudinal stress governs:
When p = 0, σ l = 19.3 MPa (compression)< (σ C )w . With εx = ε2 , εy = ε1 and γ xy = 0, this becomes
Therefore, σ l will not cause the cylinder to fail.
ε1 − ε2
β = (ε1 − ε2 ) sin θ cos θ = sin 2θ
Assume circumferential stress governs: 2
σ c = 20p = 40 p = 2 MPa From Mohr’s circle:
γ x′ y ′ ε1 − ε2
Assume shear stress governs: = sin 2θ = β Q.E.D.
2 2
σ c − σl 20p − (9.756p − 19.3)
τ max = = 22
2 2
p = 6.2 MPa ◭
8.110

8.108
The radii of the stress and strain circles are
γ
Rσ = τ max Rε = max From Mohr’s circle for strain:
2
s
But according to Hooke’s law −500 − 260
2
Rε = + 3602 × 10−6 = 523.5 × 10−6
E 2
τ max = Gγ max = γ
2(1 + v) max −500 + 260
ε̄ = × 10−6 = −120 × 10−6
2
Therefore,
E E E
200 × 109
Rσ = γ = Rε Q.E.D. Rσ = Rε = 523.5 × 10−6
2(1 + v) max 1 + v 1+ν 1 + 0.3
The centers of the stress and strain circles are located at = 80.54 × 106 Pa = 80.54 MPa
E 200 × 109
1 1 σ̄ = ε̄ = (−120 × 10−6 )
σ̄ = (σ x + σ y ) ε̄ = (εx + εy ) 1−ν 1 − 0.3
2 2
= −34.29 × 10−6 Pa = −34.29 MPa
Substituting Hooke’s law
σ 1 = σ̄ + Rσ = −34.29 + 80.54 = 46.25 MPa ◭
E E σ 2 = σ̄ − Rσ = −34.29 − 80.54 = −114.83 MPa ◭
σx = (εx + vεy ) σy = (εy + vεx )
1 − v2 1 − v2

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8.111 8.113

From Mohr’s circle for strain: From Mohr’s circle for strain:
s
 2
800 + 400
s 2
Rε = + 3002 × 10−6 = 670.8 × 10−6 800 + 200
2 Rε = + 4002 × 10−6 = 640.3 × 10−6
2
800 − 400
ε̄ = × 10−6 = 200 × 10−6 200 − 800
2 ε̄ = × 10−6 = −300 × 10−6
2
E
200 × 103 400
Rσ = Rε = 670.8 × 10−6 = 103.2 MPa 2θ = sin−1 = 38.66◦
1+ν 1 + 0.3 640.3
E 200 × 103
σ̄ = ε̄ = (200 × 10−6 ) = 57.1 MPa
1−ν 1 − 0.3 E 200 × 109
σ 1 = σ̄ + Rσ = 57.1 + 103.2 = 160.3 MPa ◭ Rσ = Rε = (640.3 × 10−6 )
1+v 1 + 0.3
σ 2 = σ̄ − Rσ = 57.1 − 103.2 = −46.1 MPa ◭ 6
= 98.51 × 10 Pa = 98.51 MPa
E 200 × 109
σ̄ = ε̄ = (−300 × 10−6 )
1−ν 1 − 0.3
6
= −85.71 × 10 Pa = −85.71MPa
8.112 g /2 t
y' From Mohr’s circle for stress:
x x
68
.2
270 Re
2q 84 37.49°
e 90° s σ x′ = −85.71 − 98.51 cos 1.34◦ = −184.2 MPa ◭
−620
52.51°
τ x′ y′ = 98.51 sin 1.34◦ = 2.3 MPa ◭
e-
y y
x'
Units: 10−6 Units: MPa 76.6
s
620 + 84
2
8.114
Rε = + 2702 × 10−6 = 443.6 × 10−6
2
84 − 620
ε̄ = × 10−6 = −268 × 10−6
2
270 By inspection, we have for the 45◦ rosette θb = 45◦ and
2θ = sin−1 = 37.49◦
443.6 εx = εα εy = εc Q.E.D.
E
200 × 103
Rσ = Rε = 443.6 × 0−6 = 68.2 MPa Equation (b) of Art. 8.10 is
1+ν 1 + 0.3
E 200 × 103 εx + εy εx − εy γ xy
σ̄ = ε̄ = (−268 × 10−6 ) = 76.6 MPa εb = + cos 2θb + sin 2θb
1−ν 1 − 0.3 2 2 2
σ x′ = −76.6 − 68.2 cos 52.51◦ = −118.1 MPa ◭ εa + εc εa − εc γ xy
= + cos 90◦ + sin 90◦
τ x′ y′ = 76.6 sin 52.51◦ = 60.8 MPa ◭ 2 2 2
εa + εc γ xy
= +
60.8 MPa 118.1 MPa 2 2
45° γ xy εa + εc
= εb − Q.E.D.
2 2

