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1.Network Protocols

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18 views

1.Network Protocols

Uploaded by

hsuhhehe528
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Computer Networks Protocols

Lecture No.1: Introduction


Network Architecture

A set of layers and protocols is called the network architecture.

Protocol Hierarchies

• Networks are organized as layers to reduce design complexity.


• Each layer offers services to the higher layers. Between adjacent layers is an interface.

Services Interface Primitives


connection oriented and defines which primitives and operations such as request,
connectionless. services the lower layer will offer to indicate, response, confirm.
the upper layer.

Design Issues for the Layers(functions)

1. Mechanism for connection establishment


2. Rules for data transfer
3. Error control
4. Fast sender swamping a slow receiver
5. Routing in the case of multiple paths

Network Protocols
• Protocol: is a format order of messages sent and received among the net entities and action taken on msgs
transmission receipt.

• Protocol process :

1. The format or structure of the message


2. The process by which networking devices share information about pathways with other networks
3. How and when error and system messages are passed between devices
4. The setup and termination of data transfer sessions

Layering In Networked Computing


• OSI Model (open system interconnection)

• TCP/IP Model

Why a layered model?

1. Breaks down communication into smaller, simpler parts.


2. Easier to teach communication process.
3. Allows different hardware and software to work together.
4. Reduces complexity
The OSI model
The Open Systems Interconnection is the model developed by the International Standards Organization.

- helps us understand how data gets from one user’s computer to another.

-It aids to provide an organized structure for hardware and software developers to follow.

Why use a reference model?


– Serves as an outline of rules for how protocols can be used to allow communication between computers.

– Each layer has its own function and provides support to other layers.

Benefits(Advantage) Negative Aspect (disadvantage)

• Interconnection of different systems (open) • Systems might be less secure


• Not limited to a single vendor solution • Systems might be less stable
Layer Main Topics
• Transmission mediums (transmit bits over medium)
• Encoding
• Modulation
Physical Layer • Repeaters
• Hubs (multi-port repeater)
• To provide mechanical and electrical specification

• Error detection and correction methods


• Hop to hop delivery
Data Link Layer • Flow control
• Frame format
• IEEE LAN standards
• Bridges & Switches (multi-port bridges)
• physical addressing(MAC Address)

• Internetworking
• Controls the operation of the subnet.
Network Layer • Routing algorithms(Routing packets from source to destination)
• Internet Protocol (IP) addressing (Logical addressing)
• Routers

• Connection-oriented and connectionless services


• Provide reliable process to process message delivery & error recovery
Transport Layer • Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
• Provides additional Quality of Service.
• Port address
• End-to-end flow control.
• Allows users on different machines to establish sessions (dialogue)
between them.
Session Layer • managing dialogue control.
• Token management.
• Synchronization.

Presentation Layer • Concerned with the syntax and semantics of the information.
• Preserves the meaning of the information.
• Data compression.
• Data encryption.

Application Layer • Provides protocols that are commonly needed.


• To allow access to network resource
• (FTP), (HTTP), (SMTP), (SNMP),(NFS),(Telnet)

SERVICES

Connection-Oriented Connectionless

before data is sent, the service from the sending data can be sent at any time by the service from the
computer must establish a connection with the sending computer.
receiving computer.
OSI(Open System Interconnection) TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol /
Internet Protocol)

1. OSI provides layer functioning and also defines 1. TCP/IP model is more based on protocols and
functions of all the layers. protocols are not flexible with other layers.

2. OSI model has a separate presentation layer 2. TCP/IP does not have a separate presentation
layer

3. OSI is a general model. 3. TCP/IP model cannot be used in any other


application.

4. Network layer of OSI model provide both connection 4. The Network layer in TCP/IP model provides
oriented and connectionless service. connectionless service.

5. OSI model has a problem of fitting the protocols in 5. TCP/IP model does not fit any protocol
the model

6. Protocols are hidden in OSI model and are easily 6. In TCP/IP replacing protocol is not easy.
replaced as the technology changes.

7. OSI model defines services, interfaces and protocols 7. In TCP/IP it is not clearly separated its services,
very clearly and makes clear distinction between them. interfaces and protocols.

8. It has 7 layers 8. It has 4 layers


Data Encapsulation
•Each layer contains a Protocol Data Unit (PDU)

• PDU’s are used for peer-to-peer contact between corresponding layers.


The Layer Shape of data (PDU)
top three layers Data
Transport layer Segment
Network layer packets
Data Link layer frames
Physical layer bits

4 layers of the TCP/IP model


•Layer 4: Application
•Layer 3: Transport
•Layer 2: Internet
•Layer 1: Network access
It is important to note that some of the layers in the TCP/IP model have the same
name as layers in the OSI model. Do not confuse the layers of the two models.

Data Encapsulation In TCP/IP

• Outgoing data is packaged and identified for delivery to the layer underneath
• PDU – Packet Data Unit – the “envelop” information attached to a packet at a particular
TCP/IP protocol e.g. header and trailer
• Header (Identifies the protocol in use, the sender and intended recipient)
• Trailer (or packet trailer) (Provides data integrity checks for the payload)
Data Formats

Encapsulation (TCP/IP)

Encapsulation example: E-mail


TCP/IP protocol stack

TCP/IP Reference Model

What is a socket?
• An interface between application and network( each application create socket)

• Socket(Protocol family, type-of-communication, specific- protocol);

• The socket type dictates the style of communication

reliable vs. best effort

connection-oriented vs. connectionless

Q/Explain the delivery of data in Layered model?

Type of delivery Layer Shape of Type of


data addressing
End to End Transport Segment Port (socket)
Source To Destination Network Packet Logical (IP)
Node to Node Data Link Frame Physical(MAC)

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