Cc notes (2)
Cc notes (2)
Pay-Per-Use Model: Users are charged only for the services they consume, making it
a cost-effective solution for both businesses and individuals.
Business Benefits: For enterprises, cloud computing offers the ability to scale
infrastructure according to business needs, making it possible to respond to demand
fluctuations efficiently.
End-User Convenience: For individual users, cloud computing means having access
to data and applications anytime, anywhere, and from any device with an internet
connection.
General View: A widely accepted view is that cloud computing abstracts the
complexities of IT infrastructure, allowing users to focus on their tasks without
worrying about the underlying systems.
5. Technological Foundations:
Web 2.0 and Service Orientation: Cloud computing is heavily influenced by Web 2.0
technologies, which have transformed the internet into a robust platform for
delivering applications and services. Service orientation, a key aspect of cloud
computing, enables it to deliver capabilities in familiar ways.
Building and Expanding Systems: Cloud computing is not only flexible for creating
new systems but also for enhancing existing ones by adding capacity or new features
without the need for additional infrastructure investments.
The passage illustrates how cloud computing has evolved from a theoretical concept into a
practical and essential component of modern IT, with applications ranging from individual
user convenience to enterprise-level infrastructure management.
1. No Up-Front Commitments:
2. On-Demand Access:
3. Nice Pricing:
6. Energy Efficiency:
o Centralized data centers allow for optimized energy use, which can reduce
the environmental impact of IT operations.
1. Cost Efficiency:
3. Scalability:
o Across the Computing Stack: Cloud computing allows for easy scalability at
all levels—Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS),
and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS). This means that hardware, runtime
environments, and applications can all be scaled up or down as needed.
o Accessibility and Availability: Users can access their data and applications
from anywhere, at any time, using any device connected to the internet. This
is facilitated by web-based interfaces that make cloud services accessible
across various devices.
Challenge: Storing data in the cloud means you're putting it on someone else's
servers, which can make it vulnerable to hacking or unauthorized access.
2. Cost Management
Challenge: While cloud services can be cheaper upfront, the costs can add up quickly
if you're not careful.
Details: It’s easy to accidentally leave resources running and get a surprise bill.
Managing and optimizing costs requires careful monitoring and understanding of
how cloud pricing works.
3. Multi-Cloud Environments
Details: Each cloud provider has its own tools and systems, which can make it hard to
keep everything working smoothly together. Moving data between different
providers can also be difficult and expensive.
4. Performance Challenges
Challenge: Ensuring that cloud-based applications run quickly and smoothly can be
tough.
Details: The speed of your internet connection and how close you are to the cloud’s
data centers can affect how well things work. Also, sharing cloud resources with
others can sometimes slow things down.
Details: This lack of standardization can make it difficult to move your data or
applications from one provider to another, or to use multiple providers together.
Details: Any internet issues, like slow speeds or outages, can disrupt your ability to
use the cloud, which can be a big problem for your business.
Challenge: Setting up and managing cloud services requires special knowledge that
not everyone has.
Details: The cloud is constantly changing, and if your team isn’t up to date on the
latest developments, they might struggle to make the most of it. This can lead to
security issues, higher costs, and problems keeping things running smoothly.
3. Resource Sharing:
4. Scalability:
5. Fault Tolerance:
6. Concurrency:
7. Transparency:
1. Cloud Computing:
o Cloud services like Google Drive or Amazon Web Services (AWS) are
distributed systems. They use many computers in different data centers
around the world to store data, process requests, and run applications. To
the user, it appears as if they are interacting with a single, seamless
system.
2. Peer-to-Peer Networks:
3. Distributed Databases:
1. Complexity:
o Designing and managing a distributed system is more complex than
managing a single computer or server. Issues like synchronization, data
consistency, and communication between nodes can be challenging.
2. Security:
3. Latency:
Conclusion
Distributed systems are powerful and flexible, allowing for resource sharing, scalability,
and fault tolerance. They are fundamental to modern computing, powering everything
from cloud services to large-scale data processing systems. However, they also come with
challenges that require careful design and management.
. Mainframes
What They Are: Mainframes are large, powerful computers used by big
organizations to process vast amounts of data. They can handle many tasks at
once, like processing transactions for banks or booking airline tickets.
Contribution to Cloud: Mainframes were known for their reliability and ability to
keep running even if parts failed. This "always-on" nature and ability to process
large workloads are characteristics that cloud systems inherited. Though
mainframes weren't distributed systems, they were among the first to present
multiple processors as a single unit to users, which is similar to how cloud systems
function today.
2. Clusters
What They Are: Cluster computing involves connecting many cheap, everyday
computers to work together as a single, powerful system. This approach became
popular in the 1980s as a more affordable alternative to expensive mainframes.
Contribution to Cloud: Clusters showed that you could use many smaller,
inexpensive machines to achieve high performance, which made advanced
computing more accessible. Cloud computing adopted this idea, using large
numbers of commodity (standard) machines in data centers to provide powerful
computing resources to users.
3. Grids
What They Are: Grid computing emerged in the 1990s and took cluster computing
a step further by connecting clusters across different locations via the Internet. This
allowed organizations to share computing power and resources like a utility
(similar to how we use electricity or water).
Contribution to Cloud: Grids introduced the concept of using computing resources
on-demand, just like a utility. Cloud computing expanded on this idea, providing
scalable and flexible services where users pay only for what they use. Grids were
the first to use geographically dispersed resources, a concept that the cloud has
taken to a global scale.
Virtualization Explained
Virtualization is a core technology behind cloud computing, allowing the creation of virtual
versions of physical computing resources like hardware, operating systems, storage devices,
and networks. This technology is crucial because it enables more efficient use of IT resources
by separating the physical infrastructure from the applications and services that run on it.
1. Abstraction of Resources:
2. Virtual Environments:
3. Hardware Virtualization:
Benefits of Virtualization
3. Isolation:
o Virtual machines operate in isolation from one another, meaning that issues
in one VM (like crashes or security breaches) do not affect others. This
isolation is essential for maintaining system stability and security in cloud
environments.
4. Scalability:
Conclusion
o Web 2.0 technologies make web applications more interactive and user-
friendly, offering experiences similar to desktop applications. This is achieved
through technologies that allow web pages to respond dynamically to user
inputs without requiring page reloads.
3. User-Generated Content:
o Web 2.0 applications can be easily integrated and combined with other
services to create new functionalities. This allows developers to build
complex applications by combining existing services and tools, making it
easier to meet user needs and preferences.
Google Documents: Allows users to create and share documents online with real-
time collaboration.
Google Maps: Provides interactive maps with features like directions, local business
information, and user-generated content.
Flickr: A photo-sharing site where users can upload, share, and tag photos.
Facebook: A social networking site that allows users to connect with friends, share
updates, and participate in communities.
Twitter: A microblogging platform where users can post short updates and engage in
conversations.
YouTube: A video-sharing platform where users can upload, view, and comment on
videos.
Conclusion
Web 2.0 has significantly enhanced the Web's capability as a platform for interactive and
user-driven applications. It has enabled the creation of rich, dynamic web applications that
offer continuous improvement, user participation, and integration of various services, all of
which are fundamental to the cloud computing environment.