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8.115 8.117

By inspection, we have for the 60◦ rosette θb = 60θ ,

θc = 120◦ and

εa = εx Q.E.D.

Equation (b) of Art. 8.10 is: State of strain:

εx + εy εx − εy γ xy εx = εa = 160 × 10−6
εb = + cos 2θb + sin 2θb
2 2 2 2εb + 2εc − εa 2(−220) + 2(360) − 160
εa + εy εa − εy γ xy εy = = × 10−6
= + cos 120◦ + sin 120◦ 3 3
2 2 2 = 40 × 10−6
√ γ xy εb − εc −220 − 360
Substituting cos 120◦ = −1/2 and sin 120◦ = 3/2, we get = √ = √ × 10−6 = −334.9 × 10−6
2 3 3
1 √
εb = (εa + 3εy + 3γ xy ) (a) From Mohr’s circle for strain:
4
s 2
Equation (c) of Art. 8.10 yields 160 − 40
Rε = + (−334.9)2 × 10−6 = 340.2 × 10−6
γ xy 2
εx + εy εx − εy
εc = + cos 2θc + sin 2θc 40 + 160
2 2 2 ε̄ = × 10−6 = 100
εa + εy εa − εy γ xy 2
= + cos 240◦ + sin 240◦
2 2 2
√ E
70 × 103
With cos 240◦ = −1/2 and sin 240◦ = − 3/2, this becomes Rσ = Rε = 340.2 × 10−6 = 18.3 MPa
1+ν 1 + 0.3
1 √ 
E 70 × 103
εc = εa + 3εy − 3γ xy (b) σ̄ = ε̄ = (100 × 10−6 ) = 5.4 MPa
4 1−ν 1 + 0.3
σ 1 = σ̄ + Rσ = 5.4 + 18.3 = 23.7 MPa ◭
Adding Eqs. (a) and (b), we get
σ 2 = σ̄ − Rσ = 5.4 − 18.3 = −12.9 MPa ◭
1 2εb + 2εc − εa τ max = Rσ = 18.3 MPa ◭
εb + εc = (εa + 3εy ) εy = Q.E.D.
2 3
Subtracting Eq. (b) from Eq. (a) yields
√
3 γ xy εb − εc
εb − εc = γ = √ Q.E.D. 8.118
2 xy 2 3

8.116
Equations (8.19) are
State of strain:
εa + εc
εx = εa εy = εc γ xy = εb − εx = εa = 340 × 10−6
2
2εb + 2εc − εa 2(−550) + 2(−180) − 340
If gages a and c are aligned with the principal directions, εy = = × 10−6
3 3
then γ xy = 0 and the third equation yields
= −600 × 10−6
εa + εc γ xy εb − εc −550 − (−180)
εb = ◭ = √ = √ × 10−6 = −213.6 × 10−6
2 2 3 3

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From Mohr’s circle for strain:

s 2 σ 1 = σ̄ + Rσ = 61.43 + 83.25 = 144.7 MPa ◭
340 + 600 σ 2 = σ̄ − Rσ = 61.43 − 83.25 = −21.8 MPa ◭
Rε = + 213.62 × 10−6 = 516.2 × 10−6
2
340 − 600
ε̄ = × 10−6 = −130 × 10−6
2

