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Engineering design 1

Design

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8 views

Engineering design 1

Design

Uploaded by

fahad ci
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Week-1, Lecture-1 Introduction

Shabina Khanam
Associate Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering

1
Process Design

Process design establishes the sequence of chemical and physical


operations; operating conditions; the duties, major specifications,
and materials of construction of all process equipment; the general
arrangement of equipment needed to ensure proper functioning of
the plant; line sizes; and principal instrumentation.

The process design is summarized by a process flowsheet, a


material and energy balance, and a set of individual equipment
specifications. Varying degrees of thoroughness of a process
design may be required for different purposes.

2
Process Design

Six steps for the design of a chemical process:

Conception and definition


Flowsheet development
Design of equipment
Economic analysis
Optimization
Reporting

3
Nature of Design

Design is a creative activity, and as such can be one of the most


rewarding and satisfying activities undertaken by an engineer. It is the
synthesis, the putting together, of ideas to achieve a desired purpose.

The design does not exist at the commencement of the project. The
designer starts with a specific objective in mind, a need, and by
developing and evaluating possible designs, arrives at what he
considers the best way of achieving that objective; be it a better chair,
a new bridge, or for the chemical engineer, a new chemical product.

4
The Design Objective (the need)

The designer is creating a design for an article, or a manufacturing


process, to fulfil a particular need.

In the design of a chemical process, the need is the public need for
the product, the commercial opportunity, as foreseen by the sales
and marketing organisation.

Within this overall objective the designer will recognise sub-


objectives; the requirements of the various units that make up the
overall process.

5
Design Constraints

Economic considerations are


obviously a major constraint on any
engineering design: plants must
make a profit.

Time will also be a constraint. The


time available for completion of a
design will usually limit the number
of alternative designs that can be
considered.

6
Chemical Equipment Design
Projects in chemical engineering, which require designing can be divided
into three types:

• Modifications and addition of the existing plant.


• Increasing the capacity of the existing plant.
• Development of a new process based on laboratory research and pilot
plant study.

Each piece of equipment is expected to serve a specific function, although


in some cases it can be suitably modified for some different function.
Conditions such as temperature, pressure, etc., under which the equipment
is expected to perform are stipulated by the process requirements.

7
Chemical Equipment Design
Although the maximum capacity or the size of the equipment is
specified, it is necessary to ensure a satisfactory performance even
under certain amount of overload. The overall satisfactory performance
and reliability of the equipment are dependent on the following factors:

• Optimum process conditions


• Appropriate materials of constructions
• Strength and rigidity of components
• Satisfactory performance of mechanism and an adequate operating range
• Reliable methods of fabrication
• Ease of maintenance and repairs
• Ease of operation and control
• Safety requirements

8
Concept of a Chemical Industry
The process design hierarchy can be represented by “onion
Onion Diagram diagram” as

1
2
S
e 3
p 4
e Reactor
F r
Reactor
a
t Separator
F+P o
r Heat exchange
network
Utilities

Site-Wide
Utilities
Concept of a Chemical Industry-Onion Diagram
Main points from onion diagram
1
The design of a process starts with the reactors (in the 2
“core” of the onion). 3
4
Once feeds, products, recycle concentrations and flow Reactor
rates are known, the separators (the second layer of the
Separator
onion) can be designed.
Heat exchange
The basic process heat and material balance is now in network

place, and the heat exchanger network (the third layer) Utilities

can be designed.
Site-Wide
The remaining heating and cooling duties are handled by the Utilities
utility system (the fourth layer). The process utility system may
be a part of a centralized site wide utility system.
Equipment to be designed

Shell and tube heat exchanger


Condenser
1
2
Reboiler 3
4
Crystallizer

Evaporator

Distillation column

Packed column Site-Wide Utilities


Meaning of Designing
Meaning of Designing
Equipment Design
Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger
Compute overall heat transfer coefficient and
Condenser
pressure drop
Reboiler
Crystallizer Compute height, diameter and residence time
Evaporator Compute steam consumption and heat transfer area
Calculate bed height, diameter and column internal
Packed column
features
Compute ideal number of trays, plate efficiency and
Distillation column
plate hydraulic parameters. Mechanical Design
Process Equipment Design
Target Audience
Undergraduate students of Chemical Engineering.
However, this course will also be helpful for those
who have substantial industrial experience while
working in chemical processes and designing
process equipment.
References
1 Backhurst, J.R. and Harker J.H., “Coulson and Richardson Chemical Engineering”,
Vol. II, 5th Ed., 2002, Butterworth-Heinemann.
2 Sinnott, R.K., “Coulson and Richardson’s Chemical Engineering Series: Chemical
Engineering Design”, Vol. VI, 4th Ed., 2005, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
3 Serth, R.W., “Process Heat Transfer: Principles and Applications” 2007, Elsevier Ltd.
4 Shah, R.K. and Sekulic, D.P., “Fundamentals of heat Exchanger Design”, 2003, John
Wiley & Sons.
Summary of the video

 Importance and utility of the course „Process Equipment


Design‟ is discussed.
 Design objective and constraints are discussed.
 Different equipment to be covered in this course are discussed.
 Meaning of designing is discussed.

16
Thank You!

17

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