E
70 × 103
Rσ = Rε = 516.2 × 10−6 = 27.8 MPa
1+ν 1 + 0.3
E 70 × 103
σ̄ = ε̄ = (−130 × 10−6 ) = −13 MPa
1−ν 1 − 0.3
σ 1 = σ̄ + Rσ = −13 + 27.8 = 14.8 MPa ◭ 8.120
σ 2 = σ̄ − Rσ = −13 − 27.8 = −40.8 MPa ◭
τ max = Rσ = 27.8 MPa ◭

8.119
εx = εa = 300 × 10−6 εy = εc = 100 × 10−6
γ xy
 
εa + εc 300 + 100
= εb − = 600 − × 106
2 2 2
= 400 × 10−6

State of strain: From Mohr’s circle for strain:

s 2
εx = εa = 550 × 10−6 300 − 100
Rε = + 4002 × 10−6 = 412.3 × 10−6
2
εy = εc = −120 × 10−6
300 + 100
γ xy × 10−6 = 200 × 10−6
 
εa + εc 550 + (−120) ε̄ =
= εb − = −210 − × 10−6 2
2 2 2 400
= −425 × 10−6 2θ1 = sin−1 = 75.97◦ θ1 = 38.0◦ ◭
412.3
From Mohr’s circle for strain:
E 200 × 109
= (412.3 × 10−6 )
s 2 Rσ = Rε
550 + 120 1+ν 1 + 0.3
Rε = + 4252 × 10−6 = 541.1 × 10−6 6
2 = 63.43 × 10 Pa = 63.43MPa
550 − 120 E 200 × 109
ε̄ = × 10−6 = 215 × 10−6 σ̄ = ε̄ = (200 × 10−6 )
2 1−ν 1 − 0.3
425 = 57.14 × 106 Pa = 57.14 MPa
2θ1 = sin−1 = 51.76◦
541.1
From Mohr’s circle for stress:
E
200 × 109
Rσ = Rε = 541.1 × 10−6 σ 1 = σ̄ + Rσ = 57.14 + 63.43 = 120.6 MPa ◭
1+ν 1 + 0.3
= 83.25 × 10−6 Pa = 83.25 MPa σ 2 = σ̄ − Rσ = 57.14 − 63.43 = −6.3 MPa ◭
E 200 × 109
σ̄ = ε̄ = (215 × 10−6 )
1−ν 1 − 0.3
= 61.43 × 10−6 Pa = 61.43 MPa

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8.121 8.123

εx = εa = 300 × 10−6 Components of the load are

2εb + 2εc − εa 2(−400) + 2(100) − 300
εy = = × 10−6 Px = 4000 cos 15◦ = 3864 N
3 3
= −300 × 10−6 Py = 4000 sin 15◦ = 1035 N
γ xy εb − εc −400 − 100
= √ = √ × 10−6 = −288.7 × 10−6 From FBD of beam:
2 3 3
From Mohr’s circle for strain: ΣMB = 0 6RA + 0.375 (3864) − 4 (1035) = 0
p ΣFx = 0 3864 − Bx = 0
Rε = 3002 + 288.72 × 10−6 = 416.4 × 10−6 ΣFy = 0 By + RA − 1035 = 0
288.7
2θ1 = sin−1 = 43.89◦ θ1 = 21.9◦  ◭
416.4 which yield

RA = 448.5 N Bx = 3864 N By = 586.5 N

E 200 × 109
Rσ = Rε = (416.4 × 10−6 ) On section m-n:
1+ν 1 + 0.3
6
= 64.06 × 10 Pa = 64.06 MPa
P = 3864 N (C) M = 586.5 (3) = 1760 N · m
From Mohr’s circle for stress:
1760 × 103


6M P 6 3864
σ 1 = σ̄ + Rσ = 0 + 64.06 = 64.1 MPa ◭ (σ T )max = 2
− = 2 − 2
bh bh 90 (270) 90 (270)
σ 2 = σ̄ − Rσ = 0 − 64.06 = −64.1 MPa ◭
= 1.6 MPa ◭
1760 × 103


6M P 6 3864
(σ C )max = + = 2 + 2
bh2 bh 90 (270) 90 (270)
= 1.61 MPa ◭

8.122 8.124

Maximum tensile stress, which occurs at B, is:

P M P (P e) P
σB = − + = − 2 + 3 = 3 (−r + 4e) From Mohr’s circle drawn for the limiting case of σ 1 = 0:
A S πr πr /4 πr
p
Setting σ B = 0 yields τ xy = 102 − 52 = 8.66 MPa ◭
r
e= ◭
4

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8.125 8.127

p
R = 502 + 602 = 78.10 MPa
60
= tan−1 = 50.19◦ θ 1 = 25.1◦ ◭
p
2θ1 R = 122 + 42 = 12.649 MPa
50
σ1 = −30 + 78.10 = 48.1 MPa ◭ 12
α = tan−1 = 71.57◦
σ 2 = −30 − 78.10 = −108.1 MPa ◭ 4
β = 100◦ − 71.57◦ = 28.43◦

σ x′ = −4 + 12.649 cos 28.43◦ = 7.12 MPa ◭

8.126 σ y′ = −4 − 12.649 cos 28.43◦ = −15.12 MPa ◭
τ x′ y′ = 12.649 sin 28.43◦ = 6.02 MPa ◭

8.128
Use Mohr’s circle to transform the second state of stress to
xy-coordinates:

σ x = −35 − 65 cos 60◦ = −67.5 MPa

σ y = −35 + 65 cos 60◦ = −2.5 MPa
τ xy = 65 sin 60◦ = 56.3 MPa

Superimposing the two states of stress, we get (a)

p
σ x = −27.5 MPa ◭ σ y = 57.5 MPa ◭ σ x = −20 − 602 − 302 = −72.0 MPa ◭
q p
τ xy = 56.3 MPa ◭ σ y = −σ̄ + R2 − τ 2xy = −20 + 602 − 302
= 32.0 MPa ◭

(b)
30
2θ1 = 180◦ − sin−1 = 150.0◦ θ 1 = 75.0◦ ◭
60

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8.129 8.131

The strain rosette is equivalent to the 60◦ rosette shown.

500
2θ1 = tan−1 = 22.6◦ θ = 11.3◦ ◭
1200 εx = εa = 600 × 10−6
1600 + (−800) 2εb + 2εc − εa
ε̄ = × 10−6 = 400 × 10−6 εy =
s 2 3
 2 2(−110) + 2(200) − 600
1600 + 800 = × 10−6 = −140 × 10−6
Rℓ = + 5002 × 10−6 = 1300 × 10−6 3
2 γ xy εb − εc −110 − 200
E 70 × 103 = √ = √ × 10−6 = −179.0 × 10−6
σ̄ = ε̄ = (400 × 10−6 ) = 38.9 MPa 2 3 3
1−ν 1 − 0.28
E 70 × 103 From Mohr’s circle:
Rσ = Rε = (1300 × 10−6 )
1+ν 1 + 0.28
σ1 = σ̄ + Rσ = 38.9 + 71 = 109.9 MPa 600 − 140
ε̄ = × 10−6 = 230 × 10−6
σ2 = σ̄ − Rσ = 38.9 − 71 = −32.1 MPa s 2
2
600 + 140
R = + 179.02 × 10−6 = 411.0 × 10−6
2
ε1 = ε̄ + R = (230 + 411.0) × 10−6 = 641 × 10−6 ◭
8.130 ε2 = ε̄ − R = (230 − 411.0) × 10−6 = −181 × 10−6 ◭
179.0
2θ1 = tan−1 = 25.8◦ θ1 = 12.9◦  ◭
(600 + 140)/2

8.132
540 + 180
ε̄ = × 10−6 = 360 × 10−6 From Table 5.4, the section modulus of the vessel is
2
R = ε1 − ε̄ = (660 − 360) × 10−6 = 300 × 10−6 π π
s S = (R4 − r4 ) = (7504 − 7304 )
|γ xy |

540 − 180
2 4R 4(750)
= 2
300 − × 10−6 = 240 × 10−6 = 33.95 × 106 mm4 = 33.95 × 10−6 m4
2 2
|γ xy | = 480 × 10−6 ◭ The smallest longitudinal stress occurs at the top of the
−6 −6 vessel. Setting this stress to zero, we get
ε2 = ε̄ − R = (360 − 300) × 10 = 60 × 10 ◭
pr M
(σ ℓ )min = − =0
2t S
prS (2 × 106 )(0.730)(33.95 × 10−6 )
∴M = =
2t 2(0.02)
= 1239 N · m ◭

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8.133 8.134

A = (240 × 60) = 14400 mm2

4 600 × 103


bh3 60(240) P 4P
I = = = 69.12 × 106 mm4 σ = − =− 2 =− 2 = −8.488 × 106 Pa
12 12 A πd π (0.3)
16T 16T
Move the 40 kN load to point C and resolve into τ = = 3 = 188.63T
components. At section AB: πd3 π (0.3)
r 
P = 34.64 kN V = 20 kN σ σ 2
σ1 = + + τ2
M = 20(360) + 34.64(300) = 17592 kN · mm 2 2
Solving for τ gives:
At point A: r
σ 2  σ 2 p
P Mc 34.64 × 103 17592 × 103 (120) τ= σ1 − − = σ 1 (σ 1 − σ)
σ1 = + = + 2 2
A I 14400 69.12 × 106
= 32.9 MPa ◭ p
σ2 = 0 ◭ 188.63T = 1.8 [1.8 − (−8.488)] × 106
T = 22 810 N · m = 22.8 kN · m ◭
At point B:

P 34.64 × 103
σ = = = 2.4 MPa
A 14400
3V 3(20 × 103 ) 8.135
τ = = = 2.1 MPa
2A 2(14400)
 r 
σ1 σ σ
= ± + τ2
σ2 2 2
s
2.4

2.4
2 Maximum stress resultants occur at the built-in support.
= ± + 2.12 They are M = T = P R. The corresponding stresses acting
2 2
on the shaded element are
= 1.2 ± 2.42
32M 32P R 16T 16P R
σ1 = 3.62 MPa ◭ σ 2 = −1.22 MPa ◭ σz = = τ yz = =
πd3 πd3 πd3 πd3

r √
σ z 2 2
16P R p 2 2
16 5P R
τ max = + τ yz = 2 +1 =
2 πd3 πd3
3 3
πd π(0.035)
P = √ τ max = √ (100 × 106 )
16 5R 16 5(0.75)
= 502 N ◭

220
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8.136 l
8.137
sl tcl l
tcl
A
tcl tcl B
c
sl
c
At the cross section containing A and B the internal forces
π D2 − d2 π 452 − 332



are A = = = 735 mm2
4 4
M = 20 × 103 0.175 = 3500 N · m π D4 − d4 π 454 − 334




I = = = 143 × 103 mm4
T = (20 × 103 )(0.035) = 700 N · m 64 64
V = 20 000 N J = 2I = 286 × 103 mm4

(a) Critical point at E:

(a) At point A:
P = 480 N M = 480 (300) = 144000 N · mm
M 3500
σl = = = 103.94 × 106 Pa P Mc 480 144000 (45/2)
S π(0.035)3 /4 σ= + = + = 23.3 MPa (C)
A I 735 143 × 103
= 103.94 MPa σ
2T 2(700) τ max = = 11.65 MPa ◭
τ cl = = = 10.394 × 106 Pa 2
πr3 π(0.035)3
= 10.394rMPa (b) Critical point is at the top (or bottom) of section A:
σl  σ 2
l
σ 1,2 = ± + τ 2cl V = 480 N M = 480 (600) = 288000 N · mm
2 2
s 2 T = 480 (300) = 144000 N · mm
103.94 103.94 Mc 288000 (45/2)
= ± + 10.3942 σ = = = 45.3 MPa
2 2 I 143 × 103
σ1 = 105.0 MPa ◭ σ 2 = −1.029 MPa ◭ Tr 144000 (45/2)
τ = = = 11.3 MPa
J 286 × 103
(b) At Point B:
s
r   2
σ 2 2
45.3
τ max = +τ = + 11.32
2T VQ 2 2
τ cl = +
πr3 I(2r) = 25.3 MPa ◭

πr2
  
4 2 3 2
Q = r = r = (0.035)3
2 3π 3 3
= 18.58 × 10−6 m3
8.138
πr4 π π
I(2r) = (2r) = r5 = (0.035)5 = 82.50 × 10−9 m5
4 2 2

(20 000)(18.58 × 10−6 )

∴ τ cl = 10.394 × 106 +
82.50 × 10−9
6
= 14.898 × 10 Pa = 14.898 MPa
σ 1,2 = ±τ cl
∴ σ 1 = 14.898 MPa ◭ σ 2 = −14.898 MPa Critical section is just left of C, where

M = 198000 N · mm T = 108000 N · mm

221
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s 2
At the most highly stressed point σ1

σℓ + σc σℓ − σc
= ± + τ 2ℓc
Mc Mτ 4M σ2 2 2
σ = = 4 = 3 s
I πr /4 πr 11.0 + 22.0 11.0 − 22.0
2
Tr Tr 2T = ± + 0.6082
τ = = 4 = 3 2 2
J πr /2 πr = 16.5 ± 5.53 MPa
r 
σ σ 2 2 σ 1 = 22.0 MPa ◭ σ 2 = 10.97 MPa ◭
p
σ max = + + r2 = 3 (M + M 2 + T 2 )
2 2 πr
2 p
18 = (198000 + 1980002 + 1080002)
πr3
r = 24.7 mm ◭
C8.1 MathCad Worksheet for
Part (a)
Given:
8.139
P := 20000 N
h := 90 mm d := 60 mm
tw := 11.25 mm t := 15 mm
At the section of interest:
a := 48 mm b := 30 mm
V = 550 N M = 550(0.96) = 528 N · m

For a semicircle of diameter d: Computations:

 2  Determine X-sectional properties of section from
′ ′ πd 2d d3
Q = A ȳ = = properties of component rectangles:
8 3π 12

For the tube: i := 1, 2..3

D3 − d3 0.123 − 0.113 A1 := a · t A2 := b · t A3 := (h − 2 · t) · tw
Q = = = 33.08 × 10−6 m3
12 12 t t h
π(D4 − d4 ) π(0.124 − 0.114 ) y1 := y2 := h − y3 :=
I = = = 2.992 × 10−6 m4 2 2 2
64 64
X
Atot := Ai X-sectional area
i
(a) At point A: !
1 X
Location of neutral axis
yC := · Ai · yi
M c pr 528(0.12/2) (2 × 106 )(0.11/2) Atot from left edge of section
σℓ = + = + i
I 2t 2.992 × 10−6 2(0.005)
= 21.6 × 106 Pa a · t3 b · t3 tw · (h − 2 · t)3
I := + + ···
pr (2 × 106 )(0.11/2) 12 12 12
σc = = = 22.0 × 106 Pa
X
t 0.005 + Ai · (yi − yC )2 Moment of inertia about NA
σ1 = σ c = 22.0 MPa ◭ σ 2 = σ ℓ = 21.6 MPa ◭ i

(b) At point B: Compute the stresses:

P · (d + yC) · yC P
pr (2 × 106 )(0.11/2) σ t := + σ t = 54.2 MPa
σℓ = + = 11.0 × 106 Pa I Atot
2t 2(0.005)
P · (d + yC) · (h − yC) P
pr (2 × 106 )(0.11/2) σc := + σ c = −82.9 MPa
σc = = = 22.0 × 106 Pa I Atot
t 0.005
VQ 550(33.08 × 10−6 )
τ ℓc = = = 0.608 × 106 Pa
Ib (2.992 × 10−6 )(2 × 0.005)

222
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C8.1 MathCad Worksheet for C8.2 MathCad Worksheet for Part

Part (b) (b)
Given: Given:

P := 20000 N MPa := 106 · Pa

h := 90 mm d := 60 mm σ x := 80 MPa σ y := 80 · MPa τ xy := −30 · MPa
tw := 11.25 mm t := 15 mm
Computations:
a := 49.5 mm b := 20.7 mm
..
Computations: .
θ := 0, 2.5 · deg.. 180 · deg Plotting range and interval
..
. 150

Compute the stresses:

100

Stress (MPa)
s
P · (d + yC) · yC P
σ t := + σ t = 55.5 MPa 50
I Atot t
P · (d + yC) · (h − yC) P
σ c := + σ c = −78.6 MPa 0
I Atot

–50
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Theta (deg)
C8.2 MathCad Worksheet for
Part (a) 1
θ1 := · atan2(σ x − σ y , 2 · τ xy ) θ1 = −45 deg
Given: 2
σ 1 := σ(θ1 ) σ 1 = 110 MPa
MPa := 106 · Pa θ2 := θ1 + 90 · deg θ2 = 45 deg
σ 2 := σ(θ2 ) σ 2 = 50 MPa
σ x := 60 MPa σ y := −30 · MPa τ xy := 80 · MPa

Computations:
σx + σy σ x + σy C8.3 MathCad Worksheet for
σ(θ) := + · cos(2 · θ) + τ xy · sin(2 · θ)
2 2 Part (a)
−σ x + σ y
τ (θ) := + · sin(2 · θ) + τ xy · cos(2 · θ)
2 Given:
θ := 0, 2.5 · deg..180 · deg Plotting range and interval
θa := 0 · deg θb := 60 · deg θc := 120 · deg
150
εa := 300 · 10−6 εb := −400 · 10−6 εc := 100 · 10−6
100 E := 200 · 109 · Pa ν := 0.3
s
Stress (MPa)

50

0
t
–50

–100
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Theta (deg)

223
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Computations:
Set up and solve simultaneous equations–see Eqs. (a)-(c), C8.4 MathCad Worksheet for
p. 334 Part (a)
εx := 1 εy := 1 γ xy := 1 Trial values used in solution Given:
Given:
P := 10000 N t := 3.75 mm
εx + εy εx − εy γ xy
+ · cos(2 · θ a ) + · sin(2 · θ a ) = εa e := 0.75 m L := 0.75 m
2 2 2
εx + εy εx − εy γ xy
+ · cos(2 · θb ) + · sin(2 · θb ) = εb By trial the smallest S for which the σ < σ w is
2 2 2 S := 636 mm
εx + εy εx − εy γ xy
+ · cos(2 · θc ) + · sin(2 · θc ) = εc Computations:
2 2 2
"  2 #
t · h3 h
b(h) := 0.5 · S − h I(h) := 2 · + b(h) · t ·
  12 2
εx
 εy  := Find(εx , εy , γ xy ) E εx + εy P · L · (0.5 · h) P ·e
σ av := · σ(h) := τ (h) :=
γ xy 1−ν 2 I(h) 2 · b(h) · h · t
s 2
σ(h) σ(h)
s σ max (h) := + + τ (h)2
E

εx − εy
2 γ 2 2 2
xy
Rσ := · + h := 0.1 · S, 0.11 · S..0.4 · S
1+ν 2 2

0.14
σ 1 := σ av + Rσ σ 2 := σ av − Rσ
7
σ 1 = 6.405 × 10 Pa σ 2 = −6.405 × 107 Pa 0.13
1
Max. Stress (MPa)

θ1 := · atan2(εx − εy , γ xy ) θ 2 := θ1 + 90 · deg 0.12

2
θ1 = −21.949deg θ2 = 68.051 deg 0.11

0.10

0.09

C8.3 MathCad Worksheet for 0.08

Part (b) 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
h (mm)
Given:

θa := 30 · deg θ b := 75 · deg θ c := 120 · deg

−6 −6 h := 0.25 · S Trial value used in the
εa := 100 · 10 εb := 300 · 10 εc := −200 · 10−6
9 solution for optimal h
E := 200 · 10 · Pa ν := 0.3

Computations:
d
.. Given σ max (h) = 0 h := Find(h)
. dh
h = 187.9 mm b(h) = 130 mm
σ 1 := σ av + Rσ σ 2 := σ av − Rσ
7
σ 1 = 4.43 × 10 Pa σ 2 = −7.287 × 107 Pa
1
θ1 := · atan2(εx − εy , γ xy ) θ 2 := θ1 + 90 · deg
2
θ1 = 63.401 deg θ2 = 153.401 deg

224
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Critical sections are A and B, where

C8.4 MathCad Worksheet for
MA (d/2) 6Edb θ
Part (b) σ =
I
=
L2
sin
2
T (d/2) Gd
Given: τ = = θ
J 2L s 2
p d 6Eb θ
P := 10000 N t := 3.75 mm τ max = 2 2
(σ/2) + r = sin + (Gθ)2
2L L 2
e := 0.5 m L := 1 m
By trial the smallest S for which the σ < σ w is S := 636 Analysis of arm OA
mm
θ
Computations: ΣMO = 0 =0 C − T − VA b cos
0.16 2 
θ GJ 24EIb θ θ
0.15 C = T + VA b cos = θ+ sin b cos
2 L L3 2 2
0.14 2
GJ 12EIb
Max. Stress (MPa)

0.13 = θ+ sin θ
L L3
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.08

60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260

h (mm)
C8.5 MathCad Worksheet
h := 0.25 · S Trial value used in the solution for optimal h Given:

d L := 1800 mm b := 180 mm d := 7.5 mm

Given σ max (h) = 0 h := Find(h)
dh E := 200 GPa ν := 0.28 τ yp := 300 MPa
h = 213 mm b(h) = 115.6 mm
Computations:

C8.5 E π · d4
G := I := J := 2 · I
2 · (1 + ν) 64
 2 s
d 6·E ·b θ
τ max (θ) := · · sin + (G · θ)2
2·L L 2
θ := 0, 2 · deg..180 · deg Plotting range and interval

Analysis of bar AB 600

GJ
Max. Shear Stress (GPa)

T = θ 500
l
Using Table 6.3: 400

VA L2 MA L 300
θA = 0 − =0
2EI EI 200
VA L3 MA L2 θ
δA = ∆ − = 2b sin 100
3EI 2EI 2
24EIb θ 12EIb θ 0
VA = sin MA = sin 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
L3 2 L2 2 Theta (deg)

225
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Computations:
G·J 12 · E · I · b2
C(θ) := ·θ+ · sin(θ)
L L3 π · D2
w0 := · (γ w ) + π · D · t · (γ s )
θ := 90 · deg Trial value of θ at yielding 4
Given τ max (θ) = τ yp θyp := Find(θ) π · D3 · t D2 · t
I := Q(θ) := · sin(θ)
θ yp = 113.61 deg Values of θ and C at yielding 8 2
C(θ yp ) = 2.8631 × 104 N · mm w0 · L w0 · x2 w0 · L
M (x) := ·x− V (x) := − w0 · x
2 2 2
p · D M (x) · D · cos(θ) p·D
σ x (x, θ) := + σ y (x, θ) :=
2·t 2·I 4·t
C8.6 τ xy (x, θ) :=
V (x) · Q(θ)
τ max (x, θ)
s2· I · t 2
σ x (x, θ) − σ y (x, θ)
τ max (x, θ) := + τ xy (xθ)2
2
σ x (x, θ) + σ y (x, θ)
σ 1 (x, θ) := + τ max (x, θ)
From the FBD of shell segment in Fig. (a): 2
σ x (x, θ) + σ y (x, θ)
w0 L w0 L w0 x2 σ 2 (x, θ) := − τ max (x, θ)
V = − w0 x M= x− 2
2 2 2
 
0.5 · |σ 1 (x, θ)|
The intensity of the distributed load is τ abs (x, θ) := max  0.5 · |σ 2 (x, θ)| 
τ max (x, θ)
πD2 L
w0 = γ + πDtγ s θ := 0, 10 · deg.. 360 · deg x :=
4 w 2
The first moment of cross-sectional area shown in Fig. (b), 2·107
taken about the NA, is

R sin θ D2 t 1.5·107
Shear Stress (Pa)

Q = Aȳ = (2Rθt) = sin θ tabs

θ 2
1·107
The state of stress at a point is given by
tmax
pD M (D/2) cos θ pD 5·106
σx = + σy =
2t I 4t
VQ
τ xy = 0
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
2It
Theta (deg)

C8.6 MathCad Worksheet θ := 0, 10 · deg.. 360 · deg x := 0

Given: 1.4·107

tabs
1.2·107
Shear Stress (Pa)

D := 2 · m L := 10 · m t := 10 · mm
γ s := 7850 · 9.81 · N · m−3 γ w := 1000 · 9.81 · N · m−3 1·107
p := 250 · 103 · Pa
First printing incorrectly lists p = 250.106 Pa tmax
8·106

6·106
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Theta (deg)

226
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